ELECTRONIC

PROTECTION

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 ECCM
• DEFINITION : ECCM IS THE ACTION TAKEN TO ENSURE
FRIENDLY EFFECTIVE USE OF THE EM SPECTRUM DESPITE
THE ENEMY’S USE OF ECM OR ESM.

• IT IS DEFENSIVE ARM OF EW

• ECM AND ECCM DEVELOPMENTS ALWAYS FOLLOW EACH

OTHER.

• ECCM : MOSTLY CONCERNED WITH TECHNIQUES WHICH

ARE BUILT IN DURING THE DESIGN OF ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENT

• ECM : WHEREAS, ECM USUALLY REQUIRES SEPARATE

EQUIPMENT WHICH IS DEVELOPED ON THE ESM DATA
COLLECTED ON THE ENEMY EQUIPMENT.

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 ECCM
• ECM AND ECCM DEVELOPMENTS ALWAYS
FOLLOW EACH OTHER

• THE ABILITY OF A RADAR OPERATOR

IMPORTANT TO

• TO RECOGNISE AN ECM BEING USED BY THE

ENEMY WITHOUT LOSS OF TIME

• USE THE BEST SUITED ECCM AVAILABLE TO

HIM WHICH WILL PROVE TO BE THE DECIDING
FACTOR

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 OBJECTIVES 0F
ECCM

•PREVENTION OF RADAR SATURATION

•ENHANCEMENT OF SIGNAL TO JAMMING RATIO
•DISCRIMINATION OF DIRECTIONAL
INTERFERENCE
•REJECTION OF FALSE TARGETS
•MAINTENANCE OF TARGET TRACKS
•COUNTERACTION OF ESM
•RADAR SYSTEM SURVIVABILITY

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 ECCM TREE
ECCM

ANTI ECM
ANTI ESM

Operational Technical Training

EEP EES Measures Measures Measures

Receiver Transmitter Antenna

Related Related Related
ECCMs ECCMs ECCMs

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ANTI-ELECTRONICS
SUPPORT MEASURES

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 AIM OF ANTI-ESM

ECCM IS TO COUNTER AND DETECT THE ENEMY

ESM ACTIVITY BY

• JUDICIAL IMPOSITION OF ELECTRONIC

EMISSION POLICY (EEP)

• AND MEASURES INVOLVING ELECTRONIC

EMISSION SECURITY (EES)

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ELECTRONIC EMISSION
POLICY

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 EEP
•ELECTRONIC EMISSION POLICY (EEP) IS A COMMAND
FUNCTION.
•IT LAYS DOWN RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS OF OPERATIONS.
•IT IS EVOLVED AT THE FIELD FORCE LEVEL AND IS
CONVEYED TO THE LOWER FORMATIONS THROUGH
OPERATIONAL ORDERS AND INSTRUCTIONS
•EEP IS THE POLICY WHICH LAYS DOWN
• DEGREE OF FREEDOM ALLOWED IN THE USE OF
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS TO COUNTER ENEMY’S CAPABILITY
TO DETECT, IDENTIFY AND LOCATE OWN EMITTERS FOR
EXPLOITATION BY HOSTILE ACTION AND EXERCISE
CONTROL OVER OWN EMISSIONS TO MINIMIZE
ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE

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 PURPOSE OF EEP

•IT REDUCES THE REACTION TIME AVAILABLE TO THE ENEMY

ESM ORGANIZATION

• TO ACQUIRE INTELLIGENCE

• STUDY THE TECHNICAL PARAMETERS OF OUR

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS.

•IT DENIES INTELLIGENCE THAT MAY BE GAINED BY THE

ENEMY THROUGH INTERCEPTION.

•IT ENABLES A BETTER CONTROL ON ALL EMISSIONS AND

THERE BY HELPS TO REDUCE THE PROBLEMS OF EMI

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 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR EEP

•THE OPERATIONAL NECESSITY TO OPERATE AN

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
•THE RISK OF INTERCEPTION OF FRIENDLY
EMISSIONS BY ENEMY’S ESM RECEIVERS
•THE VALUE OF SUCH INTERCEPTIONS TO THE
ENEMY COULD BE A DECIDING FACTOR IN THE
JUDICIOUS USE OF FRIENDLY ELECTRONIC EMITTERS.

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 •EEP IS NOT STATIC POLICY.
•THERE SHOULD BE SEPARATE PEACE TIME
AND WARTIME POLICY.
•THIS POLICY SHOULD BE CONSTANTLY
UNDER REVIEW AND LINKED UP WITH THE
CHANGES IN THE ENEMY CAPABILITIES AND
NEW TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS.

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ELECTRONIC EMISSION
SECURITY

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 ELECTRONIC EMISSION SECURITY
(EES)
ONCE THE EMISSION POLICY HAS BEEN DECIDED MEASURES ARE
TAKEN TO ENSURE THAT THE ENEMY’S ESM ORGANIZATION GETS
THE LEAST POSSIBLE INFORMATION FROM OWN
ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSMISSIONS. THIS IS KNOWN AS EES. THE
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR EES ARE :-

(A) THE DIRECTION OF TRANSMISSION.

(B) THE FREQUENCIES OF TRANSMISSION.

(C) SECURITY OF TYPES OF EMITTERS AND CHARACTERISTICS

OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS.

(D) OBSERVANCE OF SECURITY RULES AND SAFETY

MEASURES. 14/119
EEP COMMUNICATION PROCEDURAL
ASPECTS

• RESTRICTION IN ALLOTTING THE FREQUENCIES

DURING PEACE TIME.
• OPERATING FREQ. TO BE CHANGED AT REGULAR
INTERVALS.
• ALTERNATIVE FREQ. TO BE USED WHEN
JAMMING IS EXPERIENCED.
• CALL SIGNS FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF
COMMUNICATION TO BE CHANGED AND
ALTERNATIVE CALL SIGNS TO BE USED WHEN
JAMMED.
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 EEP COMMUNICATION
PROCEDURAL ASPECTS

STANDARD PROCEDURES TO BE STRICTLY

FOLLOWED.
PRESENCE OF JAMMING/UNIDENTIFIED SIGNALS
ARE TO BE REPORTED TO AIR HQ (DEW) WITH
DETAILS.
SITING SHOULD BE SUCH FOR TX/RX WHICH
ABSORBS RADIO WAVES EXCEPT ALONG THE
DIRECTION OF TRANSMISSION.

