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    Radar: Many in A Series of Mcgourty-Rideout Productions

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    Sun Surya
    Radar uses radio waves to detect and study distant targets. It works by transmitting radio pulses toward a target and measuring the reflection, or echo, that returns. The time delay between transmission and reception allows radar to determine the target's range, while the direction and strength of the echo provides information about the target's angles, size, speed, and features. Radar comes in various types used for purposes like air traffic control, weather monitoring, and studying the Earth's ionosphere through measurement of electron properties like pressure, temperature, and wind speed.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Radar: Many in A Series of Mcgourty-Rideout Productions

    Uploaded by

    Sun Surya
    32 views22 pages
    Radar uses radio waves to detect and study distant targets. It works by transmitting radio pulses toward a target and measuring the reflection, or echo, that returns. The time delay between transmission and reception allows radar to determine the target's range, while the direction and strength of the echo provides information about the target's angles, size, speed, and features. Radar comes in various types used for purposes like air traffic control, weather monitoring, and studying the Earth's ionosphere through measurement of electron properties like pressure, temperature, and wind speed.

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    Radar

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    Radar uses radio waves to detect and study distant targets. It works by transmitting radio pulses toward a target and measuring the reflection, or echo, that returns. The time delay between transmission and reception allows radar to determine the target's range, while the direction and strength of the echo provides information about the target's angles, size, speed, and features. Radar comes in various types used for purposes like air traffic control, weather monitoring, and studying the Earth's ionosphere through measurement of electron properties like pressure, temperature, and wind speed.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    32 views22 pages

    Radar: Many in A Series of Mcgourty-Rideout Productions

    Uploaded by

    Sun Surya
    Radar uses radio waves to detect and study distant targets. It works by transmitting radio pulses toward a target and measuring the reflection, or echo, that returns. The time delay between transmission and reception allows radar to determine the target's range, while the direction and strength of the echo provides information about the target's angles, size, speed, and features. Radar comes in various types used for purposes like air traffic control, weather monitoring, and studying the Earth's ionosphere through measurement of electron properties like pressure, temperature, and wind speed.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    Radar

    Many in a series of McGourty-


    Rideout Productions
    What is Radar?
    • RADAR (Radio Detection
    And Ranging) is a way to
    detect and study far off
    targets by transmitting a
    radio pulse in the
    direction of the target and
    observing the reflection of
    the wave.
    • It’s basically radio echo
    RADAR
    RAdio Detection And Ranging
    Antenna
    Propagation

    Target
    Cross
    Section
    Reflected
    Transmitted Pulse
    Pulse (“echo”)

    Radar observables:
    • Target range
    • Target angles (azimuth & elevation)
    • Target size (radar cross section)
    • Target speed (Doppler)
    • Target features (imaging)
    Radar Frequencies
    Radar Frequency Bands
    Wavelength 1 km 1m 1 mm 1 m 1 nm

    Frequency 1 MHz 1 GHz 109 Hz 1012 Hz


    IR UV
    Visible

    Ku
    K
    UHF L-Band S-Band C-Band X-Band Ka
    VHF W

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
    Allocated Frequency (GHz)

    30 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
    Wavelength (cm)
    The Range
    • Distance from the
    radar
    • Measured from time
    delay between
    transmitted pulse and
    returned signal
    received
    The Range
    • Remember, in general v=d/t and d=vt
    • The range is just a distance
    • Since radio waves travel at the speed of
    light (v = c = 300,000 km/sec )
    range = c•time/2
    • Why divided by 2?
    The Range
    • The “2” is because the measured time is
    for a round trip to and from the target. To
    determine the range, you only want the
    time to the object, so you take half!
    Radar Range Measurement

    e
    a ng
    R
    Target

    d
    itte
    m
    r ans se
    T Pul

    e cted
    fl
    Re ulse
    P
    c
    • Target range =
    2
    where c = speed of light
     = round trip time
    Atmospheric Effects
    Radar
    Radarbeams
    beamscan
    canbe
    beattenuated,
    attenuated,reflected
    reflectedand
    and
    bent
    bentby
    bythe
    theenvironment
    environment

    • Atmospheric attenuation

    • Reflection off of earth’s surface

    • Over-the-horizon diffraction

    • Atmospheric refraction
    Radar
    • The range and the direction of the target
    determine its location, which is what is
    needed for many radar applications such
    as air traffic control.
    How Strong Is It?
    • The strength of the received echo can also
    be measured
    • This will vary with the distance of the
    target, its size, its shape and its
    composition
    Types and Uses of Radar

    • Search radars scan a large area with pulses of short


    radio waves

    • Targeting radars use the same principle but scan a


    smaller area more often

    • Navigational radars are like search radar, but use short


    waves that reflect off hard surfaces. They are used on
    commercial ships and long-distance commercial aircraft
    Types and Uses of Radar
    • Mapping radar scans a large regions for remote
    sensing and geography applications

    • Wearable radar which is used to help the


    visually impaired

    • Air traffic control uses radar to reflect echoes off


    of aircraft

    • Weather radar uses radar to reflect echoes off of


    clouds
    Types and Uses of Radar
    • Weather radars use radio waves with horizontal, dual
    (horizontal and vertical), or circular polarization

    • Some weather radars use the Doppler effect to measure


    wind speeds
    Incoherent Scatter Radar- A Radar
    Application
    • Used to study the Earth's ionosphere and
    its interactions with the upper atmosphere,
    the magnetosphere, and the solar wind
    Incoherent Scatter Echo
    • Electrons in ionosphere
    are radar targets

    • These electrons can


    scatter radio waves
    Radar Can Measure Pressure

    • The strength of the echo received from the


    ionosphere measures the number of
    electrons able to scatter radio waves or
    what we call electron pressure
    Radar Can Measure Temperature
    • Some electrons are moving
    due to heat - In this case
    the echo is scattered
    • The echo will contain a
    range of frequencies close
    to the transmitter frequency
    • As the temperature
    increases, the electrons
    move faster
    • So radar can act like a
    thermometer and measure
    the temperature of the
    ionosphere
    Radar Can Measure Wind Speed
    • When an electron is
    removed from an atom,
    the remaining charged
    atom is called an ion
    • The ion gas can have a
    different temperature
    from the electron gas
    • The electron/ion mixture
    is known as a plasma and
    is usually in motion (like
    our wind)
    • So incoherent scatter
    radar can also measure
    wind speed

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