Dynamics 70 M3 Harmonic
Dynamics 70 M3 Harmonic
Dynamics 70 M3 Harmonic
Harmonic Analysis
Module 3
Harmonic Analysis
A. Define harmonic analysis and its purpose.
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B. Learn basic terminology and concepts underlying harmonic analysis. C. Learn how to do a harmonic analysis in ANSYS. D. Work on a harmonic analysis exercise.
Harmonic Analysis
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A technique to determine the steady state response of a structure to sinusoidal (harmonic) loads of known frequency. Input:
Harmonic loads (forces, pressures, and imposed displacements) of known magnitude and frequency. May be multiple loads all at the same frequency. Forces and displacements can be in-phase or out-of phase. Surface and body loads can only be specified with a phase angle of zero.
Output:
Harmonic displacements at each DOF, usually out of phase with the applied loads. Other derived quantities, such as stresses and strains.
Harmonic Analysis
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Supports, fixtures, and components of rotating equipment such as compressors, engines, pumps, and turbomachinery. Structures subjected to vortex shedding (swirling motion of fluids) such as turbine blades, airplane wings, bridges, and towers.
Harmonic Analysis
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To make sure that a given design can withstand sinusoidal loads at different frequencies (e.g, an engine running at different speeds). To detect resonant response and avoid it if necessary (by using dampers, for example).
Harmonic Analysis
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Equation of Motion
General equation of motion:
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[ M ]{u} + [ C]{ u} + [ K ]{ u} = { F}
[F] and {u} are harmonic, with frequency :
Imaginary
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Sinusoidally varying, at known frequencies. Phase angle allows multiple, out-of-phase loads to be applied. Defaults to zero. All applied loads are assumed to be harmonic, including temperatures and gravity.
Real
Complex Displacements
Calculated displacements will be complex if:
Damping is specified. Applied load is complex (i.e, imaginary part is non-zero).
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Complex displacements lag by phase angle (with respect to the applied force). Results can be viewed in the form of real and imaginary parts or amplitude and phase angle.
Solution Methods
Three methods of solving the harmonic equation of motion: Full method
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Default method, easiest of all. Uses full structure matrices. Unsymmetric matrices (e.g, acoustics) allowed.
are
Reduced method*
Uses reduced matrices, faster than full method. Requires master DOF selection, which results in approximate [M] and [C].
Mode superposition**
Sums factored mode shapes from a preceding modal analysis. Fastest of all methods.
*Not covered in this seminar; see ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide for information. **Discussed in Module 6.
March 14, 2003 Inventory #001809 3-10
Solution Methods
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Harmonic Analysis
C. Procedure
Four main steps: Build the model Choose analysis type and options Apply harmonic loads and solve Review results
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Training Manual
Linear elements and materials only. Nonlinearities are ignored. Remember density! Caution: You may inadvertently include harmonic thermal loads if both ALPX (coefficient of thermal expansion) and T are nonzero. To avoid this, set ALPX to zero. See also Modeling Considerations in Module 1.
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Choose from alpha damping, beta damping, and damping ratio. Damping ratio is most commonly used.
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Apply harmonic loads and solve All applied loads vary harmonically at the specified frequency Loads consist of:
Displacement constraints - zero or non-zero. Forces Pressures
Caution: If gravity and thermal loads are applied, they are also taken as harmonically varying loads!
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F2mx a
Amplitude and phase angle The load value (magnitude) represents the amplitude Fmax. Phase angle is the phase shift between two or more harmonic loads. Not required if only one load is present. Nonzero only valid for force and displacement harmonic loads.
Real
F1mx a
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Imaginary
F2mx a
Real
F1mx a
You can use APDL for these calculations, but make sure angular units are set to degrees (default is radians).
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Specified in cycles per second (Hertz) by a frequency range and number of substeps within that range. For example, a range of 0-50 Hz with 10 substeps gives solutions at frequencies of 5, 10, 15, , 45, and 50 Hz. Same range with 1 substep gives one solution at 50 Hz.
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With multiple substeps, loads can be applied gradually (ramped) or all at once in the first substep (stepped). Harmonic loads are usually stepped since the load value represents maximum amplitude.
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Review Results
Build the model Choose analysis type and options Apply harmonic loads and solve
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Since the displacements are out-of-phase with the applied loads (if damping is present), the phase angle at which the peak amplitude occurs needs to be determined.
To do this, first choose amplitude + phase format ...
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Notice that peak amplitude = 3.7 occurs at 48 Hz, - 85.7. Next step is to review displacements and stresses over the entire model at that frequency and phase angle (using POST1).
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Enter POST1 and list results summary to identify load step and substep number of critical frequency.
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Training Manual
Training Manual
In this workshop, you will examine the harmonic response of a fixedfixed beam to harmonic forces caused by rotating machinery mounted on the beam. See your Dynamics Workshop supplement for details Harmonic Analysis Workshop - Fixed-Fixed Beam, Page W-27