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 ANTI-ELECTRONIC COUNTER
MEASURES
AIM OF ANTI ELECTRONIC COUNTER MEASURES IS
TO REMOVE OR REDUCE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE
ENEMY’S ECM. THESE COUNTER COUNTER
MEASURES HAVE FOLLOWING THREE ASPECTS:-
•ORGANIZATIONAL.
•TRAINING.
•TECHNICAL.

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 ANTI-ELECTRONIC COUNTER
MEASURES

ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS
•FREQUENCY DIVERSITY AND PROCEDURE FOR
CHANGING OVER TO ALTERNATIVE FREQUENCIES
WITHOUT CAUSING CONFUSION.
• PROCEDURE FOR IMPOSITION OF RADIO
SILENCE.
• PROCEDURE AND ORGANIZATION OF GETTING
D/F CUTS IN CASE OF JAMMING BY MORE THAN ONE
RADAR IS EXPERIENCED.
• DESTRUCTION OF JAMMER ON PRIORITY.

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 ANTI-ELECTRONIC COUNTER
MEASURES
ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS
• LOCATION OF RADARS TO PROVIDE BACK UP TO
EACH OTHER.
• PROVISION OF ALTERNATIVE COMMUNICATION
CHANNELS.
• USE OF HIGHLY MOBILE EQUIPMENT WITH PRE-
SELECTED ALTERNATE SITES.

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 ANTI-ELECTRONIC COUNTER MEASURES

TRAINING ASPECTS
• TRAINING OF OPERATOR IN REALISTIC ECM
ENVIRONMENT.
•TRAINING CO-ORDINATION OF ECCM EFFORTS.
•TRAINING IN SECURITY ASPECTS.
•THE OPERATOR SHOULD BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE AND
REPORT JAMMING.
•ABILITY TO WORK WITH MINIMUM POWER TO AVOID
DETECTION.
•ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE OWN RADAR AND
COMMUNICATION SIGNATURES.
•HIGH MOTIVATION.

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 ANTI-ELECTRONIC COUNTER MEASURES
TECHNICAL ASPECTS

THE MOST EFFECTIVE MEASURES TO COMBAT ECM IS AN UP-

TO-DATE PIECE OF EQUIPMENT OPERATED BY A WELL TRAINED
OPERATOR. FEW OF THE IMPORTANT TECHNICAL ASPECTS
COMMON TO BOTH RADAR AND COMMUNICATION ARE:-

• CODING OF TRANSMISSION.

• USE OF DIFFERENT MODULATIONS.

• QUICK CHANGE OVER OF FREQUENCY AND MULTI-CHANNEL

TRANSMISSION.

• HIGHLY DIRECTIVE ANTENNA WITH SIDE LOBES AS LOW AS

POSSIBLE.

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 ANTI-ELECTRONIC COUNTER MEASURES

TECHNICAL ASPECTS
• HIGH POWER OUTPUT WITH SELECTIONS
AVAILABLE TO OPERATE AT LOW POWER (1/4, 1/2
OR FULL POWER).
• SELECTION OF SITE TO IMPOSE NATURAL
BARRIERS TO THE ENEMY ESM ORGANIZATION.
• MOBILITY OF THE EQUIPMENT.

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 ANTI ECM MEASURES
THE MAJOR ECM THREATS TO A
SURVEILLANCE RADAR INVOLVE :
(A) NOISE JAMMING
(B) DECEPTION JAMMING
(C) CHAFF
(D) DECOYS AND EXPENDABLES
(E) ANTI RADIATION MISSILES

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TRANSMITTER RELATED ECCM

•HIGH POWER OUTPUT

•FREQUENCY AGILITY
•FREQUENCY DIVERSITY
•PRF STAGGERING
•PRF JITTER
•PULSE COMPRESSION
•INCREASING TRANSMITTER FREQUENCY

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TRANSMITTER RELATED
ECCM

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 TRANSMITTER RELATED ECCM
POWER
•INCREASING THE RADAR TRANSMITTED POWER
INCREASES THE EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER
(ERP) WHICH IN TURN INCREASES THE RADAR
RANGE AND THE BURN THROUGH RANGES (BTR).
•THE OPTIONS OF OPERATING THE RADAR AT 25
%, 50% AND 100% ( 1/4,1/2 AND FULL POWER )
POWER SHOULD BE AVAILABLE TO THE OPERATOR
WHICH WILL GIVE THE OPERATOR THE FLEXIBILITY
TO OPERATE THE RADAR AT LOW POWER TO AVOID
DETECTION BY ENEMY ESM RECEIVER AND ALSO
INCREASE THE POWER IN CASE OF JAMMING
EXPERIENCED.
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 TRANSMITTER RELATED ECCM
FREQUENCY

•TRAINING AND OPS FREQUENCIES SHOULD BE DIFFERENT.

•THE WAR FREQUENCIES COULD BE KEPT A SECRET.

•THE TWO FREQUENCIES CAN NOT BE VERY FAR APART

MAINLY DUE TO THE LIMITATIONS OF THE MICROWAVE
COMPONENTS WHICH PERMIT ONLY + 10 % VARIATION FROM THE
CENTRAL FREQUENCY, BEYOND WHICH THE COMPONENTS LIKE
WAVE GUIDE AND ANTENNA BECOMES UNMATCHED AND CAUSE
CONSIDERABLE ATTENUATION.

•THE TWO WIDELY USED TECHNIQUES AS ANTI ECM

MEASURES ARE :

• FREQUENCY AGILITY

• FREQUENCY DIVERSITY
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 FREQUENCY AGILITY
• THE ECCM TECHNIQUE WHERE THE FREQUENCY OF A RADAR IS
CHANGED IN ORDER TO FORCE THE ENEMY JAMMER TO SPREAD
HIS AVAILABLE POWER OVER A SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED RF
BANDWIDTH.
• THE INTENDED EFFECT IS TO REDUCE THE JAMMING DENSITY.
• THIS IS ALSO CALLED FREQUENCY JUMPING, HOPPING
• THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUAL SPOT FREQUENCIES AVAILABLE ARE A
FUNCTION OF COST.
• THE FREQUENCY AGILITY MODE MAY BE ON A BURST-TO-BURST OR
PULSE-TO-PULSE BASIS

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 FREQUENCY DIVERSITY

• AN ECCM TECHNIQUE IN WHICH THERE IS A SIMULTANEOUS OR

NEARLY SIMULTANEOUS OPERATION OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
PERFORMING SIMILAR FUNCTIONS AND WHERE THE SYSTEMS
NORMALLY USE WIDELY SEPARATED FREQUENCIES. THIS MAY TAKE
THE FORM OF A NUMBER OF SEARCH RADARS OF A DEFENCE
COMPLEX OPERATING AT DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES. IT RESULTS IN
SPREADING THE AVAILABLE JAMMER POWER. IT IS ALSO KNOWS AS
BAND DIVERSITY, MULTIPLE RADAR, DUAL RADAR AND RF DIVERSITY.

