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    Xbar Chart: Farrokh Alemi, PH.D

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    ctao1
    1. An X-bar chart is used to analyze data over time and determine if variations are due to chance or a process change. It involves calculating averages, standard deviations, and control limits. 2. As an example, satisfaction ratings from 4 time periods were analyzed. The grand average, standard deviation, and control limits were calculated in Excel. 3. The chart shows the first period was above the upper control limit, indicating non-random variation, while the second period was below the lower control limit. This suggests the process changed over time.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Xbar Chart: Farrokh Alemi, PH.D

    Uploaded by

    ctao1
    6 views13 pages
    1. An X-bar chart is used to analyze data over time and determine if variations are due to chance or a process change. It involves calculating averages, standard deviations, and control limits. 2. As an example, satisfaction ratings from 4 time periods were analyzed. The grand average, standard deviation, and control limits were calculated in Excel. 3. The chart shows the first period was above the upper control limit, indicating non-random variation, while the second period was below the lower control limit. This suggests the process changed over time.

    Original Title

    XbarChart

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    1. An X-bar chart is used to analyze data over time and determine if variations are due to chance or a process change. It involves calculating averages, standard deviations, and control limits. 2. As an example, satisfaction ratings from 4 time periods were analyzed. The grand average, standard deviation, and control limits were calculated in Excel. 3. The chart shows the first period was above the upper control limit, indicating non-random variation, while the second period was below the lower control limit. This suggests the process changed over time.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    6 views13 pages

    Xbar Chart: Farrokh Alemi, PH.D

    Uploaded by

    ctao1
    1. An X-bar chart is used to analyze data over time and determine if variations are due to chance or a process change. It involves calculating averages, standard deviations, and control limits. 2. As an example, satisfaction ratings from 4 time periods were analyzed. The grand average, standard deviation, and control limits were calculated in Excel. 3. The chart shows the first period was above the upper control limit, indicating non-random variation, while the second period was below the lower control limit. This suggests the process changed over time.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    Xbar Chart

    Farrokh Alemi, Ph.D.


    Why Chart Data?
     To discipline intuitions
     To tell a story
    Steps to create an
    X-bar chart?
    1. Check assumptions
    2. Calculate grand average
    3. Calculate standard deviation
    4. Calculate standard deviation for each time
    period
    5. Calculate control limits
    6. Plot chart
    7. Interpret and distribute
    Example Data
     Over several
    months, we
    tracked the Time
    Ratings of Ratings of Ratings of Ratings of
    1st 2nd 3rd 4th
    Period
    satisfaction with Subject Subject Subject Subject
    1 80 84 82 80
    our unit. 2 70 72 74 70
    3 76 78 76 78
     The question is 4 80 78 78 80

    whether the unit


    has improved
    over time.
    Are variations due
    to chance?
     How would you answer
    85
    this question? Look at

    Satisfaction rating
    80
    the data.
    75
     There are wide 70
    variations in the data. 65
    Could these variations 1 2 3 4
    be due to chance? Time period

     The first step is to


    calculate the average
    for each time period.
    1. Check
    Assumptions
     Continuous Interval Scale
     Independent events

     Normal distribution

     Constant variance
    2. Calculate Grand
    Average
     Average values for
    all time periods and
    all cases, plot as a
    line
    85
    Satisfaction rating

    80
    Observed
    75
    Grand average
    70

    65
    1 2 3 4
    Time period
    3. Calculate
    standard deviation
    Calculate standard deviation for all
    observations
    S = [i=1,…,nj j = 1, …m (Xij -GA )2 / (n-1)]0.5
    GA is grand average
    n is number of observations across time
    periods
    4. Calculate
    standard deviation
    for each time period
    Estimate the standard deviation for each
    time period
    St = S / (nt)0.5
    5. Calculate Control
    Limits
    UCL = GA + 1.96 * St
    LCL = GA – 1.96 * St

     1.96 sets the limits so that 95% data fall


    within the two limits
     GA is the grand average
     St is the standard deviation for the time
    period
    Calculations in
    Excel
    Constant
    for 95%
    Grand confidence Standard deviation
    average limits function over range of
    all observations

    =Average( =Average Dividing by square root


    B2:E2) ($B$2:$E$5) of number of
    observations in the
    time period
    6. Plot Control Chart
    85
    Satisfaction rating

    80
    Observed
    75 UCL
    LCL
    70

    65
    1 2 3 4
    Time period
    7. Interpret findings
    & distribute
     First time period is
    above UCL 85

    Satisfaction rating
     Second time period 80
    Observed
    75 UCL
    below LCL 70
    LCL

    65
    1 2 3 4
    Time period

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