Cut your energy bills with cogeneration

A basic guide on the principles and profitability of small-scale cogeneration

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Basic guide: small-scale cogeneration

Ta b l e o f c o n t e n ts

Note from the editors........3 A wide range of possibilities....4 The technical principles6 Fundamental economic considerations.....8 Basic phases of a cogeneration project...11 A brief project checklist........................12 Make your first assessment with easyCOGEN.xls..........................................14 About COGENchallenge.............................16

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Note from the editors

Cogeneration is the most efficient way of energy conversion. Its wider use has various positive impacts on the economy, the environment, the responsible use of resources and on security of energy supply. Cogeneration, also known as CHP (combined heat and power), produces 10% of all electricity and around the same share of heat in the 25 EU countries. There is a strong political will to increase the share of cogeneration in the coming years, because this well-proven technology offers a range of benefits for society.

Using resources in a more efficient manner

Everybody is aware of the fact that fossil fuel resources will deplete sometime. In order to find energy solutions of the future, Governments put much effort in stimulating renewable fuels like biomass and biogas. In addition, improving the efficiency of fuel use will reduce the rate of fuel depletion. Cogeneration is the most efficient method to convert fuels into useful electricity and heat. Therefore, it should be always be the first choice for energy provision.

Stimulating the economy

Energy consumers can cut drastically their bills by installing cogeneration plants. They can reduce the quantity of electricity bought from the local supplier and sell excess electricity at an attractive price. Finally, more cogeneration means more independent energy producers and helps to liberalise European energy markets.

Ensuring reliability of energy supply

Cogeneration contributes in many ways to more reliability. By generating the electricity themselves, the users of cogeneration are more independent than consumers who entirely depend on commercial electricity suppliers. When electricity is produced very near to the end-consumer, the entire electricity network for the whole region is more stable and needs less upgrading. Also, bigger energy savings make all of us less dependent on imported fuel resources. Cogeneration is not only a possibility for big industry and district heating. Small enterprises, public authorities, even the owners of family houses can use this principle and realise these benefits. This brochure is aimed at inspiring the reader to reflect on the question whether the installation of a small-scale cogeneration unit would help to cut the energy bills and to contribute to a greener future. The COGENchallenge team

Saving the environment

Cogeneration shows higher energy efficiency than conventional plants (separate production of heat and electricity). This leads to primary energy savings and lower emissions of carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas. The development of cogeneration will contribute to meet the targets of the Kyoto Protocol and to combat climate change. The cleanest energy is always the energy that is saved.

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A wide range of possibilities

Whether you are a local authority, a small business, a service company, a home owner, or in charge of the maintenance of hospitals or social housing you will always need heating and electricity. T cover these needs o you generally use a boiler for your heat needs and you buy electricity from the network. Another option is to cover partially these heating and electricity needs through a small-scale cogeneration unit. Cogenerated heat is used for domestic hot water, space heating, laundry facilities, dryers or swimming pool water heating. Steam production is also possible in some cases. Finally, it is also possible to use the heat in a heat-driven chiller to produce cooling to replace electric-driven airconditioning.

Small-scale cogeneration is an attractive and practical proposition for a wide range of applications:

the building sector: houses and apartment buildings, hospitals, police stations and prisons, schools and universities, community heating schemes, office buildings such as Government buildings or banks.

the agricultural sector: Horticulture and greenhouses, drying crops or wood, animal shelters, use of agro-wastes such as biogas.

the industrial sector: food processing, textile production, brewing, distilling and malting, timber processing, motor industry, and also industrial zones or parks.

services: hotels, swimming pools and leisure centres, stores and supermarkets, airports, shopping centres, restaurants, laundries, car washes.

energy from waste using the biogas production of: sewage treatment works, landfill sites.

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A wide range of possibilities

A spa & fun resort in Ljubljana (Slovenia) A school in Frankfurt (Germany)

The Laguna Ljubljana resort is a camping and hotel centre with an open swimming pool complex and sport centre. The installed small-scale cogeneration unit with a capacity of 230 kWe (gas engine) supplies most of the electricity and a high share of the total heat demand of the resort during the whole year. Compared to separate heat and power production, the installation saves around 110 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions annually.