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 PRF AGILITY
• IT HELPS THE RADAR TO INCREASE ITS CAPABILITIES IN A MULTI
ELECTRONIC ENVIRONMENT
• IN THIS CASE THE RADAR PRF IS CHANGED
– MANUALLY BETWEEN TWO OR MORE FREQUENCIES
– RAPIDLY VARIED AT A RANDOM RATE SO THAT FALSE TARGETS APPEAR
TO JITTER OR BECOME FUZZY ON THE SCOPE (PRF JITTER)
– SWITCHING PRF TO DIFFERENT VALUES ON A PULSE TO PULSE BASIS
SUCH THAT THE VARIOUS INTERVALS FOLLOW A REGULAR PATTERN
(PRF STAGGER). OTHER NAMES OF THIS TECHNIQUE ARE PRF SHIFTING ,
PRF SLIDING AND VARIABLE PRF.

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 STAGGERED PRF

• HIGH PRF RADARS ARE SHORT-RANGE TRACKING RADAR.

• SHORT RANGE WEAPONS HAVE HIGH PRF RADARS.
• A STAGGERED PULSE TRAIN IS FUNDAMENTALLY A BASIC PRF
WITH THIS SAME PRF IMPRESSED UPON ITSELF ONE OR MORE
TIMES.
• THE NUMBER OF LEVELS (OR POSITIONS) IS THE NUMBER OF TIMES
THE BASIC PRF IS INTEGRATED IN THE PULSE TRAIN.
• EACH LEVEL HAS THE SAME CHARACTERISTIC PRF AND PW, BUT
THE TIME TO FIRST EVENT FOR EACH LEVEL IS DIFFERENT.

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STAGGERED PRF AS EP
TECHNIQUE
true target
false targets
PRI
false targets
P variation

time / range

S c o p e s ta g g e r e d P R F

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 JITTER PRF
• IN JITTER MODE, THE TIME BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE PULSES, IS
ALLOWED TO VARY IN A TOTALLY RANDOM MANNER OVER A SERIES
OF SET INTERVALS AS LONG AS THE MAXIMUM RANGE CONDITION IS
MET.
• THE PRI CAN BE MODULATED BY A WELL-DEFINED FUNCTION:
– A SLIDING PRI VERY SLOWLY INCREASES/DECREASES THE PRF.
– A RAMP PRI DECREASES THE INTERVAL WITH A CYCLIC RAMP
FUNCTION.
– A MODULATED PRI VARIES THE INTERVALS IN A SINUSOIDAL OR
TRIANGULAR MANNER.

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 PULSE COMPRESSION
• TO TRANSMIT MORE POWER, ( FOR LONGER DETECTION RANGE
AND GREATER BTR) PULSE WIDTH ,(PW) SHOULD BE MORE.
• HOWEVER , WIDENING THE PW HAS THE UNDESIRABLE EFFECT OF
REDUCING THE RADAR RANGE RESOLUTION.
• PULSE COMPRESSION ACHIEVES THE ADVANTAGE OF SHORT
PULSE AND LARGE RADIATED ENERGY.
• PULSE COMPRESSION IS ACHIEVED BY TRANSMITTING A LONG
PULSE CONTAINING EITHER PHASE OR FREQUENCY MODULATION
IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE SIGNAL BAND WIDTH (B) AND ON
RECEPTION THE LONG PULSE IS COMPRESSED BY A MATCHED
FILTER IN ORDER TO GET A SHORT PULSE.

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 PULSE COMPRESSION

• NEXT FIG SHOWS TWO RECEIVED LONG PULSES FROM

TWO CLOSE TARGETS AS THE ECHOES OVERLAP THUS
CAN NOT BE SEPARATED IN RANGE AND WILL BE
PRESENTED AS A SINGLE TARGET. AFTER
COMPRESSION THE ECHOES ARE TIME SEPARATED AND
CAN BE RESOLVED IN RANGE.

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 Amplitude

Time/Range
Fig. 2(a). Received pulse from adjacent ranges

Amplitude

Time/Range

Fig.2(b) Compressed pulse from adjacent ranges

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PULSE COMPRESSION

• RGPO RENDERED INEFFECTIVE

• LESS EFFECTS OF JAMMING
• LPI CHARACTERISTICS

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RECEIVER RELATED
ECCM

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 RECEIVER RELATED ECCM

• CFAR (CONSTANT FALSE ALARM RATE)

• MOVING TARGET INDICATOR
• STC (SENSITIVITY TIME CONTROL)
• IAGC ( INSTANTANEOUS AGC)
• LEADING EDGE TRACKING
• LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
• PULSE LENGTH DISCRIMINATOR (PLD)
• DICKIE FIX
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 CONSTANT FALSE ALARM RATE
(CFAR)
• AN OPERATOR TRACKS THE TARGET ON THE SCOPE MOST EFFICIENTLY
WHEN THE NOISE PRESENT ON THE SCOPE REMAINS CONSTANT
IRRESPECTIVE OF THE SIGNAL CONDITIONS.
• IN THIS TECHNIQUE THE RECEIVER SENSITIVITY AUTOMATICALLY GETS
ADJUSTED DEPENDING UPON THE VARIATIONS IN NOISE LEVEL. IN THE
PRESENCE OF NOISE JAMMING THIS TECHNIQUE DECREASES THE EFFECT
OF RADAR RECEIVER SATURATION AND MAINTAINS CONSTANT NOISE
LEVEL AND MINIMISES THE FALSE ALARMS.
• THIS TECHNIQUE HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO PREVENT OVER LOADING OR
SATURATION OF RECEIVER CAUSED BY A STRONG NOISE JAMMER.

