SQL QUERIES

1) Display the details of all employees

SQL>Select * from emp;

2) Display the depart information from department table

SQL>select * from dept;

3) Display the name and job for all the employees

SQL>select ename,job from emp;

4) Display the name and salary for all the employees

SQL>select ename,sal from emp;

5) Display the employee no and totalsalary for all the employees

SQL>select empno,ename,sal,comm, sal+nvl(comm,0) as"total salary" from
emp

6) Display the employee name and annual salary for all employees.
SQL>select ename, 12*(sal+nvl(comm,0)) as "annual Sal" from emp

7) Display the names of all the employees who are working in depart number 10.
SQL>select emame from emp where deptno=10;

8) Display the names of all the employees who are working as clerks and
drawing a salary more than 3000.
SQL>select ename from emp where job='CLERK' and sal>3000;

9) Display the employee number and name who are earning comm.
SQL>select empno,ename from emp where comm is not null;

10) Display the employee number and name who do not earn any comm.
SQL>select empno,ename from emp where comm is null;

11) Display the names of employees who are working as clerks,salesman or

analyst and drawing a salary more than 3000.
SQL>select ename from emp where job='CLERK' OR JOB='SALESMAN'
OR JOB='ANALYST' AND SAL>3000;

12) Display the names of the employees who are working in the company for
the past 5 years;
SQL>select ename from emp where to_char(sysdate,'YYYY')-to_char(hiredate,'YYYY')>=5;

13) Display the list of employees who have joined the company before
30-JUN-90 or after 31-DEC-90.
a)select ename from emp where hiredate < '30-JUN-1990' or hiredate >
'31-DEC-90';

14) Display current Date.

SQL>select sysdate from dual;

15) Display the list of all users in your database(use catalog table).
SQL>select username from all_users;
16) Display the names of all tables from current user;
SQL>select tname from tab;

17) Display the name of the current user.

SQL>show user

18) Display the names of employees working in depart number 10 or 20 or 40

or employees working as
CLERKS,SALESMAN or ANALYST.
SQL>select ename from emp where deptno in(10,20,40) or job
in('CLERKS','SALESMAN','ANALYST');

19) Display the names of employees whose name starts with alaphabet S.
SQL>select ename from emp where ename like 'S%';

20) Display the Employee names for employees whose name ends with alaphabet S.
SQL>select ename from emp where ename like '%S';

21) Display the names of employees whose names have second alphabet A in
their names.
SQL>select ename from emp where ename like '_A%';

22) select the names of the employee whose names is exactly five characters
in length.
SQL>select ename from emp where length (ename)=5;

23) Display the names of the employee who are not working as MANAGERS.
SQL>select ename from emp where job not in('MANAGER');

24) Display the names of the employee who are not working as SALESMAN OR
CLERK OR ANALYST.
SQL>select ename from emp where job not
in('SALESMAN','CLERK','ANALYST');

25) Display all rows from emp table.The system should wait after every
screen full of informaction.
SQL>set pause on

26) Display the total number of employee working in the company.

SQL>select count(*) from emp;

27) Display the total salary beiging paid to all employees.

SQL>select sum(sal) from emp;

28) Display the maximum salary from emp table.

SQL>select max(sal) from emp;

29) Display the minimum salary from emp table.

SQL>select min(sal) from emp;

30) Display the average salary from emp table.

SQL>select avg(sal) from emp;
31) Display the maximum salary being paid to CLERK.
SQL>select max(sal) from emp where job='CLERK';

32) Display the maximum salary being paid to depart number 20.
SQL>select max(sal) from emp where deptno=20;

33) Display the minimum salary being paid to any SALESMAN.

SQL>select min(sal) from emp where job='SALESMAN';

34) Display the average salary drawn by MANAGERS.

SQL>select avg(sal) from emp where job='MANAGER';

35) Display the total salary drawn by ANALYST working in depart number 40.
SQL>select sum(sal) from emp where job='ANALYST' and deptno=40;

36) Display the names of the employee in order of salary i.e the name of
the employee earning lowest salary should salary appear first.
SQL>select ename from emp order by sal;

37) Display the names of the employee in descending order of salary.

a)select ename from emp order by sal desc;

38) Display the names of the employee in order of employee name.

a)select ename from emp order by ename;

39) Display empno,ename,deptno,sal sort the output first base on name and
within name by deptno and with in deptno by sal.
SQL>select empno,ename,deptno,sal from emp order by

40) Display the name of the employee along with their annual salary(sal*12).The name of
the employee earning highest annual salary should apper first.
SQL>select ename,sal*12 from emp order by sal desc;

41) Display name,salary,hra,pf,da,total salary for each employee. The

output should be in the order of total salary,hra 15% of salary,da 10% of salary,pf 5%
salary,total salary will be(salary+hra+da)-pf.
SQL>select ename,sal,sal/100*15 as hra,sal/100*5 as pf,sal/100*10 as
da, sal+sal/100*15+sal/100*10-sal/100*5 as total from emp;

42) Display depart numbers and total number of employees working in each
department.
SQL>select deptno,count(deptno)from emp group by deptno;

43) Display the various jobs and total number of employees within each job
group.
SQL>select job,count(job)from emp group by job;

44) Display the depart numbers and total salary for each department.
SQL>select deptno,sum(sal) from emp group by deptno;

45) Display the depart numbers and max salary for each department.
SQL>select deptno,max(sal) from emp group by deptno;
46) Display the various jobs and total salary for each job
SQL>select job,sum(sal) from emp group by job;

47) Display the various jobs and total salary for each job
SQL>select job,min(sal) from emp group by job;

48) Display the depart numbers with more than three employees in each dept.
SQL>select deptno,count(deptno) from emp group by deptno having
count(*)>3;

49) Display the various jobs along with total salary for each of the jobs
where total salary is greater than 40000.
SQL>select job,sum(sal) from emp group by job having sum(sal)>40000;

