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    SANDIA Brief

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    tomay777
    This document discusses the capabilities and applications of radar systems for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It summarizes key radar technologies including synthetic aperture radar (SAR), moving target indication, and digital terrain elevation data. It also outlines how radar capabilities on UAVs have improved over time due to miniaturization, providing examples of past and potential future radar systems. The goal is to continue developing more compact radar payloads weighing less than 20 pounds to enable a wider range of military and civilian UAV applications.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    SANDIA Brief

    Uploaded by

    tomay777
    149 views32 pages
    This document discusses the capabilities and applications of radar systems for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It summarizes key radar technologies including synthetic aperture radar (SAR), moving target indication, and digital terrain elevation data. It also outlines how radar capabilities on UAVs have improved over time due to miniaturization, providing examples of past and potential future radar systems. The goal is to continue developing more compact radar payloads weighing less than 20 pounds to enable a wider range of military and civilian UAV applications.

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    Reconnaissance-UAVs-theWayAhead

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    This document discusses the capabilities and applications of radar systems for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It summarizes key radar technologies including synthetic aperture radar (SAR), moving target indication, and digital terrain elevation data. It also outlines how radar capabilities on UAVs have improved over time due to miniaturization, providing examples of past and potential future radar systems. The goal is to continue developing more compact radar payloads weighing less than 20 pounds to enable a wider range of military and civilian UAV applications.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    149 views32 pages

    SANDIA Brief

    Uploaded by

    tomay777
    This document discusses the capabilities and applications of radar systems for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It summarizes key radar technologies including synthetic aperture radar (SAR), moving target indication, and digital terrain elevation data. It also outlines how radar capabilities on UAVs have improved over time due to miniaturization, providing examples of past and potential future radar systems. The goal is to continue developing more compact radar payloads weighing less than 20 pounds to enable a wider range of military and civilian UAV applications.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 32

    Taking Reconnaissance to Another Level

    Margaret Murray Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM


    505-844-7432 msmurra@sandia.gov

    UAVs: The Way Ahead Washington, DC October 2004

    Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

    Outline
    Radar Capabilities
    Brief tutorial Sample Images and Products

    UAV Applications UAV Radar Capabilities

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    Why Radar?
    Optical Quality Images at Microwave Frequencies Active System Day and Night Imaging Adverse Weather Long Stand-off Ability (fine resolution imaging independent of range) Both Broad and Spot Coverage Coherent Imaging Interferometric SAR Coherent Change Detection Bi-static and Multi-static Configurations (transmitter separate from receiver provides stealth) Penetration of Materials and Particulates (frequency dependent) Polarization (separate manmade objects from clutter) Detection of Ground Moving Targets Communication with Radar Responsive Tags on Ground

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging


    Transmit Bandwidth for Range Resolution Movement in Azimuth Creates a Synthetic Aperture Providing Azimuth Resolution Slant Range Images Layover/ Height Ambiguity Shadow Coherence Ability to form interferometric SAR products Produces Speckle Important Imaging Parameters Frequency Resolution Polarization Depression Angle Aspect

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    Imaging Geometry

    depression angle
    ge n ra

    altitude

    swath

    nadir

    constant range contour

    shadow region

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    Broad and Spot Coverage

    7
    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    Resolution Comparison

    T-62 tank: 1, 6, and 4 Ku-Band images

    8
    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    Frequency Comparison Ku vs. UHF

    6-inch resolution Ku-band VV polarization

    .5 meter resolution UHF band (570MHz) VV polarization

    9
    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    Polarimetric SAR

    Sandia solar collection tower and Heliostat array. (X-band)

    HH

    HV

    VH
    10 10

    VV

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    Bi-static SAR
    Bi-static SAR places Transmitter and Receiver on separate vehicles Allows unusual geometries stationary transmitter or receiver, looking straight ahead

    Transmitter System Receiver System

    Ground Scene
    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    11

    Coherent Change Detection - CCD

    Reference SAR Image: Grassy Field

    CCD Image Changes denoted by dark areas

    Current SAR Image: Grassy Field


    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    12

    Elevation Map and Orthorectified SAR Image


    Twin Lakes, NM; DTED Level IV

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    13 13

    Data Delivered to Secret Service and FEMA for Olympic Security


    RTV IFSAR -- 3 Meter Terrain Park City, Utah

    DTED IV

    DTED II
    USGS 30-m DEM

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    For Additional Information Contact Director JPSD at (703) 704-1940 http://peoiews.monmouth.army.mil/jpsd/home.htm 14 14

    Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED)


    Absolute X, Y, Z Accuracy (meters) DTED Level IV
    Post Spacing (meters) X-Y Position (Circular Error 90% prob.) Z Position (Linear Error 90% prob.)

