TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE Objectives

List of requirements

Theory

Procedure

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

References

EXPERIMENT 1 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT OBJECTIVE 1) To obtain the B-H curve for a single-phase transformer. 2) To obtain result for total magnetic flux. LIST OF REQUIREMENT 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Single phase variac 20V (164). 2A a.c ammeter. 300V voltmeter. 150V voltmeter (x3). Laminated core transformer 800/400,50 hz.

PART A : MAGNETIC CIRCUIT THEORY A magnetic circuit is made up of one or more closed loop paths containing a magnetic flux. The flux is usually generated by permanent magnets or electromagnets and confined to the path by magnetic cores consisting of ferromagnetic materials like iron, although there may be air gaps or other materials in the path. Magnetic circuits are employed to efficiently channel magnetic fields in many devices such as electric motors, generators, transformers, relays, lifting electromagnets, SQUIDs, galvanometers, and magnetic recording heads. The concept of a "magnetic circuit" exploits a one-to-one correspondence between the equations of the magnetic field in an unsaturated ferromagnetic material to that of an electrical circuit. Using this concept the magnetic fields of complex devices such as transformers can be quickly solved using the methods and techniques developed for electrical circuits.

=
r

r 0

is the permeability of the material

=is the relative permeability of the material (dimensionless) is the permeability of free space that is 0 = 4 107

0=

v1

v2

N1

Figure 1.1

PROCEDURE The transformer was examined and the values of N1=400,N2=400,L and A was recorded. The circuit as in figure 1.1 was completed. The variac reading was set up to zero and switched on. Started with a low input primary voltage(start with 100V), the primary current I1, and the opencircuited secondary voltage V2 were measured. The results was recorded in table 1.1. 5) Step 4 was repeated by increased by primary voltage in step,started from 100V until 220V. 1) 2) 3) 4) 6) The curves of Bm versus Hm and
r

versus Hm was ploted.

Result Part A

V1 (V) Primary Current, I1 (A) 100 0.27 110 0.31 120 0.34 130 0.39 140 0.41 150 0.45 160 0.49 170 0.54 180 0.59 190 0.63 200 0.70 210 0.76 220 0.82

Secondary Magnetic Voltage, Force, V2 (V) Hm = N1I L 45.0 752.839 49.5 863.855 54.6 947.453 58.5 1058.919 63.0 1142.517 67.5 1253.982 72.0 1365.448 75.0 1504.779 79.5 1644.110 84.0 1755.575 87.0 1950.639 91.5 2117.837 96.0 2285.035

Max.Flux Density, Bm=V2/4.44 N2A 0.563 0.619 0.683 0.732 0.788 0.845 0.900 0.938 0.995 1.051 1.089 1.145 1.201

r=B/oH

595.465 570.217 573.658 550.096 548.824 536.235 524.514 496.044 481.595 476.402 444.264 430.232 418.254

DISCUSSION 1) -All magnetic materials, once magnetized, retain some of their magnetization even when the magnetizing force is reduced to zero. -This effect is known as 'remanence' and results in the B-H curve for the material exhibiting a response to a decreasing magnetizing force that is different to the response to an increasing magnetizing force. -The slope of the B-H curve, the saturation level, and the size of the hysteresis loop are dependent on the type of material used. 2) The results is not accurate because while carrying the experiment maybe happen some errors such as gross error, environmental error and random error. So this is step to prevent that error. *gross error =taking proper care in reading and recording the measurement parameter,two or more reading should be taken by different experiment. * environmental error = use magnetic field to prevent from others to influence the reading

3) Advantages of ferrous-magnetic materials : **Ferrous material will allow for better coupling of the magnetic flux allowing for a smaller more efficient transformer than one made with non-ferrous materials. ** another advantages of ferrous-magnetic is it can be a permanent magnetic that is very strong permanet magnet. **Besides it is have some unpaired electrons so their atoms have a net magnetic moment. They get their strong magnetic properties due to the presence of magnetic domains within which the magnetic moments of all its atoms (1019) are aligned parallel to each other.

CONCLUSION Magnetic field and lines of flux now leads us to the definition of a magnetic circuit. A magnetic circuit can be described as a complete closed path followed by any group of lines of magnetic flux. A magnetic circuit is quite similar to an electrical circuit in terms of various parameters which are associated with the magnetic circuit, some of which are described as follows. Magneto-motive Force: just as electromotive force or emf makes electric current flow, similarly magnetomotive force or mmf makes the magnetic flux possible in a magnetic circuit. The units of mmf are ampere-turns, where turns signify the number of electric coil turns which is generating that mmf. Since number of terms is a dimensionless quantity, effectively the units of mmf are same as that of current, namely amperes. So from the experiment that we are carry out,the objectives was done in successfully that is to obtain the B-H curve for a single-phase transformer.