50) Display the various jobs along with total number of employees in each
job.The output should contain only those jobs with more than three employees.
SQL>select job,count(empno) from emp group by job having count(job)>3

51) Display the name of the empployee who earns highest salary.
SQL>select ename from emp where sal=(select max(sal) from emp);

52) Display the employee number and name for employee working as clerk and
earning highest salary among clerks.
SQL>select empno,ename from emp where where job='CLERK'
and sal=(select max(sal) from emp where job='CLERK');

53) Display the names of salesman who earns a salary more than the highest
salary of any clerk.
SQL>select ename,sal from emp where job='SALESMAN' and sal>(select
max(sal) from emp
where job='CLERK');

54) Display the names of clerks who earn a salary more than the lowest
salary of any salesman.
SQL>select ename from emp where job='CLERK' and sal>(select min(sal)
from emp
where job='SALESMAN');

Display the names of employees who earn a salary more than that of
Jones or that of salary grether than that of scott.
SQL>select ename,sal from emp where sal>
(select sal from emp where ename='JONES')and sal> (select sal from emp
where ename='SCOTT');

55) Display the names of the employees who earn highest salary in their
respective departments.
SQL>select ename,sal,deptno from emp where sal in(select max(sal) from
emp group by deptno);

56) Display the names of the employees who earn highest salaries in their
respective job groups.
SQL>select ename,sal,job from emp where sal in(select max(sal) from emp
group by job)
57) Display the employee names who are working in accounting department.
SQL>select ename from emp where deptno=(select deptno from dept where
dname='ACCOUNTING')

58) Display the employee names who are working in Chicago.

SQL>select ename from emp where deptno=(select deptno from dept where
LOC='CHICAGO')

59) Display the Job groups having total salary greater than the maximum
salary for managers.
SQL>SELECT JOB,SUM(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY JOB HAVING SUM(SAL)>(SELECT
MAX(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE JOB='MANAGER');

60) Display the names of employees from department number 10 with salary
grether than that of any employee working in other department.
SQL>select ename from emp where deptno=10 and sal>any(select sal from
emp where deptno not in 10).

61) Display the names of the employees from department number 10 with
salary greater than that of all employee working in other departments.
SQL>select ename from emp where deptno=10 and sal>all(select sal from
emp where deptno not in 10).

62) Display the names of the employees in Uppercase.

SQL>select upper(ename)from emp

63) Display the names of the employees in Lowecase.

SQL>select lower(ename)from emp

64) Display the names of the employees in Propercase.

SQL>select initcap(ename)from emp;

65) Display the length of Your name using appropriate function.

SQL>select length('name') from dual

66) Display the length of all the employee names.

SQL>select length(ename) from emp;

67) select name of the employee concatenate with employee number.

SQL>select ename||empno from emp;

68) User appropriate function and extract 3 characters starting from 2

characters from the following string 'Oracle'. i.e the out put should be 'ac'.
SQL>select substr('oracle',3,2) from dual

69) Find the First occurance of character 'a' from the following string i.e
'Computer Maintenance Corporation'.
SQL>SELECT INSTR('Computer Maintenance Corporation','a',1) FROM DUAL

70) Replace every occurance of alphabhet A with B in the string Allens(use

translate function)
SQL>select translate('Allens','A','B') from dual

71) Display the informaction from emp table.Where job manager is found it
should be displayed as boos(Use replace function).
SQL>select replace(JOB,'MANAGER','BOSS') FROM EMP;

72) Display empno,ename,deptno from emp table.Instead of display department

numbers display the related department name(Use decode function).
SQL>select empno,ename,decode(deptno,10,'ACCOUNTING',20,'RESEARCH',
30,'SALES',40,'OPRATIONS') from emp;

73) Display your age in days.

SQL>select to_date(sysdate)-to_date('10-sep-77')from dual

74) Display your age in months.

SQL>select months_between(sysdate,'10-sep-77') from dual

75) Display the current date as 15th Augest Friday Nineteen Ninety Saven.
SQL>select to_char(sysdate,'ddth Month day year') from dual

76) Display the following output for each row from emp table.

scott has joined the company on wednesday 13th August ninten nintey.
SQL>select ENAME||' HAS JOINED THE COMPANY ON '||to_char(HIREDATE,'day
ddth Month year') from EMP;

77) Find the date for nearest saturday after current date.
SQL>SELECT NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE,'SATURDAY')FROM DUAL;

78) Display current time.

SQL>select to_char(sysdate,'hh:MM:ss') from dual.

79) Display the date three months Before the current date.
SQL>select add_months(sysdate,3) from dual;

80) Display the common jobs from department number 10 and 20.
SQL>select job from emp where deptno=10 and job in(select job from emp
where deptno=20);

81) Display the jobs found in department 10 and 20 Eliminate duplicate jobs.
SQL>select distinct(job) from emp where deptno=10 or deptno=20
(or)
SQL>select distinct(job) from emp where deptno in(10,20);

82) Display the jobs which are unique to department 10.

SQL>select distinct(job) from emp where deptno=10

83) Display the details of those who do not have any person working under them.
SQL>select e.ename from emp, emp e where emp.mgr=e.empno group by
e.ename having count(*)=1;

84) Display the details of those employees who are in sales department and
grade is 3.

SQL>select * from emp where deptno=(select deptno from dept where

dname='SALES')and sal between(select losal from salgrade where grade=3)and
(select hisal from salgrade where grade=3);
85) Display those who are not managers and who are managers any one.
i)display the managers names
SQL>select distinct(m.ename) from emp e,emp m where m.empno=e.mgr;

ii)display the who are not managers

SQL>select ename from emp where ename not in(select distinct(m.ename)
from emp e,emp m where m.empno=e.mgr);

86) Display those employee whose name contains not less than 4 characters.
SQL>select ename from emp where length(ename)>4;

87) Display those department whose name start with "S" while the location
name ends with "K".
SQL>select dname from dept where dname like 'S%' and loc like '%K';

88) Display those employees whose manager name is JONES.

