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    6.5 Absorption and Assimilation of Digested Food

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    kiongoc
    This document describes several processes in human digestion and assimilation. Digestion occurs through enzymatic breakdown of nutrients in the alimentary canal. Assimilation takes place in the cells as simpler nutrients are used to form complex compounds. The liver acts as a control center, releasing nutrients and filtering waste. Glucose is stored as glycogen or converted to lipids. Amino acids form proteins, hormones and membranes or are converted to glucose. Excess nutrients and waste are eliminated through the kidneys and feces.

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    6.5 Absorption and Assimilation of Digested Food

    Uploaded by

    kiongoc
    2K views13 pages
    This document describes several processes in human digestion and assimilation. Digestion occurs through enzymatic breakdown of nutrients in the alimentary canal. Assimilation takes place in the cells as simpler nutrients are used to form complex compounds. The liver acts as a control center, releasing nutrients and filtering waste. Glucose is stored as glycogen or converted to lipids. Amino acids form proteins, hormones and membranes or are converted to glucose. Excess nutrients and waste are eliminated through the kidneys and feces.

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    This document describes several processes in human digestion and assimilation. Digestion occurs through enzymatic breakdown of nutrients in the alimentary canal. Assimilation takes place in the cells as simpler nutrients are used to form complex compounds. The liver acts as a control center, releasing nutrients and filtering waste. Glucose is stored as glycogen or converted to lipids. Amino acids form proteins, hormones and membranes or are converted to glucose. Excess nutrients and waste are eliminated through the kidneys and feces.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2K views13 pages

    6.5 Absorption and Assimilation of Digested Food

    Uploaded by

    kiongoc
    This document describes several processes in human digestion and assimilation. Digestion occurs through enzymatic breakdown of nutrients in the alimentary canal. Assimilation takes place in the cells as simpler nutrients are used to form complex compounds. The liver acts as a control center, releasing nutrients and filtering waste. Glucose is stored as glycogen or converted to lipids. Amino acids form proteins, hormones and membranes or are converted to glucose. Excess nutrients and waste are eliminated through the kidneys and feces.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13
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    The passage discusses the digestion process in ruminant animals and the assimilation of nutrients in the human body.

    The main steps in digestion discussed are ingestion, digestion in the stomach and small intestine, and absorption in the villi.

    The passage discusses that assimilation occurs via the circulatory system, with glucose and amino acids being used for cellular processes and excess being stored as glycogen or converted to lipids/urea respectively.

    Starch + Salivary Maltose

    water amylase

    Secretes bile

    Stores bile Protein+ Pepsin Polypeptide


    water pH 2.0
    Peptides Erepsin Amino Caesinogen Rennin Caesin
    + water pH 7.5 + water
    acids

    Maltose Maltase Glucose Secretes pancreatic juices


    + water

    Sucrose Sucrase Glucose + Starch + Pancreatic maltose


    + water Fructose amylase
    water

    Lactose + Lactase Glucose + Polypeptide Trypsin


    water Galactose + water peptide

    Lipid + Lipase Fatty acids Lipid + Lipase Fatty acids


    water + glycerol water + glycerol
    Digestion of Cellulose by a Ruminant

    • Largest part of the stomach


    • Mutualistic microorganisms secrete
    cellulase to digest cellulose Water is removed from cud

    • True stomach
    • Gastric juice
    Cud (chewed and secreted
    reswallowed) • Digestion of
    proteins
    Microorganisms secrete
    cellulase to digest
    cellulose
    Fatty acids
    Structure of a villus
    + glycerol,
    Vitamins A, Glucose
    D, E and K
    Amino acids
    LOCATION
    • Assimilation takes place in the cells (digestion
    takes place in the alimentary canal)
    • Simpler form of nutrient is used to form complex
    compounds or structural components
    • Liver acts as checkpoint and control centre for
    the release of appropriate amount of nutrients in
    the circulatory system.
    ASSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE
    • Most of glucose is converted into glycogen and
    stored in the liver.
    • Glycogen will be converted to sugar when the body
    needs energy
    • Glucose is distributed throughout the body by
    circulatory system.
    • Cells oxidise glucose to release energy during
    cellular respiration.
    ASSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE
    • Excess of glucose is
    converted into lipids by
    the liver.
    ASSIMILATION OF AMINO ACIDS
    • Amino acids have to pass through the liver before
    they reach blood circulatory system
    • Amino acids are used to synthesized plasma
    proteins.
    • Function of plasma proteins: blood clotting and
    osmoregulation
    • When there are short supply of glucose, amino acids
    are converted to glucose by the liver through
    gluconeogenesis process.
    ASSIMILATION OF AMINO ACIDS
    • Amino acids that enter the cell are used for
    synthesizing protoplasm and repair the damaged
    tissue.
    • Amino acids are also important blocks to synthesis
    hormones and enzymes.
    • Excess of amino acids will be broken by deamination
    process. The waste product of this process is
    commonly the urea.
    • Urea is transported to the kidneys and secreted out
    through urine.
    LIPIDS
    • Lipids such as fats
    represent the major energy
    store of the body
    • Excess lipids are stored in
    the adipose tissue.
    • Some lipids; ex:
    phospholipids and
    cholesterol are major
    components of plasma
    membranes
    OTHER FUNCTION OF LIVER
    • Liver acts as the detoxicification site
    • In this process, the liver removes harmful
    substances from blood and convert them to less
    toxidic compounds.
    • The detoxicification products are eliminated from the
    body through bile or urine.
    Glucose – for cellular respiration
    Amino – synthesis of hormones, plasma acids
    membranes, enzymes

    Glucose - respiration
    Excess glucose – glycogen
    Amino acids – plasma protein
    Excess amino acids - urea
    Formation of Faeces and Defaecation

    • Reabsorbs water and minerals


    • Elimates undigested food
    • Escherichia coli are found
    • Secretes mucus to bind faeces and
    lubricates movement of feaces
    along the colon

    • Temporary storage of faeces

    Faeces is expelled from here when


    the rectum is full, contraction of the
    muscles of the rectum propels the
    faeces out

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