    Relative X ,Y, Z Accuracy (meters)


    X-Y Position (Circular Error 90% prob.) Z Position (Linear Error 90% prob.)

    Spec RTV

    3 3

    10 2.8

    5 1.6

    2 1.4

    0.8 0.7

    DTED II (90 m spacing) (30 m spacing)


    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    DTED I

    DTED III (10 m spacing)


    15

    DTED IV (3 m spacing)

    DTED V (1 m spacing)

    Stereo SAR

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    16

    High Resolution Range Imaging Ground Moving Target Indication


    MTI Image of a 2.5 Ton Truck

    100

    200

    Range B in [ 4 inches / bin ]

    300

    400

    Ground Clutter

    2.5 Ton Truck

    500

    600

    700

    800

    900 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

    Doppler Bin

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    17

    Expanded View of 2.5 Ton Truck

    E xpanded V iew of a 2.5 T on Truck

    20

    Range B in [ 4 inches / bin ]

    40

    60

    Stakes On Truck Bed


    80

    100

    120

    Truck Cab

    140

    20

    40

    60

    80

    100

    120

    140

    D op pler B in

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    18

    GMTI Map and SAR Image


    GMTI Display Centered on a Bridge Carrying Traffic
    Moving Targets are present in the Region of Interest

    SAR Image of the Bridge


    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    19 19

    Radar Responsive Tag System


    Radar illuminates the ground scene Tag modulates, amplifies and returns signal Radar processor recovers tag signal from return Radar determines tag location and recovers data Tag appears on radar display

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    20

    Radar Applications for UAVs


    Military Applications Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance Mission Planning Force protection Targeting Battle Damage Assessment Mapping Counter CC&D Mine Detection Tags
    Combat Identification (CID) Blue Force Tracking

    Civilian Applications Damage assessment for hurricanes and fires Monitor urban growth Snow Cover Assessment Search and Rescue Monitoring Oil Slicks Monitoring Earth Resources
    Vegetation Sea ice

    Security (mapping) Nonproliferation and treaty verification

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    21

    UAV Migration
    Two capabilities facilitate the migration of radar capabilities to UAVs. Miniaturization of all components. Increase in real time processing capability.

    1991
    500 lbs, 15 GHz 6-in resolution 16 km range MiniSAR

    1998
    120 lbs, 16.7 GHz 4 -in resolution 35 km range CCD & GMTI

    MESA SAR

    2005
    25 lbs, 16.7 GHz 4-in resolution 15 km range

    2009 (?)
    2x2x0.75 REA 16.7 GHz, 4-in res. ~10 km range

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    22

    Baseline Manned Aircraft SAR


    GPS

    Radar Electronics Assembly

    Pilot Guidance

    Host
    User Interface Display Data Recording

    Radar Control PPC Motion Measurement Image Formation PPC Digital Receiver RF Assembly Digital Waveform Synthesizer

    Phase History Data Recording

    Antenna Gimbal Assembly


    Antenna Gimbal IMU RF Front End

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    23 23

    RADOME

    Baseline Unmanned Aircraft SAR


    GPS

    Flight Computer & Data Storage

    Radar Electronics Assembly

    Telemetry

    Antenna Gimbal Assembly

    RADOME Ground Station Radar Ground Station


    User Interface Radar Display Data Recording / Database Mission Planning
    24 24

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    Lynx SAR
    General Atomics AN/APY-8 Lynx Radar in production High-resolution Ku-band spotlight SAR: 0.1m resolution Stripmap SAR at arbitrary angles: 0.3m resolution Exoclutter Moving Target Indicator (MTI) Near-real-time coherent-change detection (CCD)
    Radar Electronics Assembly

    Extended range operation: 33 km with 4 mm/hr rain or 55 km without rain at 0.3-m resolution Low weight and power: 119-lb total weight, < 1.2kW prime power
    Predator UAV

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    25

    IFSAR Mapping ACTD Radar Sensor

    Resolution Elevation 3 m and Imagery 0.75 m Accuracy Absolute Horizontal & Vertical Accuracy ~ 3m Currency Most Up-to-Date Geospatial Data Available 3-Dimensional 3D Analysis and Mission Planning Wide-Area Coverage Up to 9,800 sq km per day Day/Night and All-Weather Not Affected by Clouds
    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    26