SQL>select p.ename from emp e,emp p where e.empno=p.mgr and
e.ename='JONES';

89) Display those employees whose salary is more than 3000 after giving 20%
increment.
SQL>select ename,sal from emp where (sal+sal*.2)>3000;

90) Display all employees while their dept names;

SQL>select ename,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno

91) Display ename who are working in sales dept.

SQL>select ename from emp where deptno=(select deptno from dept where
dname='SALES');

92) Display employee name,deptname,salary and comm for those sal in between
2000 to 5000 while location is chicago.
SQL>select ename,dname,sal,comm from emp,dept where sal between 2000
and 5000
and loc='CHICAGO' and emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

93)Display those employees whose salary greter than his manager salary.
SQL>select p.ename from emp e,emp p where e.empno=p.mgr and p.sal>e.sal

94) Display those employees who are working in the same dept where his
manager is work.
SQL>select p.ename from emp e,emp p where e.empno=p.mgr and
p.deptno=e.deptno;

95) Display those employees who are not working under any manager.
SQL>select ename from emp where mgr is null

96) Display grade and employees name for the dept no 10 or 30 but grade is
not 4 while joined the company before 31-dec-82.
SQL>select ename,grade from emp,salgrade where sal between losal and
hisal and deptno in(10,30) and grade<>4 and hiredate<'31-DEC-82';
97) Update the salary of each employee by 10% increment who are not
eligiblw for commission.
SQL>update emp set sal=sal+sal*10/100 where comm is null;

98) SELECT those employee who joined the company before 31-dec-82 while
their dept location is newyork or Chicago.
SQL>SELECT EMPNO,ENAME,HIREDATE,DNAME,LOC FROM EMP,DEPT
WHERE (EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO)AND
HIREDATE <'31-DEC-82' AND DEPT.LOC IN('CHICAGO','NEW YORK');

99) DISPLAY EMPLOYEE NAME,JOB,DEPARTMENT,LOCATION FOR ALL WHO ARE WORKING

AS MANAGER?
SQL>select ename,JOB,DNAME,LOCATION from emp,DEPT where mgr is not
null;

100) DISPLAY THOSE EMPLOYEES WHOSE MANAGER NAME IS JONES? --

[AND ALSO DISPLAY THEIR MANAGER NAME]?
SQL> SELECT P.ENAME FROM EMP E, EMP P WHERE E.EMPNO=P.MGR AND
E.ENAME='JONES';

101) Display name and salary of ford if his salary is equal to hisal of his
grade
a)select ename,sal,grade from emp,salgrade where sal between losal and
hisal
and ename ='FORD' AND HISAL=SAL;

102) Display employee name,job,depart name ,manager name,his grade and make
out an under department wise?
SQL>SELECT E.ENAME,E.JOB,DNAME,EMP.ENAME,GRADE FROM EMP,EMP
E,SALGRADE,DEPT
WHERE EMP.SAL BETWEEN LOSAL AND HISAL AND EMP.EMPNO=E.MGR
AND EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO ORDER BY DNAME

103) List out all employees name,job,salary,grade and depart name for every
one in the company except 'CLERK'.Sort on salary display the highest salary?
SQL>SELECT ENAME,JOB,DNAME,SAL,GRADE FROM EMP,SALGRADE,DEPT WHERE
SAL BETWEEN LOSAL AND HISAL AND EMP.DEPTNO=DEPT.DEPTNO AND JOB
NOT IN('CLERK')ORDER BY SAL ASC;

104) Display the employee name,job and his manager.Display also employee who
are without manager?
SQL>select e.ename,e.job,eMP.ename AS Manager from emp,emp e where
emp.empno(+)=e.mgr

105) Find out the top 5 earners of company?

SQL>SELECT DISTINCT SAL FROM EMP E WHERE 5>=(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT SAL)
FROM
EMP A WHERE A.SAL>=E.SAL)ORDER BY SAL DESC;

106) Display name of those employee who are getting the highest salary?
SQL>select ename from emp where sal=(select max(sal) from emp);

107) Display those employee whose salary is equal to average of maximum and
minimum?
SQL>select ename from emp where sal=(select max(sal)+min(sal)/2 from
emp);

108) Select count of employee in each department where count greater than 3?
SQL>select count(*) from emp group by deptno having count(deptno)>3

109) Display dname where at least 3 are working and display only department
name?
SQL>select distinct d.dname from dept d,emp e where d.deptno=e.deptno
and 3>any
(select count(deptno) from emp group by deptno)

110) Display name of those managers name whose salary is more than average
salary of his company?
SQL>SELECT E.ENAME,EMP.ENAME FROM EMP,EMP E
WHERE EMP.EMPNO=E.MGR AND E.SAL>(SELECT AVG(SAL) FROM EMP);

111)Display those managers name whose salary is more than average salary of
his employee?
SQL>SELECT DISTINCT EMP.ENAME FROM EMP,EMP E WHERE
E.SAL <(SELECT AVG(EMP.SAL) FROM EMP
WHERE EMP.EMPNO=E.MGR GROUP BY EMP.ENAME) AND
EMP.EMPNO=E.MGR;

112) Display employee name,sal,comm and net pay for those employee
whose net pay is greter than or equal to any other employee salary of
the company?
SQL>select ename,sal,comm,sal+nvl(comm,0) as NetPay from emp
where sal+nvl(comm,0) >any (select sal from emp)

113) Display all employees names with total sal of company with each
employee name?
SQL>SELECT ENAME,(SELECT SUM(SAL) FROM EMP) FROM EMP;

114) Find out last 5(least)earners of the company.?

SQL>SELECT DISTINCT SAL FROM EMP E WHERE
5>=(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT SAL) FROM EMP A WHERE
A.SAL<=E.SAL)
ORDER BY SAL DESC;

115) Find out the number of employees whose salary is greater than their
manager salary?
SQL>SELECT E.ENAME FROM EMP ,EMP E WHERE EMP.EMPNO=E.MGR
AND EMP.SAL<E.SAL;

116) Display those department where no employee working?