In Frankfurt, a large number of schools cover a part of their heating need with small-scale cogeneration units. Two 50 kWe small-scale cogeneration units (gas engines) were installed in the Carl Schurz school in 1993. They produce 80 % of the annual heat demand of the school, the gym and the swimming pool and save around 50 tonnes of carbon dioxide per year.

A landfill site in Thieulloy (France)

A hotel in London (United Kingdom)

In 2004, eight microturbines of 30 kWe each were installed on a landfill site nearby Paris. This cogeneration plant uses most of the biogas produced by the site rather than simply flaring the gas. The electricity generated is sold to the French utility EDF at a price of 120,000 per year. A greenhouse under construction next to the site will be supplied with heat. It is estimated that each year around 130 tonnes of carbon dioxide will be saved thanks to the use of biogas for producing electricity and heat.

The Heathrow Marriott is a large luxury hotel with 390 guestrooms, a heated indoor swimming pool and a gym. Installed in 2001, the 400 kWe cogeneration unit runs on average 17 hours per day with an average availability of 97.5%. The hotel management calculated annual cost savings to have reached 75,700 for the first year of operation, while avoiding over 250 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions over the same period.

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The technical principles

Most people think of large clouds pouring out of a massive cooling tower when asked for a picture that illustrates the production of electricity. All of us have seen many different power stations where water is used to cool the process and then condensates into the air. Only a few, however, pose the question why we are actually wasting all this energy that has heated up the water and disappears through the chimney and cooling towers? Cogeneration drastically reduces this waste of energy. By converting the energy close to the consumer of heat and power, it is possible to use most of it. The graph belowe illustrates this principle: in the upper half, it is shown how much electricity and heat a typical small-scale cogeneration produces with a given number of energy input. In this example, the cogeneration unit has an efficiency of 89%. In the case of separate production of heat (in the boiler) and Cogeneration Plant electricity (in the power station) the 11 units loss efficiency is much lower. Far more fuel 34 units Power is needed, because 100 units fuel of the high losses in 55 units Engine Generator Heat the power station, and additional losses in the Separate Heat and Power Production electricity network 33 units loss and in the boiler.
Total loss: 42 units 3 units loss
34 units
6 units loss

131 units

fuel

70 units 61 units

Power

55 units

The Cogeneration Principle

Cogeneration is a principle and not a single technology. In Heat general, cogeneration can be applied in all cases where electricity is produced by thermal combustion, may it be based on fossil or renewable fuels. By exactly analysing the consumption patterns of individual users, cogeneration schemes can be optimised to supply their specific needs.

Bio eth an ol Heat ing O il

Natural Gas
Coal

Bundesverband Kraft-Wrme-Kopplung

Mu nic ip

ss ma B io s ga Bio

al W ast e

tab ge Ve O le il

Engine/Generator

Gas Turbine/Generator

Power
Cogeneration Plant

Fuel

Heat
Fuel Cell Steam Turbine/Generator

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The technical principles

Engines
Most small-scale cogeneration units are internal combustion engines operating on the same familiar principles as their petrol and diesel automotive counterparts. Engines run with liquid or gaseous fuels, such as heating oil, natural gas or biogas, and are available from 1 kWe to more than 1,000 kWe. Internal combustion engines have a higher electrical efficiency than turbines, but the thermal energy they produce is generally at lower temperatures and so they are highly suited to buildings applications. The usable heat:power ratio is normally in the range 1:1 to 2:1. For very small-scale applications with a capacity between 0.2 kWe and 9 kWe, Stirling engines can be used. These engines are external combustion devices and therefore differ substantially from the conventional models. The Stirling engine has fewer moving parts than conventional engines, and no valves, tappets, fuel injectors or spark ignition systems. It is therefore quieter than normal engines. Stirling engines also require little maintenance and the emission of pollutants is low.

Since the late 1990s microturbines have become available. They are derived from automotive turbo-chargers and are available from 30 kWe to around 250 kWe. Microturbines use less space than conventional engines and maintenance costs are lower. Moreover, the emission of pollutant gases is reduced, especially those gases that cause acid rain and ozone layer depletion. Electrical efficiencies are typically lower than in internal combustion engines.

Steam Turbines
Steam turbines have been used as prime movers for large-scale cogeneration systems for many years. Typically, steam turbines are associated with larger power stations but also smaller units starting with 200 kWe are frequently used. The overall efficiency generally is very high, achieving up to 84%. Steam turbines run with solid, liquid or gaseous fuels, both fossil and renewable. The typical heat:power ratio of steam turbines is around 6:1.