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 CONSTANT FALSE ALARM
RATE (CFAR)

• THE CFAR CAPABILITY IS ACHIEVED BY CONTINUOUSLY

MONITORING THE NOISE LEVEL, FINDING ITS AVERAGE
VALUE, AND INCREASING OR DECREASING THE THRESHOLD
LEVEL ACCORDING TO THE VALUE.
• CFAR HAS THE FOLLOWING ADVERSE AFFECTS:-
– AS THE PICTURE ON THE SCOPE REMAINS CONSTANT, THE
OPERATOR DOES NOT EVEN NOTICE THAT THE RADAR
HAS BEEN JAMMED.
– NO TARGET IS PICKED UP UNLESS IT IS VERY STRONG.

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 RAW VIDEO MONITORING

• CFAR RECEIVERS, THEREFORE DO NOT HAVE GOOD ECCM

CAPABILITIES.
• IN MOST OF THE AUTOMATIC SYSTEMS, SEPARATE SCOPE IS
PROVIDED, WHERE THE VIDEO IS PROCESSED IN NORMAL
(ANALOG) WAY.
• BY MONITORING THIS SCOPE THE OPERATOR CAN ALWAYS
FIND OUT PRESENCE OF JAMMING. THEN HE CAN TAKE
NECESSARY ACTION TO COUNTER IT. THIS SCOPE IS CALLED
RAW VIDEO SCOPE.

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 PULSE INTEGRATION
• IF THE SIGNALS-TO–NOISE RATIO IS HIGH, THE AMPLITUDES OF THE SIGNAL
PULSES WILL GENERALLY BE GREATER THAN THOSE OF THE NOISE PULSE.
• IF THE SIGNAL–TO-NOISE RATIO IS LOW A SINGLE PULSE IS VIRTUALLY
INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM A SINGLE NOISE PULSE AND SO TARGET
DETECTION BASED ON A SINGLE TARGET PULSE IS IMPOSSIBLE.
• AS THE RADAR ANTENNA PATTERN SWEEPS PAST A TARGET SEVERAL
RADAR PULSES WILL BE REFLECTED WITHIN THE TIME THE RADAR BEAM
SWEEPS THE TARGET KNOWN AS DWELL TIME.

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 PULSE INTEGRATION
• INSTEAD OF CONSIDERING EACH PULSE SEPARATELY
TO DECIDE WHETHER A TARGET IS PRESENT, A NUMBER
OF PULSES CAN BE ADDED TOGETHER AND THE
DECISION MADE ON THE BASIS OF THE SUM. THIS
PROCESS, CALLED INTEGRATION, CONSIDERABLY
IMPROVES THE ACCURACY OF THE DECISION.
• NOISE IS A RANDOM PHENOMENON WHEREAS AN ECHO
SIGNAL IS NOT. THEREFORE THE SUM OF A NUMBER OF
PULSES CONSISTING OF NOISE ALONE WILL BE
CONSIDERABLY DIFFERENT FROM THE SUM OF A
NUMBER OF PULSES CONTAINING A SIGNAL PLUS
NOISE.
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 MOVING TARGET INDICATOR (MTI)

• THIS IS AN ANTI CLUTTER TECHNIQUE THAT LIMITS THE DISPLAY TO

INDICATE ONLY THE MOVING TARGET.
• THE TECHNIQUE DISCRIMINATES THE MOVING TARGETS FROM A
BACKGROUND OF CLUTTER OR STATIONARY CHAFF PARTICLES BY
USUALLY RECOGNIZING THE FREQUENCY DOPPLER SHIFT.
• WHEN A TARGET MOVES WITH RESPECT TO THE RADAR
TRANSMITTER, THE REFLECTED SIGNAL RECEIVES A FREQUENCY
(PHASE) SHIFT PROPORTIONAL TO VELOCITY.
• AT MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES AND FIGHTER AIRSPEEDS THE
DOPPLER SHIFT IS UP TO 20 KHZ. RADARS CAN USE THIS
FREQUENCY/PHASE SHIFT AS AN EXCELLENT TRACKING METHOD
AND ECCM.

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 MOVING TARGET INDICATOR (MTI)

• THE PERIOD (WAVELENGTH) OF 20 KHZ IS 200

MICROSECONDS.
• TO RECOVER THIS 20 KHZ SHIFT FROM THE
ORIGINAL RADAR SIGNAL, THE ORIGINAL MUST BE
CW OR A PULSE TRAIN WITH PULSES OF A PERIOD
SEVERAL TIMES LONGER THAN 200 MICROSECONDS
(A "PULSE DOPPLER" RADAR).
• SYSTEMS WHICH RECOVER THE SHIFT AS A
DISCRETE FREQUENCY ARE CALLED DOPPLER
RADARS WHILE THOSE CIRCUITS WHICH ONLY
MEASURE PULSE-TO-PULSE FREQUENCY/PHASE
DIFFERENCES ARE CALLED MOVING TARGET
INDICATORS (MTI).

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 Moving Target Indicator
(MTI)
• MTI USES A PHASE DETECTOR TO PROVIDE ZERO
AMPLITUDE (NO INPUT) SIGNALS TO THE TRACKING
COMPUTER AND DISPLAY SCREENS FROM FIXED
TARGETS SUCH AS WEATHER AND GROUND RETURN.
• ANOTHER METHOD OF MTI IS TO COMPARE THE
TARGET LOCATION ON A PULSE-TO-PULSE BASIS. IF
THE TARGET RETURN OCCURS AT EXACTLY THE SAME
TIME (RANGE) ON TWO OR MORE SUCCESSIVE PULSES,
IT DID NOT MOVE AND HENCE IS NOT APPLIED TO THE
COMPUTER AND DISPLAY SCREEN. HERE IT IS
PRIMARILY USED TO ELIMINATE CLUTTER.

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 MOVING TARGET INDICATOR (MTI)
• TO ACHIEVE THIS THE BIPOLAR VIDEO SIGNAL IS FED INTO A DELAY
CHANNEL WHICH PROVIDES A TIME DELAY EQUAL TO ONE PULSE
REPETITION INTERVAL (PRI).
• THE OUTPUT OF THE DELAY CHANNEL IS SUBTRACTED FROM THE UN-
DELAYED SIGNAL. THE FIXED TARGET WITH UNCHANGING AMPLITUDES
FROM PULSE TO PULSE ARE CANCELLED ON SUBTRACTION. FOR
MOVING TARGETS THE OUTPUT OF THE SUBTRACTION IS STILL A
BIPOLAR VIDEO.
• THE PROBLEM WITH OLD MTI WAS THAT WHENEVER THE CHAFF HAS
SOME SPEED, IT COULD NOT BE REJECTED FULLY. NOW DIGITAL MTIS
HAVE ADOPTIVE CIRCUIT, WHICH CAN SHIFT THE NULL OF THE
CHARACTERISTIC TO ANY CLUTTER OR CHAFF SPEED SO AS TO REJECT
IT.