SQL>select dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno not in(emp.deptno)

117) Display those employee whose salary is ODD value?

SQL>select * from emp where sal<0;

118) Display those employee whose salary contains alleast 3 digits?

SQL>select * from emp where length(sal)>=3;

119) Display those employee who joined in the company in the month of Dec?
SQL>select ename from emp where to_char(hiredate,'MON')='DEC';

120) Display those employees whose name contains "A"?

SQL>select ename from emp where instr(ename,'A')>0;
or
SQL>select ename from emp where ename like('%A%');

121) Display those employee whose deptno is available in salary?

SQL>select emp.ename from emp, emp e where emp.sal=e.deptno;

122) Display those employee whose first 2 characters from hiredate -last 2
characters of salary?
SQL>select ename,SUBSTR(hiredate,1,2)||ENAME||substr(sal,-2,2) from emp

123) Display those employee whose 10% of salary is equal to the year of
joining?
SQL>select ename from emp where to_char(hiredate,'YY')=sal*0.1;

124) Display those employee who are working in sales or research?

SQL>SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO IN(SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT WHERE
DNAME IN('SALES','RESEARCH'));

125) Display the grade of jones?

SQL>SELECT ENAME,GRADE FROM EMP,SALGRADE
WHERE SAL BETWEEN LOSAL AND HISAL AND Ename='JONES';

126) Display those employees who joined the company before 15 of the month?
a)select ename from emp where to_char(hiredate,'DD')<15;

127) Display those employee who has joined before 15th of the month.
a)select ename from emp where to_char(hiredate,'DD')<15;

128) Delete those records where no of employees in a particular department

is less than 3.
SQL>delete from emp where deptno=(select deptno from emp
group by deptno having count(deptno)<3);

129) Display the name of the department where no employee working.

SQL> SELECT E.ENAME,E.JOB,M.ENAME,M.JOB FROM EMP E,EMP M
WHERE E.MGR=M.EMPNO

130) Display those employees who are working as manager.

SQL>SELECT M.ENAME MANAGER FROM EMP M ,EMP E
WHERE E.MGR=M.EMPNO GROUP BY M.ENAME

131) Display those employees whose grade is equal to any number of sal but
not equal to first number of sal?
SQL> SELECT ENAME,GRADE FROM EMP,SALGRADE
WHERE GRADE NOT IN(SELECT SUBSTR(SAL,0,1)FROM EMP)
132) Print the details of all the employees who are Sub-ordinate to BLAKE?
SQL>select emp.ename from emp, emp e where emp.mgr=e.empno and
e.ename='BLAKE';

133) Display employee name and his salary whose salary is greater than
highest average of department number?
SQL>SELECT SAL FROM EMP WHERE SAL>(SELECT MAX(AVG(SAL)) FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPTNO);

134) Display the 10th record of emp table(without using rowid)

SQL>SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<11
MINUS
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<10

135) Display the half of the ename's in upper case and remaining lowercase?
SQL>SELECT
SUBSTR(LOWER(ENAME),1,3)||SUBSTR(UPPER(ENAME),3,LENGTH(ENAME))
FROM EMP;

136) Display the 10th record of emp table without using group by and rowid?
SQL>SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<11
MINUS
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<10

Delete the 10th record of emp table.

SQL>DELETE FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=(SELECT EMPNO FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<11
MINUS
SELECT EMPNO FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<10)

137) Create a copy of emp table;

SQL>create table new_table as select * from emp where 1=2;

138) Select ename if ename exists more than once.

SQL>select ename from emp e group by ename having count(*)>1;

139) Display all enames in reverse order?(SMITH:HTIMS).

SQL>SELECT REVERSE(ENAME)FROM EMP;

140) Display those employee whose joining of month and grade is equal.
SQL>SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE SAL BETWEEN
(SELECT LOSAL FROM SALGRADE WHERE
GRADE=TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'MM')) AND
(SELECT HISAL FROM SALGRADE WHERE
GRADE=TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'MM'));

141) Display those employee whose joining DATE is available in deptno.

SQL>SELECT ENAME FROM EMP WHERE TO_CHAR(HIREDATE,'DD')=DEPTNO

142) Display those employees name as follows

A ALLEN
B BLAKE
SQL> SELECT SUBSTR(ENAME,1,1),ENAME FROM EMP;
143) List out the employees ename,sal,PF(20% OF SAL) from emp;
SQL>SELECT ENAME,SAL,SAL*.2 AS PF FROM EMP;

144) Create table emp with only one column empno;

SQL>Create table emp as select empno from emp where 1=2;

145) Add this column to emp table ename vrachar2(20).

SQL>alter table emp add(ename varchar2(20));

146) Oops I forgot give the primary key constraint. Add in now.
SQL>alter table emp add primary key(empno);

147) Now increase the length of ename column to 30 characters.

SQL>alter table emp modify(ename varchar2(30));

148) Add salary column to emp table.

SQL>alter table emp add(sal number(10));

149) I want to give a validation saying that salary cannot be greater 10,000
(note give a name to this constraint)
SQL>alter table emp add constraint chk_001 check(sal<=10000)

150) For the time being I have decided that I will not impose this validation.My boss has
agreed to pay more than 10,000.
SQL>again alter the table or drop constraint with alter table emp drop constraint chk_001
(or)Disable the constraint by using alter table emp modify constraint chk_001 disable;

151) My boss has changed his mind. Now he doesn't want to pay more than
10,000.so revoke that salary constraint.
SQL>alter table emp modify constraint chk_001 enable;

152) Add column called as mgr to your emp table;

SQL>alter table emp add(mgr number(5));

153) Oh! This column should be related to empno. Give a command to add this
constraint.
SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP ADD CONSTRAINT MGR_DEPT FOREIGN KEY(MGR) REFERENCES
EMP(EMPNO)

154) Add deptno column to your emp table;

SQL>alter table emp add(deptno number(5));

155) This deptno column should be related to deptno column of dept table;
SQL>alter table emp add constraint dept_001 foreign key(deptno)
reference dept(deptno)
[deptno should be primary key]

156) Give the command to add the constraint.

