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Hardware Interview Questions

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1. What is a Microprocessor? - Microprocessor is a program-controlled

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device, which fetches the instructions from memory, decodes and
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executes the instructions. Most Micro Processor are single- chip devices.
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2. Give examples for 8 / 16 / 32 bit Microprocessor? - 8-bit Processor -
System Products
8085 / Z80 / 6800; 16-bit Processor - 8086 / 68000 / Z8000; 32-bit
Processor - 80386 / 80486.
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4. What is 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor? - The processor
made of PMOS / NMOS / HMOS / HCMOS technology is called 1st /
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2nd / 3rd / 4th generation processor, and it is made up of 4 / 8 / 16 / 32
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5. Define HCMOS? - High-density n- type Complimentary Metal Oxide
Silicon field effect transistor.
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7. Is the address bus unidirectional? - The address bus is unidirectional
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because the address information is always given by the Micro Processor
to address a memory location of an input / output devices.
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9. What is the disadvantage of microprocessor? - It has limitations on
the size of data. Most Microprocessor does not support floating-point
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CIO's worldwide since 1987! Microcontroller: fewer op-codes, more bit handling Instructions, and
also it is defined as a device that includes micro processor, memory, &
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Get through Top MBA 11. What is meant by LATCH? - Latch is a D- type flip-flop used as a
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bundle rates! 0 or 1. The primary function of a Latch is data storage. It is used in
output devices such as LED, to hold the data for display.
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contain ROM chip because it contain instructions to execute data.
13. What is the difference between primary & secondary storage device? -
In primary storage device the storage capacity is limited. It has a volatile
memory. In secondary storage device the storage capacity is larger. It is a
nonvolatile memory. Primary devices are: RAM / ROM. Secondary
devices are: Floppy disc / Hard disk.
14. Difference between static and dynamic RAM? - Static RAM: No
refreshing, 6 to 8 MOS transistors are required to form one memory cell,
Information stored as voltage level in a flip flop. Dynamic RAM:
Refreshed periodically, 3 to 4 transistors are required to form one
memory cell, Information is stored as a charge in the gate to substrate
capacitance.
15. What is interrupt? - Interrupt is a signal send by external device to the
processor so as to request the processor to perform a particular work.
16. What is cache memory? - Cache memory is a small high-speed memory.
It is used for temporary storage of data & information between the main
memory and the CPU (center processing unit). The cache memory is only
in RAM.
17. What is called .Scratch pad of computer.? - Cache Memory is scratch
pad of computer.
18. Which transistor is used in each cell of EPROM? - Floating .gate
Avalanche Injection MOS (FAMOS) transistor is used in each cell of
EPROM.
19. Differentiate between RAM and ROM? - RAM: Read / Write memory,
High Speed, Volatile Memory. ROM: Read only memory, Low Speed,
Non Voliate Memory.
20. What is a compiler? - Compiler is used to translate the high-level
language program into machine code at a time. It doesn.t require special
instruction to store in a memory, it stores automatically. The Execution
time is less compared to Interpreter.
21. Which processor structure is pipelined? - All x86 processors have
pipelined structure.
22. What is flag? - Flag is a flip-flop used to store the information about
the status of a processor and the status of the instruction executed most
recently
23. What is stack? - Stack is a portion of RAM used for saving the content
of Program Counter and general purpose registers.
24. Can ROM be used as stack? - ROM cannot be used as stack because it
is not possible to write to ROM.
25. What is NV-RAM? - Nonvolatile Read Write Memory, also called
Flash memory. It is also know as shadow RAM.

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Intel interview questions

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The following questions are used for screening the candidates during the
first interview. The questions apply mostly to fresh college grads pursuing
an engineering career at Intel.

1. Have you studied buses? What types?

2. Have you studied pipelining? List the 5 stages of a 5 stage pipeline.
Assuming 1 clock per stage, what is the latency of an instruction in a 5
stage machine? What is the throughput of this machine ?
3. How many bit combinations are there in a byte?
4. For a single computer processor computer system, what is the purpose of
a processor cache and describe its operation?
5. Explain the operation considering a two processor computer system
with a cache for each processor.
6. What are the main issues associated with multiprocessor caches and
how might you solve them?
7. Explain the difference between write through and write back cache.
8. Are you familiar with the term MESI?
9. Are you familiar with the term snooping?
10. Describe a finite state machine that will detect three consecutive coin
tosses (of one coin) that results in heads.
11. In what cases do you need to double clock a signal before presenting it
to a synchronous state machine?
12. You have a driver that drives a long signal & connects to an input
device. At the input device there is either overshoot, undershoot or
signal threshold violations, what can be done to correct this problem?
13. What are the total number of lines written by you in C/C++? What is the
most complicated/valuable program written in C/C++?
14. What compiler was used?
15. What is the difference between = and == in C?
16. Are you familiar with VHDL and/or Verilog?
17. What types of CMOS memories have you designed? What were their
size? Speed?
18. What work have you done on full chip Clock and Power distribution?
What process technology and budgets were used?
19. What types of I/O have you designed? What were their size? Speed?
Configuration? Voltage requirements?
20. Process technology? What package was used and how did you model
the package/system? What parasitic effects were considered?
21. What types of high speed CMOS circuits have you designed?
22. What transistor level design tools are you proficient with? What types
of designs were they used on?
23. What products have you designed which have entered high volume
production?
24. What was your role in the silicon evaluation/product ramp? What tools
did you use?
25. If not into production, how far did you follow the design and why did
not you see it into production?