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 Moving Target Indicator
(MTI)
From the phase detector

Delay – line PRI

Subtractor

Undelayed bipolar video Delayed bipolar video

Full-wave rectifier

Video amplifier

To video display

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 SENSITIVITY TIME CONSTANT (STC)
• THIS IS A METHOD OF VARYING THE GAIN OF THE RADAR RECEIVER DURING
THE PRI TO PREVENT OVER LOADING OF THE RECEIVER FROM NEARBY
TARGETS AND SURFACE CLUTTER RETURNS. THE RECEIVER GAIN STARTS OUT
LOW AT NEAR RANGES AND INCREASES TO MAXIMUM AT FAR OUT RANGES.

Fig. 5. Sensitivity Time Control

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 LEADING EDGE TRACKING

• USED IN PULSED RANGE TRACKING RADAR TO DEGRADE THE

EFFECT OF RGPO TECHNIQUE
• IT ALLOWS TO DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN THE TRUE ECHO
SIGNAL AND THE SOMEWHAT DELAYED ECM SIGNAL.
• THE LEADING EDGE TRACKING (LET) CIRCUITS ALLOW TO
TRACK THE LEADING EDGE OF THE VIDEO ECHO PULSE
WHEREAS THE CONVENTIONAL RANGE TRACKER USES EARLY
GATE/ LATE GATE TO PERFORM TRACKING.
• A DECEPTION JAMMER GENERATES A FALSE ECHO DELAYED
FROM THE TARGET ECHO BY A FEW TENS OF NANOSECONDS

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 Leading Edge Tracking

• ONCE THE RADAR AGC IS CAPTURED, CONVENTIONAL RANGE TRACKING

CIRCUIT WILL BE STOLEN BY THE FALSE ECHO.
• IN THE CASE OF LEADING TRACKING, THE VIDEO PULSE IS DIFFERENTIATED.
• TWO VERY SHORT PULSES ARE OBTAINED AT TIMES CORRESPONDING TO
– LEADING EDGES OF THE TARGET PULSE
– LEADING EDGE OF THE FALSE ECHO SIGNAL.
• THE FIRST LEADING EDGE PULSE IS THEN TRACKED WITH A SPLIT GATE
JUST LARGE ENOUGH TO ENCOMPASS ITS SHORT DURATION.
• THE LEADING EDGE OF THE FALSE ECHO SIGNAL IS THEREFORE IGNORED.

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 Leading Edge Tracking
Target pulse Pulse from RGWO

t
Fig. 6 a-video signal

t
Fig. 6 b-leading edge differentiated pulses
P

t
Fig. 6 c-early and late LET gate (split gates)

P LET tracking gate

t
Fig. 6 d-Leading Edge Tracking gate LET gate

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 LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER

•A LOG AMPLIFIER IS AN AMPLIFIER, THE GAIN OF WHICH IS

PROPORTIONAL TO THE LOG OF THE INPUT SIGNAL.

•THIS RECEIVER HAS DYNAMIC RANGE OF THE ORDER OF 60 DB

AS COMPARED TO 10 TO 15 DB OF A NORMAL RECEIVER.

•IT IS VERY USEFUL TO AVOID SATURATION OF THE RECEIVER.

•THIS RECEIVER CONSISTS OF NUMBER OF IF AMP AND

DETECTOR STAGES. CURRENT OUTPUT OF EACH STAGE IS
ADDED IN PROPER WAY TO GIVE COMBINED OUTPUT, WHICH IS
PROPORTIONAL TO THE LOG OF INPUT. AS THE INPUT SIGNAL
INCREASES IN AMPLITUDE, SOME STAGES OF THIS RECEIVER
START GETTING SATURATED DUE TO WHICH OVERALL GAIN FOR
STRONGER SIGNALS IS REDUCED.
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 LOGARITHMIC RECEIVER
COMPARISON WITH LINEAR
RECEIVER
linear receiver
Pout characteristic

log receiver
characteristic

40 to 50 dB
Pin
linear receiver log receiver
saturation point saturation point

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 PULSE WIDTH DISCRIMINATOR

• THIS CIRCUIT CAN ELIMINATE ANY PULSE TYPE

INTERFERENCE WHICH IS NOT OF THE SAME LENGTH
AS THE TRANSMITTED PULSE.

• IT IS THEREFORE, USEFUL FOR REDUCING CLUTTER,

SLOW SWEEP NOISE JAMMING OR DECEPTION
JAMMING WITH DIFFERENT PULSE WIDTH.

• ALL THE PULSES RECEIVED ARE DIFFERENTIATED IN

A DIFFERENTIATING CIRCUIT. THIS CREATES A +VE
AND –VE SPIKE.

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 PULSE WIDTH DISCRIMINATOR

• DIFFERENTIATED OUTPUT IS NOW FED TO TWO

CHANNELS.

•ONE CHANNEL DELAYS IT BY PW OF THE RADAR, THE

OTHER ONE INVERTS IT. IF THE RECEIVED PULSE IS
OF CORRECT WIDTH, TWO +VE SPIKES AT THE OUTPUT
OF THIS CIRCUIT COINCIDE AND ARE ALLOWED TO
TRIGGER A COINCIDENCE CIRCUIT. OTHERWISE THE
PULSE WHICH IS FROM THE JAMMER IS REJECTED.

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a b
d
DELAY COINCIDENCE
DIFFEREN-TIATOR
t AMP e
c

INVERTOR

a r

b
Amp

t t

TIME

Fig. 8.Block Diagram and Pulse Output of a PLD Circuit

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 INSTANT GAIN CONTROL
•PURPOSE OF THIS ECCM IS TO DEGRADE THE
EFFECTS OF NOISE JAMMING, CHAFF AND CLUTTER IN
THE RADAR RECEIVER.
• IT IS A FAST AGC TECHNIQUE THAT USES THE
NOISE SIGNAL JUST BEFORE AND AFTER THE SIGNAL
PULSE IN ORDER TO CONTROL THE GAIN OF AN IF
AMPLIFIER.
•THIS TECHNIQUE IS MORE SUITABLE TO A
TRACKING RADAR THAN TO A SEARCH BECAUSE IT
ASSUMES THAT TARGET HAS ALREADY BEEN
DETECTED.