SQL>alter table <table_name) add constraint <constraint_name>
<constraint type>

157) Create table called as newemp. Using single command create this table
as well as get data into this table(use create table as);
SQL>create table newemp as select * from emp;

SQL>Create table called as newemp. This table should contain only

empno,ename,dname.
SQL>create table newemp as select empno,ename,dname from emp,dept where
1=2;

158) Delete the rows of employees who are working in the company for more
than 2 years.
SQL>delete from emp where (sysdate-hiredate)/365>2;

159) Provide a commission(10% Comm Of Sal) to employees who are not earning
any commission.
SQL>select sal*0.1 from emp where comm is null

160) If any employee has commission his commission should be incremented by

10% of his salary.
SQL>update emp set comm=sal*.1 where comm is not null;

161) Display employee name and department name for each employee.
SQL>select empno,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno

162)Display employee number,name and location of the department in which he

is working.
SQL>select empno,ename,loc,dname from emp,dept where
emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

163) Display ename,dname even if there are no employees working in a

particular department(use outer join).
SQL>select ename,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno(+)

164) Display employee name and his manager name.

SQL>select p.ename,e.ename from emp e,emp p where e.empno=p.mgr;

165) Display the department name and total number of employees in each
department.
SQL>select dname,count(ename) from emp,dept where
emp.deptno=dept.deptno group by dname;

166)Display the department name along with total salary in each department.
SQL>select dname,sum(sal) from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno
group by dname;

167) Display itemname and total sales amount for each item.
SQL>select itemname,sum(amount) from item group by itemname;

168) Write a Query To Delete The Repeted Rows from emp table;
SQL>Delete from emp where rowid not in(select min(rowid)from emp group
by ename)

169) TO DISPLAY 5 TO 7 ROWS FROM A TABLE

SQL>select ename from emp
where rowid in(select rowid from emp where rownum<=7
minus
 select rowid from empi where rownum<5)

170) DISPLAY TOP N ROWS FROM TABLE?

SQL>SELECT * FROM
(SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY ENAME DESC)
WHERE ROWNUM <10;

171) DISPLAY TOP 3 SALARIES FROM EMP;

SQL>SELECT SAL FROM ( SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY SAL DESC )
WHERE ROWNUM <4

172) DISPLAY 9th FROM THE EMP TABLE?

SQL>SELECT ENAME FROM EMP
WHERE ROWID=(SELECT ROWID FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM<=10
MINUS
SELECT ROWID FROM EMP WHERE ROWNUM <10)
select second max salary from emp;
select max(sal) fromemp where sal<(select max(sal) from emp);

------******------

Below are the client interview questions asked for me on 11th July 2007:

1. What are triggers and explain their types?

2. How to encrypt a procedure?

3. What is a PL/SQL Table? Explain.

4. Index by table, nested table, varray?

5. What are cursors?

6. Types of cursors.

7. Packages.

8. Oracle supplied packages.

9. What is the difference between procedure and function?

10. If function can return a value, then why use function?

11. What is synonym? Types.

12. String functions?

13. Materialized views?

14. Exceptions and their types.

15. Partitioning and their types?

16. Bulk collect?

17. How to debug a procedure?

18. How to optimize a query? Explain Plan and Indexing.

19. How will you find a pattern in a file in Unix?

20. How to determine the file space usage in Unix?

21. How to find a file in Unix?

22. Analytic functions in SQL.

Introduction to Unix commands

This is a very brief introduction to some useful Unix commands, including examples of
how to use each command. For more extensive information about any of these
commands, use the man command as described below. Sources for more information
appear at the end of this document.

Commands
cal cat cd chmod

cp date df du

find jobs kill less and more

lpr and lp ls man mkdir

mv ps pwd rm

rmdir set vi w and who

cal

This command will print a calendar for a specified month and/or year.

To show this month's calendar, enter:

cal

To show a twelve-month calendar for 2004, enter:

cal 2004

To show a calendar for just the month of June, 1970, enter:

cal 6 1970

For more detailed information, see the Knowledge Base document In Unix, how can I
display a calendar?

cat

This command outputs the contents of a text file. You can use it to read brief files or to
concatenate files together.

To append file1 onto the end of file2, enter:

cat file1 >> file2

To view the contents of a file named myfile, enter:

cat myfile

Because cat displays text without pausing, its output may quickly scroll off your screen.
Use the less command (described below) or an editor for reading longer text files.

For more detailed information, see the Knowledge Base document In Unix, how do I
combine several files into a single file?

cd

This command changes your current directory location. By default, your Unix login
session begins in your home directory.
To switch to a subdirectory (of the current directory) named myfiles, enter:

cd myfiles

To switch to a directory named /home/dvader/empire_docs, enter:

cd /home/dvader/empire_docs

To move to the parent directory of the current directory, enter:

cd ..

To move to the root directory, enter:

cd /

To return to your home directory, enter:

cd

chmod

This command changes the permission information associated with a file. Every file
(including directories, which Unix treats as files) on a Unix system is stored with records
indicating who has permission to read, write, or execute the file, abbreviated as r, w,
and x. These permissions are broken down for three categories of user: first, the owner
of the file; second, a group with which both the user and the file may be associated; and
third, all other users. These categories are abbreviated as u for owner (or user), g for
group, and o for other.

To allow yourself to execute a file that you own named myfile, enter:

chmod u+x myfile

To allow anyone who has access to the directory in which myfile is stored to read or
execute myfile, enter:

chmod o+rx myfile

You can view the permission settings of a file using the ls command, described below.

