Recursive Common Table

Expressions in Oracle 11gR2

Iggy Fernandez
RMOUG Training Days 2010

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Iggy Fernandez Database Specialists 2
 CTE Recap
Inline Views
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT *
FROM Suppliers
MINUS
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT SupplierName
FROM (SELECT *
FROM (SELECT *
FROM Suppliers,
Parts)
MINUS
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT SupplierName,
PartName
FROM Quotes))));

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 CTE Recap
All Supplier Part Pairs
WITH

AllSupplierPartPairs AS
(
SELECT *
FROM Suppliers, Parts
),

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 CTE Recap
Valid Supplier Part Pairs
ValidSupplierPartPairs AS
(
SELECT SupplierName, PartName
FROM Quotes
),

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 CTE Recap
Invalid Supplier Part Pairs
InvalidSupplierPartPairs AS
(
SELECT *
FROM AllSupplierPartPairs
MINUS
SELECT *
FROM ValidSupplierPartPairs
),
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 CTE Recap
Suppliers Who Don’t Supply All Parts
SuppliersWhoDontSupplyAllParts AS
(
SELECT SupplierName
FROM InvalidSupplierPartPairs
),

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 CTE Recap
Suppliers Who Supply All Parts
SuppliersWhoSupplyAllParts AS
(
SELECT *
FROM Suppliers
MINUS
SELECT *
FROM SuppliersWhoDontSupplyAllParts
)
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 CTE Recap
Suppliers Who Supply All Parts
SELECT *
FROM SuppliersWhoSupplyAllParts;

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 Traditional Hierarchical Queries
Managers and Employees
SELECT
LPAD (' ', 4 * (LEVEL - 1)) || first_name || ' ' ||
last_name AS name
FROM employees
START WITH manager_id IS NULL
CONNECT BY manager_id = PRIOR employee_id;

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 Traditional Hierarchical Queries
Managers and Employees
Name
----------------------------------------------------------
Steven King
Neena Kochhar
Nancy Greenberg
Daniel Faviet
John Chen
Ismael Sciarra
Jose Manuel Urman
Luis Popp
Jennifer Whalen
Susan Mavris
Hermann Baer
Shelley Higgins
William Gietz

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 Traditional Hierarchical Queries
Managers and Employees
WITH

RCTE (employee_id, first_name, last_name, lvl) AS

(

SELECT
employee_id,
first_name,
last_name,
1 AS lvl
FROM
employees
WHERE manager_id IS NULL

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 Traditional Hierarchical Queries
Managers and Employees
UNION ALL

SELECT
e.employee_id,
e.first_name,
e.last_name,
lvl + 1 AS lvl
FROM
RCTE INNER JOIN employees e
ON (RCTE.employee_id = e.manager_id)
)
-- SEARCH DEPTH FIRST BY employee_id ASC SET seq#

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 Traditional Hierarchical Queries
Managers and Employees
SELECT LPAD (' ', 4 * (lvl - 1)) || first_name || ' ' ||
last_name AS name
FROM RCTE
--ORDER BY seq#;

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 Traditional Hierarchical Queries
Breadth First Search
Steven King
Michael Hartstein
Neena Kochhar
Lex De Haan
Den Raphaely
Matthew Weiss
Adam Fripp
Payam Kaufling
Shanta Vollman
Kevin Mourgos
John Russell
Karen Partners
Alberto Errazuriz
Gerald Cambrault
Eleni Zlotkey
Pat Fay
Jennifer Whalen
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 Algorithm
1. Split the CTE expression into anchor and
recursive members.
2. Run the anchor member(s) creating the first
invocation or base result set (T0).
3. Run the recursive member(s) with Ti as an
input and Ti+1 as an output.
4. Repeat step 3 until an empty set is returned.
5. Return the result set. This is a UNION ALL of
T0 to Tn.
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 Number Generator
New Style
WITH numbers(n) AS
(
SELECT 1 FROM dual
UNION ALL
SELECT n + 1 FROM numbers WHERE n < 100
)
SELECT * FROM numbers;

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 Number Generator
Old Style
SELECT level AS n
FROM dual
CONNECT BY level <= 100;

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 Railroad Diagram

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 Restrictions
The recursive member cannot contain any of the
following elements:
• The DISTINCT keyword or a GROUP BY clause
• The model_clause
• An aggregate function. However, analytic
functions are permitted in the select list.
• Subqueries that refer to the recursive member.
• Outer joins that refer to recursive member as the
right table.
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 Other Goodies
• SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH
• CONNECT_BY_ROOT
• CONNECT_BY_CYCLE
• CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF
• ORDER SIBLINGS BY

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 Managers and Employees
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME SALARY LVL EMPLOYEES TOTAL_SALARY
----------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------
100 Steven King 24000 3 106 667416
101 Neena Kochhar 17000 2 11 92816
148 Gerald Cambrault 11000 1 6 51900
145 John Russell 14000 1 6 51000
146 Karen Partners 13500 1 6 51000
149 Eleni Zlotkey 10500 1 6 50000
147 Alberto Errazuriz 12000 1 6 46600
108 Nancy Greenberg 12008 1 5 39600
102 Lex De Haan 17000 2 5 28800
123 Shanta Vollman 6500 1 8 25900
121 Adam Fripp 8200 1 8 25400
122 Payam Kaufling 7900 1 8 23600
124 Kevin Mourgos 5800 1 8 23000
120 Matthew Weiss 8000 1 8 22100
103 Alexander Hunold 9000 1 4 19800
114 Den Raphaely 11000 1 5 13900
205 Shelley Higgins 12008 1 1 8300
201 Michael Hartstein 13000 1 1 6000

