Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 27K views

    Guided Reading Chapter 16

    Uploaded by

    Tara Gambetta
    This document provides a guided reading assignment on Chapter 16 of an AP Biology textbook. It includes 22 multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions about DNA structure and replication. Some key concepts covered are Griffith's transformation experiment, Avery et al.'s discovery that DNA is the transforming agent, Chargaff's rules, the double helix structure discovered by Watson and Crick using Franklin's X-ray crystallography data, base pairing rules, semiconservative replication shown by Meselson-Stahl experiment, DNA polymerases, leading and lagging strands, Okazaki fragments, helicase and other replication enzymes, mismatch repair, telomeres, and the role of telomerase.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Guided Reading Chapter 16

    Uploaded by

    Tara Gambetta
    27K views5 pages
    This document provides a guided reading assignment on Chapter 16 of an AP Biology textbook. It includes 22 multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions about DNA structure and replication. Some key concepts covered are Griffith's transformation experiment, Avery et al.'s discovery that DNA is the transforming agent, Chargaff's rules, the double helix structure discovered by Watson and Crick using Franklin's X-ray crystallography data, base pairing rules, semiconservative replication shown by Meselson-Stahl experiment, DNA polymerases, leading and lagging strands, Okazaki fragments, helicase and other replication enzymes, mismatch repair, telomeres, and the role of telomerase.

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides a guided reading assignment on Chapter 16 of an AP Biology textbook. It includes 22 multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions about DNA structure and replication. Some key concepts covered are Griffith's transformation experiment, Avery et al.'s discovery that DNA is the transforming agent, Chargaff's rules, the double helix structure discovered by Watson and Crick using Franklin's X-ray crystallography data, base pairing rules, semiconservative replication shown by Meselson-Stahl experiment, DNA polymerases, leading and lagging strands, Okazaki fragments, helicase and other replication enzymes, mismatch repair, telomeres, and the role of telomerase.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27K views5 pages

    Guided Reading Chapter 16

    Uploaded by

    Tara Gambetta
    This document provides a guided reading assignment on Chapter 16 of an AP Biology textbook. It includes 22 multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions about DNA structure and replication. Some key concepts covered are Griffith's transformation experiment, Avery et al.'s discovery that DNA is the transforming agent, Chargaff's rules, the double helix structure discovered by Watson and Crick using Franklin's X-ray crystallography data, base pairing rules, semiconservative replication shown by Meselson-Stahl experiment, DNA polymerases, leading and lagging strands, Okazaki fragments, helicase and other replication enzymes, mismatch repair, telomeres, and the role of telomerase.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    Some of the key discoveries discussed in the passage include Griffith's experiment demonstrating transformation, Avery et al. showing that DNA is the transforming agent, the semiconservative nature of DNA replication shown by Meselson and Stahl, and the importance of telomeres and telomerase.

    Griffith studied a bacteria that causes pneumonia and found that live pathogenic bacteria could 'transform' non-pathogenic bacteria to also be pathogenic, demonstrating that some external factor was causing a genotype and phenotype change. This external factor was later shown to be DNA.

    Avery, MacLeod and McCarty contributed to this line of investigation by showing that the transforming agent was DNA, providing key evidence that DNA carries genetic information.

    AP Biology Name _________________________

    Chapter 16 Guided Reading Assignment

    1. Explain Griffith’s experiment and the concept of transformation in detail.


    Griffith studied a bacteria (2 DNA Strands; one pathogenic and one nonpathogenic) that
    causes pneumonia in mammals. Transformation is a change in genotype and phenotype
    due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.

    2. What did Avery, MacLeod and McCarty contribute to this line of investigation?
    Transforming agent = DNA.

    3. What is a bacteriophage?
    Virus that infects bacteria; bacteria eaters.

    4. Label the diagram below and explain the Hershey Chase experiment.

    5. How did Chargraff’s work contribute to understanding the structure of DNA?


    He provided further evidence that DNA was genetic material, and he found a peculiar
    regularity in the ratio of nucleotide bases within a single species.

    6. Why was Rosalind’s Franklin’s work essential to the understanding of the structure of DNA?
    Her x-ray diffraction photo of the DNA double helix led Watson and Crick to their
    publication of a book that finally set in stone how DNA was structured.

    Page 1 of 1
    7. Label the structure below:

    8. Why does adenine always pair with thymine and guanine with cytosine in DNA?
    Adenine and guanine are purines (two organic rings), and thymine and cytosine are
    pyrimidines (single organic rings). Two purines would be too big, and two pyrimidines
    would be too small, so, one of each pairs together to form the 2nm space between the
    helix.

    9. What is meant by the term that DNA replication is semiconservative?


    The replicated double helix consists of one solid strand, derived from the old molecule,
    and one newly made strand.

    10. Detail the Meselson and Stahl experiment concerning DNA replication.
    They cultured E. Coli bacteria for several generations on a medium containing nucleotide
    precursors labeled with a heavy isotope of nitrogen. They distinguished DNA of different
    densities by centrifuging DNA extracted from the bacteria.

    11. How is bacterial DNA replication accomplished?


    Proteins that initiate DNA replication recognize a sequence and attach to the DNA,
    separating the two strands and opening up a replication bubble. Replication then
    proceeds in both directions.

    12. What are DNA polymerases?


    Enzymes that catalyze DNA replication.

    13. In your own words, what is meant by the term – DNA is antiparallel in arrangement”?
    They are oriented in opposite directions to each other.

    14. Define the following terms:


    a. Leading strand - DNA strand made by DNA pol III
    b. Lagging strand - DNA stand that elongates away from the replication fork
    c. Okazaki fragments - as the bubble grows, another segment of the lagging strand can be
    made in a similar way.
    d. DNA ligase - joins Okazaki fragments together
    e. Primer - short initial nucleotide chain

    Page 2 of 2
    15. Label the diagram below:

    16. Identify and label the diagram below:

    Page 3 of 3
    17. List the functions of the following enzymes:
    a. Helicase - enzyme that untwists the double helix at replication forks
    b. Single stranded binding protein - bind to unprepared DNA strands
    c. Topoisomerase - relieves strain from untwisting
    d. Primase - can start an RNA chain from scratch.
    e. DNA Polymerase III - continuously synthesizes leading strand
    f. DNA Polymerase I - removes primer and replaces it with DNA
    g. DNA Ligase - Joins Okazaki fragments

    18. Identify and label the diagram below:

    19. What is mismatch repair?


    Cells use special enzymes to fix incorrectly paired nucleotides.

    20. Label the diagram below:

    Page 4 of 4
    21. Why is there a short section of a cell’s DNA that cannot be repaired or replaced? Draw your own
    diagram explaining the problem. It is very important that you understand this conceptually.

    22. What are telomeres and why are they important? How does telomerase play a role?

    Page 5 of 5

    You might also like