Note: Be careful with the chmod command. If you tamper with the directory permissions
of your home directory, for example, you could lock yourself out or allow others
unrestricted access to your account and its contents.
For more detailed information, see the Knowledge Base document In Unix, how do I
change the permissions for a file?

cp

This command copies a file, preserving the original and creating an identical copy. If
you already have a file with the new name, cp will overwrite and destroy the duplicate.
For this reason, it's safest to always add -i after the cp command, to force the
system to ask for your approval before it destroys any files. The general syntax for cp
is:

cp -i oldfile newfile

To copy a file named meeting1 in the directory /home/dvader/notes to your

current directory, enter:

cp -i /home/dvader/notes/meeting1 .

The . (period) indicates the current directory as destination, and the -i ensures
that if there is another file named meeting1 in the current directory, you will not
overwrite it by accident.

To copy a file named oldfile in the current directory to the new name newfile in the
mystuff subdirectory of your home directory, enter:

cp -i oldfile ~/mystuff/newfile

The ~ character (tilde) is interpreted as the path of your home directory.

Note: You must have permission to read a file in order to copy it.

date

The date command displays the current day, date, time, and year.

To see this information, enter:

date
df

This command reports file system disk usage, (i.e., the amount of space taken up on
mounted file systems). For each mounted file system, df reports the file system device,
the number of blocks used, the number of blocks available, and the directory where the
file system is mounted.

To find out how much disk space is used on each file system, enter the following
command:

df

If the df command is not configured to show blocks in kilobytes by default, you can
issue the following command:

df -k

du

This command reports disk usage (i.e., the amount of space taken up by a group of
files). The du command descends all subdirectories from the directory in which you
enter the command, reporting the size of their contents, and finally reporting a total size
for all the files it finds.

To find out how much disk space your files take up, switch to your home directory with
the cd command, and enter:

du

The numbers reported are the sizes of the files; on different systems, these sizes will be
in units of either 512 byte blocks or kilobytes. To learn which is the case, use the man
command, described below. On most systems, du -k will give sizes in kilobytes.

find

The find command lists all of the files within a directory and its subdirectories that
match a set of conditions. This command is most commonly used to find all of the files
that have a certain name.

To find all of the files named myfile.txt in your current directory and all of its
subdirectories, enter:

find . -name myfile.txt -print

To look in your current directory and its subdirectories for all of the files that end in the
extension .txt , enter:

find . -name "*.txt" -print

In these examples, the . (period) represents your current directory. It can be

replaced by the full pathname of another directory to search. For instance, to search for
files named myfile.txt in the directory /home/user/myusername and its
subdirectories, enter:

find /home/user/myusername/ -name myfile.txt -print

On some systems, omitting the final / (slash) after the directory name can cause
find to fail to return any results.

As a shortcut for searching in your home directory, enter:

find "$HOME/" -name myfile.txt -print

For more detailed information, see the Knowledge Base document In Unix, what is the
find command, and how do I use it to search through directories for files?

jobs

This command reports any programs that you suspended and still have running or
waiting in the background (if you had pressed Ctrl-z to suspend an editing session,
for example). For a list of suspended jobs, enter:

jobs

Each job will be listed with a number; to resume a job, enter % (percent sign) followed
by the number of the job. To restart job number two, for example, enter:

%2

This command is only available in the csh, bash, tcsh, and ksh shells.

kill

Use this command as a last resort to destroy any jobs or programs that you suspended
and are unable to restart. Use the jobs command to see a list of suspended jobs. To kill
suspended job number three, for example, enter:
 kill %3

Now check the jobs command again. If the job has not been cancelled, harsher
measures may be necessary. Enter:

kill -9 %3

less and more

Both less and more display the contents of a file one screen at a time, waiting for you
to press the Spacebar between screens. This lets you read text without it scrolling
quickly off your screen. The less utility is generally more flexible and powerful than
more, but more is available on all Unix systems while less may not be.

To read the contents of a file named textfile in the current directory, enter:

less textfile

The less utility is often used for reading the output of other commands. For example,
to read the output of the ls command one screen at a time, enter:

ls -la | less

In both examples, you could substitute more for less with similar results. To exit either
less or more, press q . To exit less after viewing the file, press q .

Note: Do not use less or more with executables (binary files), such as output files
produced by compilers. Doing so will display garbage and may lock up your terminal.

lpr and lp

These commands print a file on a printer connected to the computer network. The lpr
command is used on BSD systems, and the lp command is used in System V. Both
commands may be used on the UITS systems.

To print a file named myfile on a printer named lp1 with lpr, enter:

lpr -Plp1 myfile

To print the same file to the same printer with lp, enter:

lp -dlp1 myfile

Note: Do not print to a printer whose name or location is unfamiliar to you.

For more detailed information, see the Knowledge Base document In Unix, how do I
print files and list or remove print jobs?

ls

This command will list the files stored in a directory. To see a brief, multi-column list of
the files in the current directory, enter:

ls

To also see "dot" files (configuration files that begin with a period, such as .login ),
enter:

ls -a

To see the file permissions, owners, and sizes of all files, enter:

ls -la

If the listing is long and scrolls off your screen before you can read it, combine ls with
the less utility, for example:

ls -la | less

For more detailed information, see the Knowledge Base document In Unix, how do I list
the files in a directory?

man

This command displays the manual page for a particular command. If you are unsure
how to use a command or want to find out all its options, you might want to try using
man to view the manual page.

For example, to learn more about the ls command, enter:

man ls

To learn more about man, enter:

man man
If you are not sure of the exact command name, you can use man with the -k option
to help you find the command you need. To see one line summaries of each reference
page that contains the keyword you specify, enter:

man -k keyword

Replace keyword in the above example with the keyword which you want to reference.
Also see the Knowledge Base document In Unix, what is the man command, and how
do I use it to read manual pages?

mkdir

This command will make a new subdirectory.