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 Managers and Employees
WITH CTE (employee_id, last_name, first_name, lvl,
manager_salary, employee_salary, manager_id) AS
(

SELECT employee_id, last_name, first_name, 0, salary,

salary, manager_id
FROM employees

UNION ALL

SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.first_name, c.lvl+1,

e.salary, c.employee_salary, e.manager_id
FROM employees e INNER JOIN CTE c ON (e.employee_id =
c.manager_id)

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 Managers and Employees
SELECT
employee_id,
first_name||' '||last_name AS name,
manager_salary AS salary,
max(lvl) AS lvl,
count(*) - 1 AS employees,
sum(employee_salary) - manager_salary AS total_salary
FROM CTE
GROUP BY employee_id, last_name, first_name,
manager_salary
HAVING max(lvl) > 0
ORDER BY 6 desc, 1;

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 Coupon Clipping
Given a list of products and a list of discount
coupons, we needed to find the minimum price
for all the products based on certain rules. Here
are those rules:
• A maximum of ten coupons can be applied on
the same product.
• The discount price can not be less than 70% of
the original price.
• The total amount of the discount can not exceed
30$.

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 Coupon Clipping
Discounted Discount Discount Coupon
Id Name Price Price Amount Rate Names
---- ---------- ------- ---------- -------- -------- ----------------------------------------
1 PROD 1 100.00 72.00 28.00 28.00 CP 1 : -15$ + CP 2 : -5$ + CP 3 : -10%
2 PROD 2 220.00 193.00 27.00 12.27 CP 1 : -15$ + CP 4 : -12$
3 PROD 3 15.00 13.50 1.50 10.00 CP 3 : -10%
4 PROD 4 70.00 49.50 20.50 29.29 CP 1 : -15$ + CP 3 : -10%
5 PROD 5 150.00 121.50 28.50 19.00 CP 1 : -15$ + CP 3 : -10%

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 Coupon Clipping
CREATE TABLE products (ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, Name
VARCHAR2(20),Price NUMBER);

INSERT INTO products VALUES (1,'PROD 1',100);

INSERT INTO products VALUES (2,'PROD 2',220);
INSERT INTO products VALUES (3,'PROD 3',15);
INSERT INTO products VALUES (4,'PROD 4',70);
INSERT INTO products VALUES (5,'PROD 5',150);

CREATE TABLE coupons (ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, Name

VARCHAR2(20), Value INTEGER, IsPercent CHAR(1));

INSERT INTO coupons VALUES (1,'CP 1 : -15$',15,'N');

INSERT INTO coupons VALUES (2,'CP 2 : -5$',5,'N');
INSERT INTO coupons VALUES (3,'CP 3 : -10%',10,'Y');
INSERT INTO coupons VALUES (4,'CP 4 : -12$',12,'N');

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 Coupon Clipping
WITH

RCTE(ID, Name, Price, DiscountedPrice, DiscountAmount,

DiscountRate, CouponNames, CouponCount, CouponID) AS
(

SELECT
ID,
Name,
Price,
Price AS DiscountedPrice,
0 AS DiscountAmount,
0 AS DiscountRate,
CAST(' ' AS VARCHAR2(1024)) AS CouponNames,
0 AS CouponCount,
-1 AS CouponId
FROM
Iggyproducts
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 Coupon Clipping
UNION ALL

SELECT
RCTE.ID, RCTE.Name, RCTE.Price,
DECODE(C.IsPercent, 'N', RCTE.DiscountedPrice - C.Value,
RCTE.DiscountedPrice - (RCTE.DiscountedPrice / 100 *
C.Value)) DiscountedPrice,
RCTE.Price - DiscountedPrice AS DiscountAmount,
(RCTE.Price - DiscountedPrice) / RCTE.Price * 100 AS
DiscountRate,
DECODE(RCTE.CouponNames, ' ', C.Name, RCTE.CouponNames
|| ' + ' || C.Name) AS CouponNames,
RCTE.CouponCount + 1 AS CouponCount,
C.ID AS CouponID
FROM RCTE, coupons C
WHERE
c.id > RCTE.CouponID AND CouponCount <= 2 AND
DiscountAmount <= 30 AND DiscountRate <= 30
),
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 Coupon Clipping
SortedPrices AS
(
SELECT
RCTE.*,
RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY ID ORDER BY DiscountedPrice)
AS Rank
FROM RCTE
)

SELECT
ID, Name, Price,
DiscountedPrice, DiscountAmount, DiscountRate,
CouponNames
FROM SortedPrices
WHERE Rank = 1
ORDER BY ID;

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Iggy Fernandez Database Specialists 31
 Sudoku
with x( s, ind ) as
(
select sud, instr( sud, ' ' )
from (select '53 7 6 195 98 6 8 6 34 8 3 17 2 6 6 28 419 5 8 79' sud
from dual )
union all
select substr( s, 1, ind - 1 ) || z || substr( s, ind + 1 ), instr( s, ' ', ind + 1 )
from x, (select to_char( rownum ) z from dual connect by rownum <= 9) z
where ind > 0
and not exists
(
select *
from (select rownum lp from dual connect by rownum <= 9)
where z = substr(s,trunc((ind-1)/9 )*9+lp,1)
or z = substr(s,mod(ind-1,9)-8+lp*9,1)
or z = substr(s,mod( trunc(( ind-1)/3),3)*3+ trunc((ind-1)/27)*27+lp+trunc((lp-1)/3)*6,1))
)
select s from x
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 Thanks For Listening
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