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    MATH 1005A - Notes 1 Reduction of Order

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    Jacek Filip Khan
    The document discusses the method of reduction of order for solving second-order, linear, homogeneous differential equations. It states that if one solution y1 is known, a second independent solution can be found as y2 = u(x)y1, where u(x) is determined such that y2 satisfies the original differential equation. It then shows that u(x) must satisfy a certain differential equation, and the integration of this equation gives an expression for u(x) involving an integral of p(x), where p(x) is a term in the original differential equation. Finally, it demonstrates finding the second solution y2 for some example equations.

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    MATH 1005A - Notes 1 Reduction of Order

    Uploaded by

    Jacek Filip Khan
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    The document discusses the method of reduction of order for solving second-order, linear, homogeneous differential equations. It states that if one solution y1 is known, a second independent solution can be found as y2 = u(x)y1, where u(x) is determined such that y2 satisfies the original differential equation. It then shows that u(x) must satisfy a certain differential equation, and the integration of this equation gives an expression for u(x) involving an integral of p(x), where p(x) is a term in the original differential equation. Finally, it demonstrates finding the second solution y2 for some example equations.

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    The document discusses the method of reduction of order for solving second-order, linear, homogeneous differential equations. It states that if one solution y1 is known, a second independent solution can be found as y2 = u(x)y1, where u(x) is determined such that y2 satisfies the original differential equation. It then shows that u(x) must satisfy a certain differential equation, and the integration of this equation gives an expression for u(x) involving an integral of p(x), where p(x) is a term in the original differential equation. Finally, it demonstrates finding the second solution y2 for some example equations.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views2 pages

    MATH 1005A - Notes 1 Reduction of Order

    Uploaded by

    Jacek Filip Khan
    The document discusses the method of reduction of order for solving second-order, linear, homogeneous differential equations. It states that if one solution y1 is known, a second independent solution can be found as y2 = u(x)y1, where u(x) is determined such that y2 satisfies the original differential equation. It then shows that u(x) must satisfy a certain differential equation, and the integration of this equation gives an expression for u(x) involving an integral of p(x), where p(x) is a term in the original differential equation. Finally, it demonstrates finding the second solution y2 for some example equations.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    MATH 1005A - Notes 1

    Reduction of Order
    Consider a linear, second-order, homogeneous equation in standard form,

    y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y 0 = 0:

    Suppose that one solution y1 is known. Then a second, independent solution y2 is obtained
    by letting y2 (x) = u(x)y1 (x); u(x) to be determined.

    y2 = uy1 ) y20 = u0 y1 + uy10 ; y 00 = u00 y1 + 2u0 y10 + uy100 ;

    so y2 is a solution if and only if

    [u00 y1 + 2u0 y10 + uy100 ] + p(x)[u0 y1 + uy10 ] + q(x)[uy1 ] = 0;

    i.e.,
    u[y100 + p(x)y10 + q(x)y1 ] + u00 y1 + 2u0 y10 + p(x)u0 y1 = 0:
    Since y1 is a solution, y100 + p(x)y10 + q(x)y1 = 0. Thus, y2 is a solution if and only if

    u00 y1 + u0 [2y10 + p(x)y1 ] = 0;

    i.e.,
    u00 2y10 + p(x)y1 y10
    = ¡ = ¡2 ¡ p(x):
    u0 y1 y1
    Integration with respect to x then gives
    Z
    0
    ln ju j = ¡2 ln jy1 j ¡ p(x) dx:

    ¡2 1
    Taking the exponential of both sides and using the fact that e¡2 ln jy1 j = eln jy1 j = , we
    y12
    obtain
    1 ¡ R p(x) dx 1 ¡ R p(x) dx
    ju0 j = e ; or u0
    = § e :
    y12 y12
    Taking the plus sign and integrating once more, we obtain
    Z
    1 ¡ R p(x) dx
    u(x) = e dx:
    y12

    Since
    1 ¡ R p(x) dx
    e 6= 0;
    y12
    u(x) is not a constant, hence y1 = erx and y2 = u(x)erx are linearly independent.

    For the equation ay 00 + by 0 + cy = 0 with b2 ¡ 4ac = 0; y = erx ) ar2 + br + c = 0 )


    p
    ¡b § b2 ¡ 4ac b b
    r= =¡ ) y1 = erx = e¡ 2a x :
    2a 2a
    2

    In standard form, the equation is


    b c b
    y 00 + y 0 + y = 0; with p(x) = :
    a a a
    Thus, by reduction of order,
    1 ¡ R p(x) dx 1 ¡R b 1 b 1
    u0 = e = e a
    dx
    = e¡ a x = e2rx = 1 ) u(x) = x ) y2 = xerx :
    y12 e2rx e2rx e2rx

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