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Embedded systems interview questions

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1. Can structures be passed to the functions by value?

2. Why cannot arrays be passed by values to functions?
3. Advantages and disadvantages of using macro and inline functions?
4. What happens when recursion functions are declared inline?
5. Scope of static variables?
6. Difference between object oriented and object based languages?
7. Multiple inheritance - objects contain howmany multiply inherited
ancestor?
8. What are the 4 different types of inheritance relationship?
9. How would you find out the no of instance of a class?
10. Is java a pure object oriented language? Why?
11. Order of constructor and destructor call in case of multiple inheritance?
12. Can u have inline virtual functions in a class?
13. When you inherit a class using private keyword which members of base
class are visible to the derived class?
14. What is the output of printf("\nab\bcd\ref"); -> ef
15. #define cat(x,y) x##y concatenates x to y. But cat(cat(1,2),3) does not
expand but gives preprocessor warning. Why?
16. Can you have constant volatile variable? Yes, you can have a volatile
pointer?
17. ++*ip increments what? it increments what ip points to
18. Operations involving unsigned and signed — unsigned will be
converted to signed
19. a+++b -> (a++)+b
20. malloc(sizeof(0)) will return — valid pointer
21. main() {fork();fork();fork();printf("hello world"); } — will print 8
times.
22. Array of pts to functions — void (*fptr[10])()
23. Which way of writing infinite loops is more efficient than others? there
are 3ways.
24. # error — what it does?
25. How is function itoa() written?
26. Who to know wether systemuses big endian or little endian format and
how to convert among them?
27. What is interrupt latency?
28. What is forward reference w.r.t. pointers in c?
29. How is generic list manipulation function written which accepts
elements of any kind?
30. What is the difference between hard real-time and soft real-time OS?
31. What is interrupt latency? How can you recuce it?
32. What is the differnce between embedded systems and the system in
which rtos is running?
33. How can you define a structure with bit field members?
34. What are the features different in pSOS and vxWorks?
35. How do you write a function which takes 2 arguments - a byte and a
field in the byte and returns the value of the field in that byte?
36. What are the different storage classes in C?
37. What are the different qualifiers in C?
38. What are the different BSD and SVR4 communication mechanisms

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Computer architecture and design interview questions

1. What is pipelining?
2. What are the five stages in a DLX pipeline?
3. For a pipeline with ‘n’ stages, what’s the ideal throughput? What
prevents us from achieving this ideal throughput?
4. What are the different hazards? How do you avoid them?
5. Instead of just 5-8 pipe stages why not have, say, a pipeline with 50
pipe stages?
6. What are Branch Prediction and Branch Target Buffers?
7. How do you handle precise exceptions or interrupts?
8. What is a cache?
9. What’s the difference between Write-Through and Write-Back Caches?
Explain advantages and disadvantages of each.
10. Cache Size is 64KB, Block size is 32B and the cache is Two-Way Set
Associative. For a 32-bit physical address, give the division between
Block Offset, Index and Tag.
11. What is Virtual Memory?
12. What is Cache Coherency?
13. What is MESI?
14. What is a Snooping cache?
15. What are the components in a Microprocessor?
16. What is ACBF(Hex) divided by 16?
17. Convert 65(Hex) to Binary
18. Convert a number to its two’s compliment and back
19. The CPU is busy but you want to stop and do some other task. How do
you do it?

Hardware design interview questions

1. Give two ways of converting a two input NAND gate to an inverter

2. Given a circuit, draw its exact timing response. (I was given a Pseudo
Random Signal Generator; you can expect any sequential ckt)
3. What are set up time & hold time constraints? What do they signify?
Which one is critical for estimating maximum clock frequency of a
circuit?
4. Give a circuit to divide frequency of clock cycle by two
5. Design a divide-by-3 sequential circuit with 50% duty circle. (Hint:
Double the Clock)
6. Suppose you have a combinational circuit between two registers driven
by a clock. What will you do if the delay of the combinational circuit is
greater than your clock signal? (You can’t resize the combinational
circuit transistors)
7. The answer to the above question is breaking the combinational circuit
and pipelining it. What will be affected if you do this?
8. What are the different Adder circuits you studied?
9. Give the truth table for a Half Adder. Give a gate level implementation
of the same.
10. Draw a Transmission Gate-based D-Latch.
11. Design a Transmission Gate based XOR. Now, how do you convert it to
XNOR? (Without inverting the output)

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12. How do you detect if two 8-bit signals are same?

13. How do you detect a sequence of "1101" arriving serially from a signal
line?
14. Design any FSM in VHDL or Verilog.
15. Explain RC circuit.s charging and discharging.
16. Explain the working of a binary counter.
17. Describe how you would reverse a singly linked list.

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