Fuel Cells
A new development is the use of fuel cells for cogeneration. It needs to be said, however, that fuel cells are not yet commercially available. Fuel cells convert the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen directly into electricity without combustion and mechanical work such as in turbines or engines. The hydrogen is usually produced from natural gas by a process known as reforming. The total efficiencies of cogeneration systems reach 85 to 90%, while the heat to power ratio is in the range 5:4. Fuel cells with a capacity of 1 kWe provide heat and power to single family houses, whereas bigger applications of around 300 kWe can be used in hospitals for example.

Gas Turbines
Gas turbines have become the most widely used prime mover for large-scale cogeneration in recent years. The waste gases exhausted from the turbine have a temperature of 450C to 550C, making the gas turbine particularly suitable steam supply. Gas turbines are not only used in large-scale applications. Smaller units, starting at around 400 kWe are available on the market.

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F u n d a m e n ta l e c o n o m i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n
In order to fully meet the needs of the cogeneration operator, the optimal size of the cogeneration unit needs to be determined. The heat load of the site is the most important factor when defining the right capacity. Other factors include the type of cogeneration unit, the consumption pattern, and the presence (or absence) of specific public support mechanisms for cogeneration. Example A

Heat Demand kWh (th)

730h

730h

730h

730h

730h

730h

730h

730h

730h

730h

730h

730h

Example A shows a cogeneration unit that is sized in a way that allows for many operating hours. The total amount of 6,800 operating hours means that the unit is running for more than nine months during the year. Only when the heat demand is lowest (usually in the summer period) is the machine switched off. The rationale behind this approach is that an investment in cogeneration amortises the faster, the more the unit is in operation. However, in this case only a relatively small proportion of the heat demand is met by the cogeneration unit. The rest will be supplied by boilers. Example B

Heat Demand kWh (th)

730h

730h

730h

730h

730h

730h

730h

730h

730h

730h

730h

730h

Example B shows another possibility to determine the right size for a cogeneration unit. Here, the plant runs only for a certain period of time. Consequently, the capacity can be bigger, even if the heat load is identical with the object of the previous example. This option is chosen in cases, when night time operation is uneconomic

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F u n d a m e n ta l e c o n o m i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n
Costs
Investment into energy efficiency does not come for free. The owner of a cogeneration plant needs to calculate with two types of cost: the initial costs for installing the cogeneration plant (purchase of the cogeneration unit, connection to the power grid, the fuel system and the heating system, construction and engineering) and for the long-term costs for the fuel and for the maintenance of the system.

Composition of typical initial costs per unit capacity Looking at the initial costs, the investment into cogeneration is more capital-intensive than the investment into a boiler, which only produces heat and no electricity. The graph above shows that the cogeneration unit constitutes the biggest share of overall investment. Generally, smaller cogeneration units have a higher price per kWe, so that the total initial costs vary from 700 to 3,000 per kWe.
800.000 700.000 600.000 Total investment in Euro 500.000 400.000 300.000 200.000 100.000 0 5 15 30 50 65 100 150 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 kWe of chp-plant Engineering Connection to grid Exhaust Connection to heating system Construction CHP-Unit

Initial costs of cogeneration investment Source: ASUE 2005

Maintenance costs per unit capacity Next to the fuel costs, long-term costs occur due to maintenance and service needs. Most suppliers of cogeneration units offer a fullservice contract: essentially a life-time guarantee for the cogeneration unit. Fullservice contracts have a duration of ten years or more and should cover the costs for lubrication, filters, spark-plugs (for engines), etc. Cogeneration users should not shy away from paying these additional costs, if they do not have the knowledge for operating, maintaining and overhauling these machines.
4,00 Cost for Full-Service-Contract in [ct/kWh el] 3,50 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00 0 200 400 600 800 1.000 electrical power of chp unit in kWe

Price-function: Full-Service = 5.73 x pel-0,26 [Ct/kWhe]