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 DICKE-FIX
• DICKE FIX IS USED FOR REDUCING THE EFFECT OF STRONG
OFF-FREQUENCY IMPULSIVE AND PULSE LIKE INTERFERENCE.
•IT CONSISTS OF ADDITION OF A WIDE BAND AMPLIFIER
FOLLOWED BY A LIMITER IN FRONT OF THE NORMAL AMPLIFIER.

WIDE BAND AMP NARROW BAND AMP

INPUT OUTPUT

IF LIMITER IF

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 DICKE-FIX
•THE CIRCUIT IS DESIGNED TO OPERATE AGAINST OFF-
FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE THAT IS INTENSE ENOUGH FOR
THE SPECTRAL SIDE BANDS OF THE SIGNAL TO INTERFERE WITH
NORMAL RADAR RECEPTION.

•THE WIDE BAND AMPLIFIER IS DESIGNED TO ACCEPT MOST

OF THE INTERFERING SPECTRUM. AFTER LIMITING, IF BOTH
SIGNALS ARE NOT PRESENT SIMULTANEOUSLY AND IF THE
LEVEL IS ABOVE THE AMPLITUDE OF THE DESIRED PULSE, THE
AMPLITUDE OF THE INTERFERING PULSE IS REDUCED RELATIVE
TO THE RADAR SIGNAL AND THEREFORE ITS SIDE BANDS ARE
REDUCED TO TOLERABLE LEVELS.

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DICKE-FIX RECEIVER
wide band,Bw narrow band
matched,Bn
wideband
IF IF
limiter
A B C
a-dicke-fix basic block diagram
P
point J S
A

point
B
J S

P
S
point J
C

t
b-waveforms

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RANGE GUARD GATE
P S

A G t

P a-benign situation J

A G t

P b-AGC capture J
S

A G t
c-tracking gate capture
P J
S

A G t
d-guard gate detection
P J
S

A G t
e-tracking gate repositioning
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VELOCITY GUARD GATES
P S

A G B f

P a-benign situation J

f
A G B

P b-AGC capture

A G B f
P c-tracking gate capture

A G B f
d-guard gate detection
P

f
A G B
e-tracking gate repositioning

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FAST TIME CONSTANT
wide ECM
target or
clutter pulse
pulse
S

a-video without FTC PPI without FTC

S edges of wide pulse

target
pulse

b-video with FTC PPI with FTC

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 ANTENNA RELATED ECCM
• HIGH ANTENNA GAIN
• HIGH DIRECTIVITY
• SIDE LOBE BLANKING/ SUPPRESSION
• POLARIZATION AGILITY
• CONTROL OF RECEIVING BEAM
PATTERN
• MULTI-BEAM ANTENNA
• LOBE ON RECEIVE ONLY (LORO)
• CONICAL SCAN ON RECEIVE ONLY
(COSRO)

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 SIDE LOBE REDUCTION

• STAND OFF JAMMER EMPLOYS HIGH POWER NOISE

JAMMING PENETRATING THROUGH THE RADAR SIDE
LOBES.
• FALSE TARGET GENERATORS CAN ALSO INTRODUCE
FALSE ECHO THROUGH THE SIDE LOBES.
• ON TRANSMIT, THE ENERGY RADIATED THROUGH
THE SIDE LOBES IS SUBJECT TO BE DETECTED BY
ENEMY INTERCEPT SYSTEM OF ARMS.

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 SIDE LOBE REDUCTION

• FOR A GIVEN ANTENNA GAIN, SIDE LOBES REDUCTION MEANS

THAT A LARGER ANTENNA APERTURE IS NEEDED.
• CONVERSELY, FOR A GIVEN SIZE OF ANTENNA, LOWER SIDE
LOBES MEANS LESS GAIN AND A CORRESPONDINGLY BROADER
BEAM WIDTH.
• IN ORDER TO KEEP THE BEAM WIDTH SMALL WITH LOW SIDE
LOBES, A LARGER AND MORE COSTLY ANTENNA IS NEEDED.

• OTHER DESIGN PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN LOW ANTENNA SIDE

LOBES ARE THE USE OF RADAR OBSERVANT MATERIAL (RAM)
ABOUT THE ANTENNA STRUCTURE, THE USE OF A FENCE ON
GROUND INSTALLATIONS, AND THE USE OF POLARIZATION
SCREENS AND REFLECTORS.

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 SIDE LOBE BLANKING
• THIS TECHNIQUE PREVENTS SOME OF THE UNWANTED PULSE ENERGY THAT ENTERS THE
SIDE LOBE OF A RADAR ANTENNA FROM ADVERSELY AFFECTING THE RADARS OPERATION.
• SLB CAN BE USED ON SEARCH RADARS, TRACKING RADARS AND IN MISSILE GUIDANCE
SYSTEMS.
• THE SLB SYSTEM EMPLOYS AN AUXILIARY OMNI-DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA COUPLED WITH AS
AUXILIARY RECEIVING CHANNEL, SO THAT TWO SIGNALS FROM A SINGLE SOURCE ARE
AVAILABLE FOR COMPARISON. BY CHOOSING THE AUXILIARY ANTENNA GAIN SLIGHTLY
HIGHER THAT THE A MAIN ANTENNA SIDE LOBE GAIN, SIGNALS ENTERING THE SIDE LOBES
CAN BE DISTINGUISHED FROM THOSE AFFECTING THE MAIN BEAM. THE JAMMING SIGNALS
AFFECTING THE SIDE LOBES CAN THEREFORE BE SUPPRESSED

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SIDELOBE BLANKING

P
main antenna pattern

auxiliary sidelobe
blanking antenna
pattern

-20° 0 +20° degrees off

mainbeam axis

antenna patterns

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Main antenna
Radar
video

Detector Gate

IF High pass filter

Gate driver

LO Amplitude
comparator

High – pass filter

IF

detector

Auxiliary
antenna

Side lobe blanking

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 SIDE LOBE CANCELLER(SLC)
• THIS IS AN IF LEVEL CANCELLATION ECCM TECHNIQUE USED IN
SEARCH/TRACKING RADARS
• IT KEEPS SOME OF THE UNWANTED NOISE JAMMING ENERGY
THAT ENTERS THE SIDE LOBE OF A RADAR ANTENNA FROM
ADVERSELY AFFECTING THE RADAR OPERATION.
• THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED BY
– EQUIPPING THE RADAR WITH AN ARRAY OF AUXILIARY
ANTENNAS USED TO ADAPTIVELY ESTIMATE THE DIRECTION
OF ARRIVAL AND THE POWER OF THE JAMMING SIGNALS
– SUBSEQUENTLY TO MODIFY THE RECEIVING PATTERN OF
THE RADAR ANTENNA TO CREATE NULLS IN THE JAMMING
DIRECTION.
• THIS TECHNIQUE IS ALSO KNOWN AS NULL STEERING AND
ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS. 72/119
 SIDE LOBE CANCELLER(SLC)