To create a subdirectory named mystuff in the current directory, enter:

mkdir mystuff

To create a subdirectory named morestuff in the existing directory named /tmp,

enter:

mkdir /tmp/morestuff

Note: To make a subdirectory in a particular directory, you must have permission to

write to that directory.

mv

This command will move a file. You can use mv not only to change the directory location
of a file, but also to rename files. Unlike the cp command, mv will not preserve the
original file.

Note: As with the cp command, you should always use -i to make sure you do not
overwrite an existing file.

To rename a file named oldname in the current directory to the new name newname,
enter:

mv -i oldname newname

To move a file named hw1 from a subdirectory named newhw to another subdirectory
named oldhw (both subdirectories of the current directory), enter:
 mv -i newhw/hw1 oldhw

If, in this last operation, you also wanted to give the file a new name, such as firsthw,
you would enter:

mv -i newhw/hw1 oldhw/firsthw

ps

The ps command displays information about programs (i.e., processes) that are
currently running. Entered without arguments, it lists basic information about interactive
processes you own. However, it also has many options for determining what processes
to display, as well as the amount of information about each. Like lp and lpr, the
options available differ between BSD and System V implementations. For example, to
view detailed information about all running processes, in a BSD system, you would use
ps with the following arguments:

ps -alxww

To display similar information in System V, use the arguments:

ps -elf

For more information about ps refer to the ps man page on your system. Also see the
Knowledge Base document In Unix, what do the output fields of the ps command
mean?

pwd

This command reports the current directory path. Enter the command by itself:

pwd

For more detailed information, see the Knowledge Base document In Unix, how do I
determine my current working directory?

rm

This command will remove (destroy) a file. You should enter this command with the -
i option, so that you'll be asked to confirm each file deletion. To remove a file named
junk, enter:
 rm -i junk

Note: Using rm will remove a file permanently, so be sure you really want to delete a
file before you use rm.

To remove a non-empty subdirectory, rm accepts the -r option. On most systems

this will prompt you to confirm the removal of each file. This behavior can be prevented
by adding the -f option. To remove an entire subdirectory named oldstuff and all
of its contents, enter:

rm -rf oldstuff

Note: Using this command will cause rm to descend into each subdirectory within the
specified subdirectory and remove all files without prompting you. Use this command
with caution, as it is very easy to accidently delete important files. As a precaution, use
the ls command to list the files within the subdirectory you wish to remove. To browse
through a subdirectory named oldstuff, enter:

ls -R oldstuff | less

rmdir

This command will remove a subdirectory. To remove a subdirectory named oldstuff,

enter:

rmdir oldstuff

Note: The directory you specify for removal must be empty. To clean it out, switch to
the directory and use the ls and rm commands to inspect and delete files.

set

This command displays or changes various settings and options associated with your
Unix session.

To see the status of all settings, enter the command without options:

set

If the output scrolls off your screen, combine set with less:

set | less
The syntax used for changing settings is different for the various kinds of Unix shells;
see the man entries for set and the references listed at the end of this document for
more information.

vi

This command starts the vi text editor. To edit a file named myfile in the current
directory, enter:

vi myfile

The vi editor works fairly differently from other text editors. If you have not used it
before, you should probably look at a tutorial, such as the Knowledge Base document
How do I use the vi text editor? Another helpful document for getting started with vi is A
quick reference list of vi editor commands.

The very least you need to know to start using vi is that in order to enter text, you need
to switch the program from command mode to insert mode by pressing i . To
navigate around the document with the cursor keys, you must switch back to command
mode by pressing Esc. To execute any of the following commands, you must switch
from command mode to ex mode by pressing : (the colon key): Enter w to save;
wq to save and quit; q! to quit without saving.

w and who

The w and who commands are similar programs that list all users logged into the
computer. If you use w, you also get a list of what they are doing. If you use who, you
also get the IP numbers or computer names of the terminals they are using.

In Unix, how do I kill another login session remotely?

You can kill a Unix login session remotely by sending a hangup signal (SIGHUP) to the
process running the login session. To do this, follow the steps below:

1. Identify the shell you want to kill. To determine your current tty, from your Unix
shell prompt, enter: tty
2. To show all of your running processes, enter: ps -fu username Replace
username with your username.
 3. You should see something like this: PID TT STAT TIME
COMMAND

4. 13964 v5 I 0:00 elm

5. 13126 ue S 0:00 -bash (bash)

6. 13133 ue R 0:00 ps x

7. 13335 v5 S 0:00 -bash (bash)

In the first column, "PID" stands for "process ID". The second column shows the
tty to which your processes are connected. The dash ( - ) before a process
name shows that the process is a login shell.

8. To remove the remote shell, look for the processes with a dash and choose the
process number that is not for your current tty. Then issue the following
command: kill -HUP processid Replace processid with the process ID
number you identified.

When you send a SIGHUP (by entering kill -HUP or kill -1) to a login shell, all
the processes that were started in the shell will be killed as well (unless they were in the
background). SIGHUP is good because it allows applications like Elm and Emacs to exit
gracefully, leaving your files intact.

Note: You cannot kill processes that are running on a computer different from the one
you are logged into. For example, at Indiana University you can't kill processes running
on Libra from your Steel account. This rule extends to clusters of Unix systems as well
(e.g., Steel, Libra, da Vinci, and Nations). This means that you cannot kill a process
running on the Steel node Steel1 if you are logged into Steel2.

In Unix, how do I cancel a batch job?

In Unix, if you scheduled a job with at or batch, you can cancel it at the Unix prompt,
by entering: at -r <jobnum>

Replace <jobnum> with the number of the job that at or batch reported when you
submitted the job. On some systems, you may use atrm instead of at -r .

If you don't remember the job number, you can get a listing of your jobs by entering:
at -l

Each job will be listed with its job number queue and the time it was originally scheduled
to execute.
On some systems, the atq command is available to list all the jobs on the system. To
use this command, at the Unix prompt, enter: atq
If your job is already running, you will need to find the process ID and kill it. On System
V implementations (including all UITS central systems at Indiana University), list all
running processes by entering: ps -fu username Replace username with your
username. The equivalent BSD command is: ps x
Once you have the process ID, enter: kill <process ID> Replace <process
ID> with the process ID. If it still will not terminate, try entering: kill -9 <process
ID>

Note: Other scheduling programs, such as NQS and LoadLeveler, work differently and are not
controlled by the same methods. For more information, see the appropriate man pages.

