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What is RFID?
RFID RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION uses a semiconductor (micro-chip) in a tag or label to transmit stored data when the tag or label is exposed to radio waves of the correct frequency.
What Advantages Are There For RFID?
Non-Line-of-sight nature Tags can be read through substances -Snow -Fog -Ice -Paint -Crusted grime
Cont.. Reading is done without any human intervention Potential tracking of inventory on retail shelves and more efficient re-stocking reduce costs associated with labor, time, and efficiencies Automated reading and receipt of goods at dock door More reliable tracking of airline passenger and baggage Tracking children in theme parks Many more like Army, hospital, Thwart Laptop Theft, to Track Workers in factory etc..
History of RFID
DEVELOPED FOR DEFENSE INDUSTRY 20+ YEARS FOR MISSILE-TRACKING AND TELEMETRY SMALLER SIZE AND LOWER COST ALLOWED USE IN 1980S FOR ANIMAL AND INDUSTRIAL USES LARGE-SCALE IN EUROPE FOR ANIMAL TAGGING LARGE-SCALE USES IN THE U.S. FOR PARKING/TOLL ROADS
Changes Over Period Of Time
COST HAS DECREASED DUE TO IMPROVEMENTS IN MICRO-CHIPS AND COMPUTERS SMALLER MIRO-CHIP LINE WIDTH SIZE LOWERS POWER NEEDS AND SIZE OF THE CHIP COMPUTERS ARE FASTER/SMARTER: CAN DO MORE COMPLEX SIGNAL PROCESSING BETTER ANTENNAS ALLOW SMALLER TAGS THAT CAN BE EMBEDDED IN LABELS AND PRODUCTS
Recent Changes
LOWER-COST ANTENNA ON LABELS (PRINTED) HIGHER FREQUENCY MEANS MORE DATA TRANSMITTED MULTIPLE TAGS CAN BE READ IN SAME FIELD DIMENSION DEMAND FOR REAL-TIME TRACKING APPLICATIONS TO SUPPORT E-COMMERCE GLOBAL STANDARDS ARE IN DEVELOPMENT
FREQUENCY BAND
CHARACTERISTICS
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
LOW 100-500 KHz
SHORT TO MEDIUM READ RANGE INEXPENSIVE LOW READ SPEED
ACCESS CONTROL ANIMAL IDENTIFICATION INVENTORY CONTROL
HIGH 10-15MHz 850-950MHZ
SHORT TO MEDIUM READ RANGE POTENTIALLY INEXPENSIVE MEDIUM READING SPEED
ACCESS CONTROL SMART CARDS
ULTRA-HIGH 2.4-5.8 GHZ
LONG READ RANGE HIGH READING SPEED LINE OF SIGHT REQUIRED EXPENSIVE
RAILROAD CAR MONITORING TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEMS VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION
Components Of RFID System
THE ANTENNA THIS IS A COIL OF WOUND COPPER WIRE DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY TO EMIT RFID SIGNAL THE READER THE UNIT POWERS THE COIL OF WIRE KNOWN AS THE ANTENNA, FILTERS AND POWERS THEM FOR TRANSMISSION OVER DISTANCE THE INTERFACE THE UNIT INTERFACES THE READER TO AN INTELLIGENT DEVICE THE TRANSPONDER (TAG) A MEMORY DEVICE, USUALLY EEPROM, PROGRAMMED WITH A SERIES OF BITS
Handheld Readers
Criteria For Selecting Tag Type
TAG COST TAG READ RANGE -DISTANCE FROM TAG TO READER SINGLE VERSUS MUTIPLE READS DATA REQUIRED ONE SIZE DOES NOT FIT ALL
Securites
The tags can be set to have a security bit turned on in reserved memory block on the tag The tags can be used at only certain frequencies The tags have only certain read and write bits on the tag Security to protect the read-write options Password protected
What can go wrong?
RFID SYSTEMS CAN BE HARD TO DEBUG GOOD RFID ENGINEERS ARE HARD TO FIND UNKOWN RF SOURCES WELDING MACHINES ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINERY RF EMISSIONS IN AIRPORTS AND HOSPITALS
Key Scanning Issues
ISSUES/PROBLEMS 1. METAL/STEEL 2. DISTANCE 3. SPEED 4. OTHER RFID