Full-service contract costs

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F u n d a m e n ta l e c o n o m i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n
Benefits
Investing into cogeneration is profitable when the income from the investment is higher than the initial and long-term costs. The cogeneration owners earn money by producing electricity that they can either consume themselves or sell to the local electricity supplier. In many countries, they receive additional financial support from the governments, as cogeneration offers many benefits for the society, such as saving primary energy, avoiding network losses and reducing greenhouse gases. The cogeneration operators no longer only buy from the local electricity supplier, they produce their power themselves. However, in order to cover peak demand and in times, when the cogeneration units are switched off, they will rely on the electricity from the grid. As they can produce a considerable part of the electricity and heat needs of the site, substantial energy and cost savings are achieved. Austria Belgium Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom 13.6 7.5 0.0 17.1 49.1 11.0 38.0 4.0 9.8 7.8 21.5 2.5 7.4 37.5 9.7 7.9 0.0 29.9 16.0 10.0 17.5 5.9 7.8 6.8 5.4 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % The European Directive on Cogeneration has been transposed into national law in 2006 and obliges all European Governments to promote cogeneration in general and small-scale cogeneration of up to 1,000 kWe in particular. In order to increase their share of cogeneration, many European Governments offer financial support for cogeneration users. These support mechanisms can be very different and are designed according to the needs of the specific countries. Typical mechanisms are investment subsidies, favourable feed-in tariffs for excess electricity, white or green certificates, reduction of energy taxes or VAT, or specific loan programmes. In order to calculate the profitability of your cogeneration project, you will need to know about any support mechanism put in place by your Government. A regional "cogeneration facilitator" can help you, as well as national cogeneration associations or governmental bodies. In order to get some first indication, please consult the www.cogen-challenge.org website and download the country fact sheet for your home country.

Share of cogeneration in the EU-25 countries in the year 2002 (in %) Source: Eurostat 2006

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Basic phases of a cogeneration project

Sizing of the cogeneration unit
If a cogeneration project is well designed, primary energy savings of 10 to 25% can be achieved. Projects with such a high amount of energy savings are also known as "high efficiency cogeneration". In order to reach these results, it must be ensured that as little energy as possible is wasted. This can be only done by using the entire amount of heat and electricity produced by the cogeneration unit in an effective and efficient way. The first big challenge for the realisation of a high efficiency cogeneration project therefore is to find the right capacity of the cogeneration unit. If the unit is too small, the opportunity to save more energy is missed. If the unit is too big, energy will be wasted. Project developers determine the size of a unit always according to various criteria such as the heat load, the electricity needs and the regulatory framework. Another important aspect is the question, whether it is possible to sell excess electricity. The purchase and the installation of a cogeneration unit is a considerable investment which needs to pay back. The more hours of a year the cogeneration unit is in operation, the more money is saved during this year. Therefore, project developers choose a size for the cogeneration unit which does not cover the highest possible heat load but only the base load which is stable during the year. different sizes of cogeneration units. They can calculate for each size the profitability and then propose the best option giving also an assessment of the economical benefits, the energy and environmental balance, and the technical integration into the building. The COGENchallenge team recommends to you to begin by doing the first assessment yourself. For this reason, we have created a simplified version of the same software tool that energy professionals use in their work. The Excel-based software easyCOGEN.xls allows also non-experts to carry out a first rough assessment whether the installation of a cogeneration plant is a good option or not. On the pages 14 and 15 of this brochure there is a manual on how to use easyCOGEN.xls.

Choose your individual financing option

As with all other investments in life the rate of return of your investment in cogeneration depends on the level of risk that you are willing to take. You have different options such as managing the entire investment by yourself, signing a "partnership contract" with an energy supplier, or agreeing to a so-called Third Party Financing (TPF) contract. In this case, a third partner will carry out the investment and the maintenance of the unit. You should thoroughly assess, which option fits best to your financing plan. If you want to know more about financing cogeneration projects, please consult the respective COGENchallenge brochure, which will be available on the website from June 2006 onwards.

Do your first assessment for free

Depending on your site's energy needs and the operational requirements, a range of energy experts can assist you in carrying out a proper sizing of your cogeneration project. These may be the supplier of the cogeneration unit, an energy consultant or a so-called energy services company (ESCO). With a "feasibility study" the experts can measure your consumption of heating fuel and of electricity and simulate (with a complex software tool)

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A brief project checklist

If the technical and economical analysis is positive for a cogeneration plant, some legal and other aspects have to be kept in mind. Depending on the size of the plant, an operator needs permissions from different parties. The following checklist will give some hints, but cannot cover all national regulations in the European countries. Again, it is helpful to ask local facilitators or engineers or even the suppliers which have experience with cogeneration installations. It is also helpful to know the interconnection costs. These costs can vary from 5 to 20% of the total installation costs. More often, the distribution network operator will facilitate the interconnection of your cogeneration unit. For instance, the electricity produced by a cogeneration unit might receive preferential treatment when fed into the grid. The distribution network operator is normally the right address to find out about the conditions in your country and region. In some countries you will be asked to add a "decoupling connection" system to your cogeneration plant. The performance of this decoupling system needs to be tested before you start to run your cogeneration plant.