In Unix, how do I check the CPU usage of a job?

Note: If you are concerned about slowing the system down, you can use the nice
command to lower your program's priority. For more information about the nice
command, at the Unix prompt, enter: man nice

In Unix, you can see CPU usage on a job that is running in a number of ways, as
described below:

The time command

If you want to see a grand total of CPU time for a program when it finishes running, you
can use the time command. At the Unix prompt, enter: time myprog Replace
myprog with the name of the program you are running. The following is an output
example for users in the csh or tcsh shells: 1.406u 0.042s 0:04.96 29.0%
2+5k 0+1io 0pf+0w The program myprog used 1.406 seconds of user time, 0.042
seconds of system time, and 4.96 seconds of real time. The sum of the user and system
times is the total CPU time of the process. The percentage (29.0%) indicates the
percentage of the CPU's time that the process used while it ran. The output will appear
in a slightly different format when using sh, ksh, or bash, since the time command is
not built into those shells.

The ps command

You can also use the Unix command ps. At the Unix prompt, enter: ps -u
username Replace username with your username. You will see something like
the following: PID TTY TIME COMMAND

10005 ? 3:03 a.out

15852 rb 0:01 -tcsh (tcsh)

24980 rb 0:00 sh -c /usr/local/bin/emacs

/usr1/mmouse/snd.18106
 24981 rb 0:02 /usr/local/bin/emacs
/usr1/mmouse/snd.18106

22311 rf 0:22 elm In this example, the "TIME" column shows that the
process running Elm has used 22 CPU seconds.

The top command

You may also use the top command. At the Unix prompt, enter: top You will
see something similar to the following: PID USERNAME PRI NICE SIZE
RES STATE TIME WCPU CPU COMMAND

28000 mmouse 96 4 276K 144K run 292:20 16.80%

16.80% desert.exe

27999 mmouse 96 4 276K 144K run 292:42 16.02%

16.02% denver.exe

19004 goofy 96 4 428K 160K run 357:11 15.63%

15.63% diskr

User mmouse is at the top of the list, and the "TIME" column shows that the program
desert.exe has used 292 minutes and 20 seconds of CPU time. This is the most
interactive way to see CPU usage.

How do I run a Unix process in the background?

In Unix, a background process executes independently of the shell, leaving the terminal
free for other work. To run a process in the background, include an & (an ampersand)
at the end of the command you use to run the job. Following are some examples:

• To run the count program, which will display the process identification number
of the job, enter: count &
• To check the status of your job, enter: ps
• You can bring a background process to the foreground by entering: fg
• If you have more than one job suspended in the background, enter: fg %#
Replace # with the job number, as shown in the first column of the output of
the jobs command.

• You can kill a background process by entering: kill PID Replace PID with
the process ID of the job. If that fails, enter the following: kill -KILL PID
• To determine a job's PID, enter: jobs -l
• If you are using sh, ksh, bash, or zsh, you may prevent background processes
from sending error messages to the terminal. Redirect the output to /dev/null
using the following syntax: count 2> /dev/null &
Unix job control command list

The following table lists the basic Unix job control commands:

Command Explanation Example

& Run the command in the background % long_cmd &
Ctrl-z Stop the foreground process [Ctrl-z]
Stopped
jobs List background processes % jobs
[1] - Stopped vi
[2] - big_job &
%n Refers to the background number n % fg %1
%?str Refers to the background job containing str % fg %?ls
bg Restart a stopped background process % bg
[2] big_job &
fg Bring a background process to the foreground % fg %1
kill Kill a process % kill %2
~ Ctrl-z Suspend an rlogin or ssh session host2>~[Ctrl-z]
Stopped
host1>
~~ Ctrl-z Suspend a second level rlogin or ssh session host3>~~[Ctrl-z]
Stopped
host2>

This table is adapted from Essential System Administration, by Aeleen Frisch, copyright
1995, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.

Note: For security reasons, rlogin is not available on UITS computers at Indiana
University.
In Unix, what do the output fields of the ps command mean?

The ps command varies significantly among Unix implementations. Each vendor

incorporates its own flags and outputs the results differently. However, most ps variants
are rooted enough in either the System V or BSD syntax that entering ps -elf
(System V) or ps alx (BSD) will produce something like the following:

FS UID ID PPI C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN STIME TTY TIMCOMD

D E
1 R obiwa 792 779 2218320 10ec5f8 29 - 12:52:2 pts/ 0:0ps -elf
n 0 4 2 0
1 S root 2462 560 0 15420 13603f8 11 4697c Jun 16 ttyp 0:0telnetd
1 0 0 2 0
1 S dvade 1162 115 0 15420 110a1f8 77 452be 11:25:4 pts/ 0:0ssh
r 3 0 4 1 3 0 deathsta
r

This particular example is from HP-UX, whose output is basically vanilla System V. The
following table describes the meanings of the columns that commonly appear in ps
outputs. No version of ps will display all of these fields, however.

Column Header Contents

%CPU How much of the CPU the process is using

%MEM How much memory the process is using
ADDR Memory address of the process
C or CP CPU usage and scheduling information
COMMAND* Name of the process, including arguments, if any
NI nice value
F Flags
PID Process ID number
PPID ID number of the process's parent process
PRI Priority of the process
RSS Real memory usage
S or STAT Process status code
START or STIME Time when the process started
SZ Virtual memory usage
TIME Total CPU usage
TT or TTY Terminal associated with the process
UID or USER Username of the process's owner
WCHAN Memory address of the event the process is waiting for

*
= Often abbreviated

For information specific to your Unix implementation, consult the ps man page.