• THE AUXILIARY ANTENNAS ARE PLACED SUFFICIENTLY CLOSE

TO THE PHASE CENTER OF THE MAIN RADAR ANTENNA TO
ENSURE THAT THE JAMMING SIGNALS THEY RECEIVER ARE
CORRELATED WITH THE MAIN ANTENNA JAMMING SIGNALS.
• THE AUXILIARY ANTENNAS PROVIDE REPLICAS OF THE
JAMMING SIGNALS IN THE RADAR ANTENNA SIDE LOBES.
• THE AUXILIARY ANTENNA PATTERNS APPROXIMATE THE
AVERAGE SIDE LOBE LEVEL OF THE MAIN ANTENNA.
CANCELLATION OF THE JAMMING SIGNAL IS POSSIBLE
BECAUSE THE JAMMING SIGNAL AFFECTING THE MAIN AND
AUXILIARY ANTENNAS ORIGINATES FROM A SINGLE JAMMER
NOISE SOURCE.
• THEREFORE THE SOJ TO ANTENNA PATHS ARE IDENTICAL AND
THE JAMMING SIGNALS INSIDE THE MAIN AND AUXILIARY
CHANNELS ARE COHERENT

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 jammers

Target
signal

Auxiliary array

A1 A2 An1

W1
W2A1
Adaptive
system WnA1
Vm

+ -

Side lobe canceller

Output

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 POLARISATION CANCELLER

• THE POLARIZATION CANCELLER ECCM TECHNIQUE IS

USED TO DEGRADE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
CIRCULARLY POLARIZED JAMMING. IT HAS SAME
ACTION AGAINST ELLIPTICAL OR SLANT POLARIZED
JAMMING SIGNALS.
• IT CAN BE IMPLEMENTED ON SEARCH OR TRACKING
PULSED RADARS.
• POLARIZATION CANCELLER TECHNIQUE IS BASED ON
THE PRINCIPLE THAT THE POLARIZATION
COMPONENTS OF A SINGLE JAMMING SIGNAL CAN
BE CORRELATED BECAUSE BOTH OF THEM COME
FROM THE SAME POINT, WHEREAS THE
POLARIZATION COMPONENTS OF A REFLECTED
TARGET SIGNAL ARE NOT GENERALLY IN-PHASE AND
WILL NOT BE CORRELATED.
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 POLARISATION CANCELLER

• THIS IS DUE TO THE FACT THAT AN ACTUAL TARGET

IS A COMPLEX SCATTERER, REFLECTING TO THE
RADAR RECEIVER A COMPLEX AND FLUCTUATING
SIGNAL. THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TWO
COMPONENTS OF A SINGLE POINT NOISE JAMMING
SIGNAL ALLOWS TO CANCEL IT BY SOME AMOUNT.
• THE BASIC IMPLEMENTATION OF A POLARIZATION
CANCELLER, USES AN ADDITIONAL CHANNEL IN THE
RADAR RECEIVER WHICH MATCHES AMPLITUDE AND
TIME DELAY WITH THE MAIN RADAR RECEIVER
CHANNEL. THE MAIN CHANNEL AND THE AUXILIARY
CHANNEL ARE EQUIPPED WITH CROSS- POLARIZED
ANTENNAS.

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 POLARISATION CANCELLER
• IF NO JAMMING SIGNAL IS DETECTED, THE RADAR
OPERATES WITH HORIZONTAL POLARIZATION ON
THE MAIN CHANNEL.
• WHEN A CIRCULARLY POLARIZED NOISE JAMMING IS
DETECTED, THE POLARIZATION CANCELLER IS
ACTIVATED AND TWO CHANNELS ARE USED.
• THE CIRCULARLY POLARIZED JAMMING SIGNAL
PRESENTS TWO COMPONENTS, WHICH WILL BE
DETECTED IN THE MAIN AND AUXILIARY CHANNELS.
• SINCE THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCULARLY POLARIZED
JAMMING SIGNAL ARE SELDOM PERFECTLY OF
EQUAL AMPLITUDE, LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIERS ARE
NECESSARY. THEY NORMALIZE ANY DIFFERENCE IN
AMPLITUDE OF THE INPUT SIGNALS.

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 POLARISATION CANCELLER

• REGARDLESS OF THE AMPLITUDE OF A NOISE –MODULATED INPUT

SIGNAL TO A LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER, THE INPUT SIGNAL AMPLITUDE
MODULATION WILL APPEAR AT THE OUTPUT WITH THE SAME
AMPLITUDE DEVIATION.
• THE OUTPUT SIGNAL OF THE LOG –AMPLIFIER DETECTOR IS AC
COUPLED SO THE ONLY THE NOISE MODULATION IS ALLOWED TO
PASS, THE DC COMPONENT OF THE JAMMING BEING FILTERED OUT.
• THE TWO DETECTED COMPONENTS OF THE JAMMING SIGNAL ARE
THEREFORE EQUAL IN AMPLITUDE AND CAN BE CANCELLED WITH THE
VIDEO CANCELLER. THE CROSS POLARIZED TARGET-SKIN RETURN
WILL BE OF RANDOM AMPLITUDE AND PHASE WITH RESPECT TO THE
CO-POLARIZED TARGET SKIN RETURN AND WILL HAVE LITTLE
CANCELLATION EFFECT UPON THE CO-POLARIZED ECHO SIGNAL.