Grid connection
The distribution network operator should be involved in the project at an early stage. In the case of bigger units the impact on the grid needs to be checked and the point of interconnection needs to be defined.

G G G G G G G G G G

easyCOGEN.xls feasibility study grid connection distribution network operator fuel contract building authorities administrative procedures emissions regulations maintenance public support mechanisms

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A brief project checklist

Electricity distributor
Running a cogeneration unit may have an effect on the price you pay for electrical energy. Even if your electricity bill will decrease after installing a cogeneration unit, the unit price of your electricity might increase, because you purchase fewer units. This effect must be taken into account in the feasibility study before you decide whether to install a cogeneration unit or not.

E Emissions regulations
In each country there are certain regulations on air quality that need to be fulfilled. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) typically cause the greatest concern and legislative attention. Nitrogen oxides are toxic, form acid rain and contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer. Emissions can be reduced by regularly maintaining the cogeneration plant. Additional emissions regulations may concern sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and dust.

Fuel contract
With the installation of a cogeneration unit, your fuel consumption on the site will increase. Therefore, you should contact your fuel supplier to amend the contract, if necessary.

Maintenance
In order to calculate the economical benefits of a cogeneration plant it is necessary to know the maintenance cost for a "fullservice-contract". You will find more information on maintenance costs on page 9 of this brochure.

Building authority
Depending on your home country and region, you might need to ask for a permission of the building authorities allowing you to install a small-scale cogeneration unit. The building regulations vary substantially across Europe, so that a generalising statement is difficult to make. In any case, you should get informed about the regulations in your region.

Public support mechanisms

This is an important item for the potential investor and needs to be thoroughly checked. All over Europe there are different public support mechanisms for cogeneration in place. It is sometimes necessary to contact a variety of different public authorities in order to receive all financial support (for the actual investment but also for the feasibility study). You will find more information on the public support mechanisms in your country on the COGENchallenge website. In order to have complete information on possible support, you should also ask a regional expert in this field.

Administrative permitting and licensing procedures

In some countries, you will need a license to generate electricity. In other countries, the authorities will require you to fulfill certain legal regulations if you want to sell your electricity to a third party. These regulations vary substantially depending on your country and region. In order to clarify these rules you need to ask a cogeneration expert.

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Make your first assessment with easyCOGEN.xls

easyCOGEN.xls allows you to make a first rough assessment whether the installation of a cogeneration unit is an option for you or not. You can download this Excel file on the www.cogen-challenge.org website. By entering key data of your project (buildings, enterprise, offices, etc) in the blue boxes you can assess easily the size and the profitability of a suitable cogeneration unit (results are shown in the grey boxes). Please be aware that this is only a very rough indicator whether your cogeneration project is profitable or not. If the "conclusions" at the end of the programme appear in green, you should consult an expert (e.g. a supplier, a developer, a cogeneration facilitator) for carrying out a feasibility study. easyCOGEN.xls cannot assist you for planning cogeneration projects based on renewable fuels. These projects are more complex to calculate as they, on the one hand, need more technical equipment, and, on the other hand, benefit from additional financial support programmes. please first choose whether you are using gas or heating oil for heating your building. Type in the annual consumption (in kWh for gas, in litres for heating oil) of heating fuel. You will find this information on the bill from your energy distributor.

3. Step: Choose a specific thermal profile By selecting one of the six activities of the drop-down menu you know the optimum share of your heat demand that could be covered by a cogeneration unit. You will see automatically, how many hours of the year the unit would be in operation, the thermal capacity (in kW), and a graph with your heat production (cogeneration and boiler) per month.

4. Step: Choose the cogeneration technology If you use natural gas as fuel for your boiler, you will automatically choose the natural gas engine as cogeneration technology for your project. In the case that you have an oil-fired boiler, you have the choice to either opt for a diesel-engine or for a natural gas engine.

