Combustion Stoichiometry
Combustion Stoichiometry
Combustion Stoichiometry
• What is combustion?
Be to determine:
–Composition of air • Combustion is a process of releasing chemical
–Equivalent formulae/chemical reactions of fuel from energy by burning a combustible (able to burn)
given composition of combustion fuels. material in the present oxygen thus releasing
–Composition of combustion products. enormous amounts of energy and gases.
–Equivalent formulas/chemical reaction of fuel from • This energy is harnessed in various forms
given composition of products (fuels).
C + O2 CO2 14. 093 Btu/lb
–Actual combustion process
H + 0.5O2 H2O 61.100 Btu/lb
–Stoichiometric combustion process.
S + O2 SO2 61.100 Btu/lb
–Air to fuel Ratio, Dilution coefficient, %Excess Air.
Task 1:
Classify different types of fuels as fossils and non-
COMBUSTION STOICHIMETRY 1 COMBUSTION STOICHIMETRY 2
fossil
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Combustion Air Combustion Air
• Apparent nitrogen is the sum of pure nitrogen • Ratio of nitrogen to oxygen on volume basis
plus other inert gases found in air i.e. 79.01% 79.01 moless aparent N 2
= 3.764
20.99 moles O2
Mole Fraction =78.03/79.01 =0.9876
• Ratio of nitrogen to oxygen on mass basis
Gas Vol Mole Fraction Mol Wt Relative wt
22.25 grams aparent N 2
N2 78.03 0.9876 28.016 27.6686 = 3.313
6.717 gram O2
Ar 0.94 0.0119 39.944 0.4753
• In other words, dry combustion air supplies 3.76
CO2 0.03 0.00037 44.003 0.01628 moles of air in every mole of oxygen.
H2 0.01 0.00013 2.016 0.00026
Tot 79.01 1.000 28.161 C + O2 + 3.76N2 CO2 + 3.76N2
For hydrocarbons
28.161 g/mol is the apparent nitrogen mass
COMBUSTION STOICHIMETRY 7
CaHb + cO2+3.76cN2 mCO +3.76cN +nCO+xH2O+H2+zO
2
COMBUSTION STOICHIMETRY 2 8 2
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Excess Air Task 4
Since perfect mixing is never attained in practice, good 1. Is the above reaction complete or incomplete And why,
combustion can only be achieved by supplying excess air (give any two observation from the data)?
2. What is the % of excess oxygen?
for the process.
3. Is the analyses wet or dry and why
Too much excess air however increases the losses in the 4. Balance the equation (atoms or elements or molecules).
combustion process and increases NOx emissions. 5. Calculate %excess air
Excess air will only be revealed in the flue gas (fg) by Answers to Task 4
• Incomplete reaction and because of the present of CO,
presence of O2 in an analyser CH4, H2 etc in the flue gas.
wCaH b + cO 2+3.76cN 2 mCO 2+3.76cN2+nCO+oH2O + xCH 4+yH 2+zO2 • % of excess oxygen is equal to 0.3%O2
• Dry, water is not included in the data.
Task 4 : O2 is shown in the above reaction as z mols, if the flue gas • Balancing the equation: Mole balance
analyser shows, 8.7%CO 2, 0.3%O2, 8.9% CO, 3.7%H 2, 0.3%CH4and wCaH b + cO 2+3.76cN 2 mCO 2+3.76cN2+nCO+oH2O + xCH 4+yH 2+zO2
78.1%N2. If a = 8 and b = 17, Answer the following (10.0min)
COMBUSTION STOICHIMETRY 13 COMBUSTION STOICHIMETRY 14
Orsat Apparatus
• Since the gas is collected at room temperature
over water, it is usually assumed that any water
vapour in the exhaust gas will have condensed
and that any SO2 will have reacted with the
water vapour in the exhaust gas and in the
collecting bottle.
• Consequently, it is assumed that the resulting
dry gas sample is composed of CO2, O2, CO
and nitrogen.
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The Orsat Apparatus
•A 100cm3 sample of exhaust gas is taken at
room temperature in the burette by using the
levelling water bottle to collect and transfer the
gas sample.
•Once the gas sample has been obtained, it is
then sequentially passed through three chemical
reactors in the device
•A typical Orsat gas analyzer shown is used to
determine the molar fractions of carbon monoxide;
oxygen and carbon dioxide in the dry exhaust
gases.
COMBUSTION STOICHIMETRY 19 COMBUSTION STOICHIMETRY 20
•It also includes some products of incomplete • By carefully measuring the decrease in sample
volume as the gas passes through each
combustion, including some unburnt fuel, carbon chemical reactors, in series, and dividing each
decrease by the original gas volume, the volume
monoxide, some hydroxyls and aldehydes along
or mole fractions of carbon dioxide, oxygen and
with nitrogen, unused oxygen, ash particles, and carbon monoxide in the dry exhaust gas are
obtained.
nitrogen oxides.
• Any gas that remains after the sample has been
•All of these products except water, oxygen and passed through all three reactors (usually
around 80% )is assumed to be nitrogen.
nitrogen are considered to be atmospheric
pollutants.