    26

    Miniature SAR SNLs Next Generation SAR


    Goal: Develop a fully-functional, high-performance SAR with a total weight less than 20 pounds. Real-time SAR image processing Resolutions down to 0.1-m Image quality comparable to current SNL systems Package weight includes:
    RF hardware, real-time image processing hardware, motion measurement system, and antenna assembly

    Approach: 5x size/weight/component cost reduction (compared to current Sandia systems) Digital radar elements
    Radar receiver Waveform synthesizer

    Digital Waveform Synthesizer

    Advanced electronics packaging High density programmable logic Novel microstrip patch array
    Ultra-broad band: > 20%

    Lightweight gimbal
    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    Lightweight Gimbal
    27

    MiniSAR Specifications
    Specification Weight Size Frequency Resolution Range Transmitter Power Modes Value 25 lbs (phase 1), 04/05 ~ 7 cube (REA) ~ 10 cube (AGA) 16.7 GHz 4 in. minimum 24 km @ 12-in. res. 17 km@4 in. res. 60 W Spotlight (phase 1)
    MiniSAR Radar Electronics Chassis (REA) and Antenna Gimbal Assembly (AGA)

    Notes 18 lbs (phase 1b), 12/05 REA - Radar Electronics Assembly AGA Antenna Gimbal Assembly Readily extensible to X/Ka bands Spotlight mode, real-time Longer ranges possible with larger antenna Stripmap, GMTI, CCD (phase 1b)

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    28

    MESASAR:

    Compelling Technology and System Innovation


    Technology: Fully Integrated Radar Element (FIRE module)
    Integration Level: Revolutionary leap in integrated RF/digital technology for Radar. Functionality: Incorporate advanced radar waveform generation, power amplification, digital receiver technology, and bandwidth compression and filtering in small, integrated module.

    System: FIRE facilitates multiple, unprecedented Radar system capabilities


    Size and Cost: Extreme miniaturization and affordability (Lynx/10) Performance: Broad bandwidth, high fidelity signal generation and data acquisition. Independent Phase Centers: Combine in large conformal ESAs, with hyper concurrent (multiple, simultaneous beams/modes). Single Fiber optical/digital I/O.

    FIRE Module Simplified Block Diagram


    STALO

    Exciter
    CONTROLLER

    Upconverter
    X4

    SolidState Power Amp

    T/R Switch

    Optical Interface
    Data Processing

    Quadrature DWS

    Receiver
    Digital Receiver

    Downconverter Antenna

    Fully Integrated Radar Element


    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    29

    Application Architectures
    Scalable Radar Architectures
    Single Fire module with RF Mems-based ESA: Ultra-miniature, low cost SAR 4-8 Fire modules with RF MEMs-based ESA: Current generation radar /10 with enhanced GMTI and IF SAR capability Tomographic SAR (true 3-D w/ foliage peak through capabilities) 100+ Fire modules: Large, conformal, agile arrays Subarray-based true-time delay beam steering Hyper-concurrency: multiple simultaneous beams and modes Self-calibrating space-based arrays

    2 x 2 FIRE modules

    Applications
    Small UAVs (down to 5 lb payload): Persistent Surveillance Medium/large UAVs: Multi-sensor fusion Hyper-concurrency (multiple simultaneous modes) All weather, GPS-denied weapon guidance Relative targeting coordinates Loiter-attack munitions (line between weapons and UAVs blurring) Sensor cost < $60K

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    30

    Summary
    Radar Remote Sensing provides many capabilities applicable to UAV missions. Current and developmental UAV capabilities include imaging, ground moving target indication, coherent change detection, and mapping. These are made possible by the combination of UAV compatible size/weight profiles and real time processing capability. Expect to see the migration of greater radar capabilities to UAVs as component and subsystem sizes shrink.

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    31

    Further Information on Sandia Radar Remote Sensing

    For further information regarding Sandia SAR Programs visit www.sandia.gov/radar or contact Brett Remund at blremun@sandia.gov or (505)844-1767. To receive our E-magazine contact Katelyn Mileshosky at kmmiles@sandia.gov or (505) 8440378 For further information on MiniSAR and Mesa SAR contact Kurt Sorensen at kwsoren@sandia.gov or (505)845-9583

    UAVs: The Way Ahead

    32

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