This small users' guide explains to you how to work with easyCOGEN.xls. Should you have difficulties with this programme, please contact the COGENchallenge team

5. Step: Determine your profits from producing electricity Please type in the amount of your annual electricity consumption and of your annual electricity bill. The programme will calculate the average electricity price that you pay and multiply it with the amount of electricity produced by your cogeneration unit. Below, you will find your annual profits by producing the power yourself.

1. Step: Location of the project: Please choose the country (and region) where you want to realise your cogeneration project. Due to geographical differences such as climate conditions and public support mechanisms, the location has got an important impact on the calculation of the profitability.

2. Step: Determine your net heat demand The net heat demand is the single most important value that determines the size of your high efficiency cogeneration unit. In order to calculate the net heat demand,

6. Step: Determine your profits from producing heat Please type in, how much you pay per year for heating oil / natural gas. The programme will automatically calculate your average fuel price and will determine the value of the heat that you produce with the cogeneration unit.

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Make your first assessment with easyCOGEN.xls

7. Step: Determine the long-term costs of the cogeneration plant As page 9 of this brochure shows there are long-term costs for investing into cogeneration. easyCOGEN.xls calculates automatically the amount of fuel consumed by the cogeneration plant per year and the level of annual maintenance costs. By typing in the costs (per kWh in the case of natural gas, per litre in the case of heating oil) you can assess how large the fuel bill would be, if you realise the project. In the case that you want to realise your cogeneration project in one of the COGENchallenge focus countries (Austria, Belgium, Germany, Slovenia and Spain), easyCOGEN.xls will automatically calculate the level of financial public support for your plant. For all other countries, you need to enter this data yourself. Principally, there are two support instruments: the first is an investment aid that covers a certain percentage of your initial investment costs. Should your government have put such an instrument in place, please enter the value (in %) so that you can see the amount of money that you will have to investment yourself upfront. The second type of public support instruments is paid on an annual basis. Should your cogeneration plant be eligible for such financial help, please type in the amount of money (in ) you expect to receive per year.

8. Step: Determine the profitability of your cogeneration project: easyCOGEN.xls calculates for you the "Total initial investment" which is the sum of the cogeneration unit (72%), the installation costs (7%), buildings adaptation costs (7%), study costs (5%), grid connection costs (3%), and other costs (6%).

easy COGEN.xls
Rough calculation tool for small-scale cogeneration projects www.cogen-challenge.org
= Enter your data in the blues boxes. = The results are given in the grey boxes. If you want to, you can change the underlying formulas. Name of the project : ...type in the name of your project...

First sizing of the cogeneration unit

1 step : Location of the project

st

Austria

Belgium France Germany Slovenia Spain Others

If the "Conclusions" at the end of the programme appear in green, you should consult an expert for carrying out a feasibility study

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COGENchallenge
The European information campaign on small-scale cogeneration

About this guide

The basic guide on the principles and profitability of small-scale cogeneration is aimed at everybody who is interested in reducing energy bills and contributing to a cleaner environment. It explains in clear terms what cogeneration is, who can use it, and how much sense it makes from the economic point of view. The guide includes examples of typical small-scale cogeneration applications and shows how to make a first rough cost-benefit analysis.

Visit our website

Under www.cogen-challenge.org you will find additional information on small-scale cogeneration, including: addresses of suppliers of cogeneration units and of project developers close to you fact sheets describing the legal and economic framework in your country calculation tools that help you to carry out feasibility tests a list of showcases of successful small-scale cogeneration projects (target: 1,000) a calendar showing information and training events on small-scale cogeneration

Further information
In the case that you find the installation of a cogeneration unit useful for your situation, you should consult an expert. In six European cities a facilitator for small-scale cogeneration can assist interested parties with his knowledge and experience with this technology. In Graz (Austria), Namur (Belgium), Frankfurt am Main (Germany), Lyon (France), Ljubljana (Slovenia) and Oviedo (Spain) the facilitators can be contacted directly as experts for their regions and countries. In most other European countries there is a national cogeneration association that is able to assist you.

Legal disclaimer
The publication of this brochure has been supported by the European Commission under its Intelligent Energy Europe Programme. The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Contact
Frank Knecht Project Co-ordinator T: +32 (2) 772.82.90 E: frank.knecht@cogen.org

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