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The Actual Air to Fuel Ratio
The amount of air supplied to a combustion process
Task 4 is Used to calculate using air to fuel ratio.
can either be expressed as the dilution coefficient or
Below is an actual processes chemical equation
the percent excess air.
The dilution coefficient is defined as the ratio of the 2.24C8H17 + 20.77O2+78.1N2 8.7CO2+78.1N2+8.9CO+oH2O + 0.3CH4+3.7H2+0.3O2
actual to the theoretical air-fuel ratio:
actual ( A / F ) nAir = 20.77gmolO2+78.1gmolN2= 98.9gmol Air
Dilution Coefficient ( DC ) =
theoretical ( A / F )
The percent excess
actual ( A / F ) − theoretica l ( A / F ) Mass of Air = 98.9gmol Air x 29g/gmol =2868.1g air
air is defined as: = X 100 %
% Excess air theoretica l ( A / F ) nFuel = 2.24gmol C8H17
= 100 ( dilution coefficient-1) Mass of Fuel = 2.24gmol C8H17 x 113g/gmol =253 g air
mass of Air , A 2868gAir
air-fuel (A/F) ratio is the ratio of air to fuel on mass AF = AF = = 11.3
mass of Fuel, F) 252.9 g Fuel
basis AF =
mass of Air , A Theoretical, everything should burn completely without excess air
mass of Fuel, F)
C8H17 + aO2+ 3.76aN2 bCO2+ 3.76aN2+ cH2O
COMBUSTION STOICHIMETRY 25 COMBUSTION STOICHIMETRY 26
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Combustion Stoichiometry •Task 6: Use the previous example to calculate
• This is 34.25 gmolO2 and 129.37gmolN2 Theoretical and Actual Air to Fuel ratios
• Now the actual combustion equation is • Theoretical A/F: Changing gmoles to mass
C18H38 + 34.3O2+ 129.4N2 18CO2+129.4N2+6.9O2 +19H2O 1.0 gmolC18 H 38 254 g C18 H 38
= 254 gC18 H 38
1.0 gmolC18 H 38
Actual air = 34.25 gmolO2+129.37gmolN2 =163.7gmolAir
Theoretical air = 27.4 gmolO2+103.5gmolN2 =130.9gmolAir Theoretical needed
Oxygen to complete 27.4O2+ 103N2=130.4 gmol Air
C18H38 +27.4O2+ 103.5N2 18CO2+ 103N2+19H2O the reaction
•Theoretical and Actual quantities are related 130.9 gmolAir 29 gAir
= 3781.6 g air
by Air to Fuel (AF) Ratio 1.0 gmolAir
mass of Air, A
AF =
mass of Fuel, F) 3781.6 g
Theo, AF = = 14.8
•There is a Theoretical and Actual Air to Fuel 254 g
(AF) Ratio COMBUSTION STOICHIMETRY 31 COMBUSTION STOICHIMETRY 32
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Combustion Stoichiometry Combustion Stoichiometry
• C3H8 + 5O2 + 3.76N2 3CO2 + 4H2O + 3.76N2 O2 Entering − O2 Re quired
% Excess Air = ×100%
– Theoretical Required O2 Re quired O2
• Using one of the 2.90 − 2.27
20 kgmolC 3 H 8 1 .0 kgmolC 3 H 8 5 .0 kgmolO % Excess Air = ×100%
2
= 2 .27 kgmolO 2.27
44 kgC 3 H 8 1 .0 kgmolO 2
2
formulae.
–Actual entering O2 • Try all other
400 kgmolAir 1 .0 kgmol Air 21kgmolO 2 formulae to
= 2 . 90 kgmolO 2
29 kgAir 29 kgmol Air prove if you can
get the same
Excess O2 = Entering O2 – Required O2
results
Excess O2 = 2.90 kgmol O2 – 2.27kgmol O2
Excess O2 = ……….kgmol O2
COMBUSTION STOICHIMETRY 37 COMBUSTION STOICHIMETRY 38
CaHbOcNdSe + fO2+ 3.76f N2 gCO2+ hH2O + iSO2+(3.76f+d)N2 Balance O2 last because is a stand alone substance
ÓO2, LHS = ÓO2, RHS
C7.33H6O0.25N 0.071S0.03 + fO 2+ 3.76f N 2 gCO2+ hH 2O + iSO 2+(3.76f+d)N2 3
0 .25 0.0312 + + 7.33 = 8.864 O 2 , RHS
+ O 2 , LHS =
Carbon balance: 7.33 C, LHS = 7.33CO3 , RHS 2 2
3 0.25
O 2 , LHS = 0.0312 + + 7.332 −
Hydrogen Balance: 6 H, LHS = 3H2O, RHS 2 2
COMBUSTION STOICHIMETRY 41 COMBUSTION STOICHIMETRY 42
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HOMEWORK 2: Balancing the rxn continues HOMEWORK 2: Stoichiometric Calculations
O 2 , LHS = 8.864 − 0.125 = 8.74 f = 8.74 2.1) I think you can try this question of the
Recuperating and now homework again.
C7.33H6O0.25N0.071S0.03 + 8.74O2+ 3.76 x 8.74 N2
7.33CO2+ 3H2O + 0.0312SO2+ (3.76 x8.74+0.036)N2
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