PART B : APPLICATION OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALOGIES IN MAGNETIC CIRCUIT THEORY When we using the analogies between magnetic circuits and electric circuits, the limitations of this analogy must be kept in mind. Electric and magnetic circuits are only superficially similar because of the similarity between Hopkinson's law and Ohm's law. Magnetic circuits have significant differences, which must be taken into account in their construction. Analagous to an electric circuit, The magnetic flux through a given surface is proportional to the number of magnetic field lines that pass through the surface. The total number of magnetic field passing through a junction, equal the total number of magnetic field that leave through a junction.

Figure 1.2

With a reference to figure 1.2, the current, I in winding Q produces a flux,

L.

At point P, part

flows

through branch M ( M) and the remainder flows through branch N ( N). Using electric circuit analogy and applying Kirchoff s current law to junction P, we have
L

or
L

=0

PROCEDURES 1) The circuit was connected as in figure 1.3 2) The variac voltage was increased in steps from 100 v to 200 v and the voltmeter readings had recorded in table 1.2 3) The number of turns for all windings had recorded and the branch flux was calculate by using Equation 1.7. = V 4.44fN

V1

N1 V2 V2

N2

N3

V3

v
V

Figure 1.3

Result Part B Vs(V) 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 V1(V) 23 25 28 30 31 34 36 38 40 42 45 V2(V) 51.801m 25 56.306m 30 63.063m 35 67.567m 39 69.819m 40 76.576m 45 81.081m 47 85.586m 50 90.090m 53 94.595m 55 101.351m 57
m1 m2

28.153m 33.784m 39.414m 43.919m 45.045m 50.676m 52.928m 56.306m 59.685m 61.937m 64.189m

V3(V) 7.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 11.0 12.0 13.0

m3

m2+ m3

15.766m 15.766m 15.766m 18.018m 18.018m 20.270m 22.523m 24.775m 24.775m 27.026m 29.279m

43.919 49.550 55.180 61.937 63.063 70.946 75.451 81.081 84.460 88.959 93.468

DISCUSSION 1) The value of magnetic field at magnetic flux

not equal to the value of magnetic field

m2 +

m3.

In this

case,when we total up the value of 2 magnetic flux

m3

should same with the value of

when minus this 2 value reading the answer should be zero.in this situation

we use kirchoff s current law. that we will found the sum of the fluxes entering a junction ( 2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8) 9)

equal to the sum of fluxes leaving a junction ( m2 + m3). A discrepancy of 2 reading maybe cause by energy loss in transfomer. Transfomer energy losses can be divided into losses in the windings, termed cooper loss, and those in the magnetic circuit, termed iron loss. Energy also loss when the magnetic flux passes through the air gap. The another problem is leakage transformers. The leakage transformer happen when a magnetic flux that passes or shunt are increase in its core between primary and secondary, which is sometimes adjustable with a set screw. This provides a transformer with an inherent current limitation due to the loose coupling between its primary and the secondary windings. The output and input currents are low enough to prevent thermal overload under all load conditions even if the secondary is shorted. That make the result are not accurate. Another problem that make the discrepancy is leakage flux. Leakage flux happen when some flux traverses paths that take it outside the windings. Leakage results in energy being alternately stored in and discharged from the magnetic fields with each cycle of the power supply. It is not directly a power loss, but results in inferior voltage regulation, causing the secondary voltage to fail to be directly proportional to the primary, particularly under heavy load. The way to prevent this problem, firstly we use an ideal transformers for avoid from energy losses in transformer. An ideal transformer would have no energy losses, and would be 100% efficient. In practical transformers energy is dissipated in the windings, core, and surrounding structures. Larger transformers are generally more efficient, and those rated for electricity distribution usually perform better than usually. Secondly, to prevent from leakage flux is we use the ideal transformer model. The ideal transformer model assumes that all flux generated by the primary winding links all the turns of every winding, including itself. Thirdly, to prevent the discrepancy of the reading, we need to make sure the variable of the transformer must be in good condition. The worse transformer can make the reading become not accurate and can be danger for ourself. The other things that we need to make sure is the type of core we use and condition of the core. The type of the core we use is important for make sure the reading that we get is correct. The environment place that we carry out the experiment must prevent from influences to make sure the reading aware from environmental error or gross error.

CONCLUSION Magnetism or magnetic circuit is important in almost all electrical device used today such as generator, motor, transformer, circuit breaker, television, computer, tape recorder, telephone and other else. As we know, transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. Based on the result of magnetic flux, we know that result is not accurate as a theory of magnetic circuit.the total reading of m1 is not equal with the total reading m2 + m3. The result should accurate but during the experiment have parallex error make the result become not accurate.

REFERENCES 1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_circuit 2) http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080805080533AAfo0yQ 3) http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/electrical/articles/3829.aspx 4) Ese 122 reference book. 5) Electric circuit reference book. 6) Theodore, W.(2002). Electrical machine, drive and power systems (5th ed.). upper saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. 7) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#Equivalent_circuit