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 Horizontal
polarisation

Main channel Video

output
Logarithmic Amplitude
Duplexer amplitude and time
detector matching

Radar transmitter

Video Bipolar
canceller detector

LO

Logarithmic Amplitude
amplitude and time
detector matching

Auxiliary channel

Vertical polarisation

Block diagram of Polarization cancellation circuit

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 LOBE-ON-RECEIVE ONLY
(LORO)

• IN THIS TECHNIQUE, THE TRACKING RADARS SO THAT THE

TRANSMISSION IS ON A FIXED BEAM ALIGNED WITH THE BORE-
SIGHT. THE RECEIVING ANTENNA HOWEVER SCANS AROUND
THE BORE-SIGHT.
• THE ECHO SIGNALS, THEREFORE, DO GET AMPLITUDE
MODULATED. HOWEVER, THE ECM EQUIPMENT ON BOARD
ALWAYS RECEIVES CW SIGNALS WITHOUT ANY MODULATION.
• TRANSMITTING WITH INVERSE MODULATION IS THEREFORE NOT
POSSIBLE FOR THE ECM EQUIPMENT.

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 SCAN ON RECEIVE ONLY
(SORO)

• AN ECCM TECHNIQUE IN CONICAL SCAN RADARS FOR THE PURPOSE OF

DEGRADING ENEMY ECM TECHNIQUES THAT DETECT AMPLITUDE
MODULATION. IN THIS THE TRANSMIT BEAM REMAINS POINTED AT THE TARGET
AND RECEIVER BEAM KEEPS ROTATING. THEREFORE THE ECM JAMMER WILL
NOT BE ABLE TO GET THE AMPLITUDE MODULATION FREQUENCY. THIS IS
ALSO CALLED LOBE ON RECEIVE ONLY (LORO).

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 CONICAL SCAN ON RECEIVER
ONLY (COSRO)

• THE PRINCIPLE OF THE CONICAL SCAN ON RECEIVE

ONLY (COSRO) TECHNIQUE IS TO PERFORM THE
CONICAL SCANNING NECESSARY FOR ANGLE
TRACKING ON RECEIVE ONLY. THE TRANSMIT BEAM
REMAINS POINTED AT THE TARGET, PRODUCING AN
UN-MODULATED RF PULSE TRAIN AT THE TARGET.

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 CONICAL SCAN ON RECEIVE
ONLY
TRACKING RADAR RADIATES A NON SCANNING
TRANSMITTING BEAM, BUT RECEIVES WITH A
CONICAL SCAN BEAM. THE JAMMER THEN HAS NO
KNOWLEDGE OF THE PHASE OF THE CONICALLY
SCANNED RECEIVING BEAM AND MUST ADOPT A
TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD 0F SCANNING THE
JAMMING MODULATION UNTIL A NOTICEABLE
REACTION OCCURS IN THE TRACKING RADAR
BEAM.

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POLARIZATION SCREENS AND
REFLECTORS
PRINCIPLE

a. polarization screen for vertically polarized radar signal

b. polarization reflector for vertically polarized radar signal

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 NARROW ANTENNA BEAM

• ANOTHER METHOD WHICH IS EMPLOYED TO REDUCE

THE EFFECT OF MAIN BEAM NOISE JAMMING IS TO
RAISE THE TRANSMITTER FREQUENCY IN ORDER TO
NARROW THE ANTENNA’S BEAMWIDTH.
• THIS RESTRICTS THE SECTORS WHICH IS BLANKED
BY MAIN LOBE NOISE JAMMING AND ALSO PROVIDES
A STROBE IN THE DIRECTION OF THE JAMMER.

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 STACKED BEAM
• IN A STACKED BEAM RADAR, SEVERAL SIMULTANEOUS
OVERLAPPING BEAMS ARE FORMED, EACH AT A DIFFERENT
ANGLE OF ELEVATION.
• EACH BEAM IS TRANSMITTED AT A DIFFERENT FREQUENCY SO
THAT MUTUAL INTERFERENCE BETWEEN BEAMS IS REDUCED
AND THE TARGET AMPLITUDE IN ADJACENT BEAMS CAN BE
COMPARED.
• EACH BEAM FEEDS A SEPARATE RECEIVER AND TARGET
ELEVATION ANGLE IS OBTAINED BY BEAM COMPARISON

Stacked Beams

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 POWER MANAGEMENT
THIS IS AN ECCM TECHNIQUE THAT CAN BE USED ON SEARCH, TRACK OR
MISSILE RADARS .
THE RADAR TRANSMITTER POWER AND OR DUTY CYCLE SPECIFIED IN THE
ORIGINAL DESIGN IS VARIED ON A PROGRAMMED BASIS SO THAT AN ECCM
ADVANTAGE IS ACHIEVED .
FOR A GIVEN JAMMER, THE HIGHER THE RADAR AVERAGE POWER THE
FURTHER WILL BE BURN THROUGH RANGE FOR THE NOISE JAMMER. THIS
DEVELOPS INTO BURN THROUGH ECCM .
POWER OF THE RADAR IS CONCENTRATED IN THE DIRECTION OF A
STRONG NOISE JAMMER AND OTHER RADAR SECTORS RECEIVE SMALLER
AMOUNTS OR AVERAGE POWER.

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 HOME ON JAM (HOJ)
• AN ECCM TECHNIQUE FOR USE IN A MISSILE RADAR
WHERE THE JAMMING SIGNAL EMANATING FROM A TARGET
IS USED TO DEVELOP MISSILE STEERING INFORMATION
• THIS IS ALSO CALLED TRACK ON JAM (TOJ) AND PASSIVE
DETECTION AND TRACKING. HOWEVER, IN THIS, TARGET
RANGE AND VELOCITY ARE NOT USUALLY OBTAINABLE SO
THAT THE MISSILE TRAJECTORY MUST BE LESS THAN
OPTIMUM AND MISSILE RANGE CAPABILITIES WILL BE
DEGRADED .
• IT IS EXPECTED THAT ALL MODERN MISSILES WILL HAVE
HOJ CAPABILITIES.

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 SPREAD SPECTRUM
• THE SPREAD SPECTRUM RADAR SPREADS THE
NARROW BAND INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR TARGET
DETECTION AND TRACKING OVER A BANDWIDTH MANY
TIMES HIGHER THAN CONVENTIONAL RADARS.
• THE RECEIVERS CORRELATION CIRCUITS CAN EXTRACT
THE TRUE SIGNALS FROM AMONGST THE JAMMING
SIGNALS/NOISE .
• IT IS DIFFICULT FOR AN ESM SHIP TO RECEIVE THIS
BECAUSE OF LOW PEAK AMPLITUDE.BARRAGE JAMMING
IS REQUIRED TO COVER A BROAD SPECTRUM.

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