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    CDMA Presentation

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    CDMA is a digital cellular technology that uses spread spectrum techniques to allow multiple users to access the same bandwidth. Unlike systems like GSM that use TDMA, CDMA does not assign specific frequencies, but rather uses coding to distinguish users. It was first developed for military use but was later commercialized. CDMA2000 and WCDMA are 3G CDMA standards that offer higher data rates than earlier CDMA standards like IS-95. Ongoing research focuses on increasing capacity and applying CDMA to new applications.

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    CDMA Presentation

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    5K views14 pages
    CDMA is a digital cellular technology that uses spread spectrum techniques to allow multiple users to access the same bandwidth. Unlike systems like GSM that use TDMA, CDMA does not assign specific frequencies, but rather uses coding to distinguish users. It was first developed for military use but was later commercialized. CDMA2000 and WCDMA are 3G CDMA standards that offer higher data rates than earlier CDMA standards like IS-95. Ongoing research focuses on increasing capacity and applying CDMA to new applications.

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    CDMA is a digital cellular technology that uses spread spectrum techniques to allow multiple users to access the same bandwidth. Unlike systems like GSM that use TDMA, CDMA does not assign specific frequencies, but rather uses coding to distinguish users. It was first developed for military use but was later commercialized. CDMA2000 and WCDMA are 3G CDMA standards that offer higher data rates than earlier CDMA standards like IS-95. Ongoing research focuses on increasing capacity and applying CDMA to new applications.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    5K views14 pages

    CDMA Presentation

    Uploaded by

    api-3768363
    CDMA is a digital cellular technology that uses spread spectrum techniques to allow multiple users to access the same bandwidth. Unlike systems like GSM that use TDMA, CDMA does not assign specific frequencies, but rather uses coding to distinguish users. It was first developed for military use but was later commercialized. CDMA2000 and WCDMA are 3G CDMA standards that offer higher data rates than earlier CDMA standards like IS-95. Ongoing research focuses on increasing capacity and applying CDMA to new applications.

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    Code Division Multiple Access

    (CDMA)
    What Is Code Division Multiple Access?

    • Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), is a


    digital cellular technology that uses spread-
    spectrum techniques.
    • Unlike competing systems, such as GSM, that
    use TDMA, CDMA does not assign a specific
    frequency to each user.
    • In CDMA every channel uses the full available
    spectrum.
    • CDMA in Technical Term IS-95.
    History And Development Of CDMA
    • CDMA is first used in military based communication technology used during
    World War II by English allies to Stop German attempts to decode
    transmissions.
    • A Company named Qualcomm created communications chips and designs
    for CDMA technology and later claimed patents on the technology.
    • Claude Shannon and Robert Pierce had provided CDMA
    framework in 1949.
    • De-Rosa-Rogoff defined the direct sequence spread spectrum method in
    1950.
    • Cellular spread-spectrum application was suggested by Cooper
    and Nettleton in 1978.
    • IS-95, the narrow band CDMA mobile network, has been
    standardized in 1993 and commercial networks were introduced
    in 1995.
    • 3G wideband CDMA systems, such as CDMA2000 in U.S. and
    European WCDMA developed from 1990s and still ongoing.
    CDMA Working Schemes
    • For Wireless systems there are two simple and common
    resources, frequency and time.
    • Division by frequency, so that each pair of communicators
    is allocated part of the spectrum for all of the time, results
    in Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).
    • Division by time, so that each pair of communicators is
    allocated all (or at least a large part) of the spectrum for
    part of the time results in Time Division Multiple Access
    (TDMA).
    • In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), every
    communicator will be allocated the entire spectrum all of
    the time. CDMA uses codes to identify connections.
    Multiple Access Schemes
    CDMA Coding Procedure
    • CDMA is based on Coding Theory.
    • Each station is assigned a code which is a
    sequence of numbers called CHIPS.
    • In this example we have four stations
    each has a sequence of chips which
    designate as A,B,C, and D.
    Rules For Encoding
    We Adopt the following Rules For Encoding.
    • If a station needs to send a 0 bit it sends -1.
    • If a station needs to send a 1 bit it sends +1.
    • When a Station is idle, it sends no signal which
    is represented by 0.
    CDMA Multiplexer
    CDMA Demultiplexer
    CDMA Different Systems

    • IS-95.
    • CDMA-2000 (which is also called WCDMA
    in Europe).
    IS-95 System
    • Mainly used in U.S.
    • Standard was finished in 1993 and first commercially
    launched in 1996
    • Basic data rate is 9,6 kbps
    • Chip rate of 1.2288 Mchip/s
    • Allocated bandwidth is 1.25 MHz
    • “CDMA-One” was launched in 1999 with data rates up to
    115,5 kbps
    • Fixed spreading code of length 64
    • Uses pilot channel in downlink direction to provide
    synchronization,
    • channel tracking, and handover functions. In the uplink
    direction,
    • orthogonal modulation is used, which permits the more robust
    non-coherent demodulation to be used.
    CDMA-2000
    The third generation evolution phase of IS-95A/B
    • CDMA2000 1x
    • Offer up to 307 kbps data rates (compare to EDGE)
    • Use same 1.25 MHz as IS-95/CDMAOne
    • CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
    • CDMA2000 1xEV-DO delivers peak data speeds of 2.4Mbps and supports
    applications such as MP3 transfers and video conferencing
    • CDMA2000 1xEV-DV
    • CDMA2000 1xEV-DV provides integrated voice and simultaneous high-
    speed packet data multimedia services at speeds of up to 3.09 Mbps.
    • 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV are both backward compatible with CDMA2000
    • 1X and CDMAOne.
    • The first 3G networks to be commercially deployed were launched in
    Korea in October 2000.
    Future Of CDMA
    • CDMA has overcome most cynicism to dominate the
    worldwide wireless voice market.
    • What about data services? Scheduling vs.Inteference Averaging
    • CDMA appears to be an underdog for 4G, but still may win
    • Ongoing research on CDMA
    • Increase capacity by joint decoding (multiuser detection &
    interference cancellation)
    • Applying CDMA to other applications: optical CDMA, adhoc
    networks, dense wireless LANs etc.
    • “MultiCDMA”: multiple antenna CDMA, multicarrier CDMA,
    multicode CDMA etc.
    Conclusion
    • CDMA is probably the most interesting multiple access
    method provided by spread-spectrum technology
    • Nowadays systems such as CDMA2000, its evolution versions,
    and European WCDMA are becoming more and more popular,
    as the networks are open commercially around the world.
    • CDMA appears to be an underdog for 4G, but still may win.
    • Ongoing researches on CDMA are as follows.
    • Increase capacity by joint decoding (multi-user detection &
    interference cancellation)
    • Applying CDMA to other applications: optical CDMA, ad hoc
    networks, dense wireless LANs.
    • “Multi-CDMA”: multiple antenna CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA, multi-
    code CDMA

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