CH 03

Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 1
Chapter 3
Descriptive Statistics

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

The focus of Chapter 3 is on the use of statistical techniques to describe data, thereby
enabling you to:

1. Distinguish between measures of central tendency, measures of variability, and
measures of shape.

2. Understand conceptually the meanings of mean, median, mode, quartile,
percentile, and range.

3. Compute mean, median, mode, percentile, quartile, range, variance, standard
deviation, and mean absolute deviation on ungrouped data.

4. Differentiate between sample and population variance and standard deviation.

5. Understand the meaning of standard deviation as it is applied using the empirical
rule and Chebyshevs theorem.

6. Compute the mean, median, standard deviation, and variance on grouped data.

7. Understand box and whisker plots, skewness, and kurtosis.
8. Compute a coefficient of correlation and interpret it.

CHAPTER TEACHING STRATEGY

In chapter 2, the student learned how to summarize data by constructing
frequency distributions (grouping data) and by using graphical depictions. Much of the
time, statisticians need to describe data by using single numerical measures. Chapter 3
presents a cadre of statistical measures for describing numerically sets of data.

It can be emphasized in this chapter that there are at least two major dimensions
along which data can be described. One is the measure of central tendency with which
statisticians attempt to describe the more central portions of the data. Included here are
the mean, median, mode, percentiles, and quartiles. It is important to establish that the

median is a useful device for reporting some business data such as income and housing
costs because it tends to ignore the extremes. On the other hand, the mean utilizes every
number of a data set in its computation. This makes the mean an attractive tool in
statistical analysis.

A second major category of descriptive statistical techniques are the measures of
variability. Students can understand that a measure of central tendency is often not
enough to fully describe data. The measure of variability helps the researcher get a
handle on the spread of the data. An attempt is made in this text to communicate to the
student that through the use of the empirical rule and through Chebyshevs Theorem,
students can better understand what a standard deviation means. The empirical rule will
be referred to quite often throughout the course; and therefore, it is important to
emphasize it as a rule of thumb. For example, in discussing control charts in chapter 17,
the upper and lower control limits are established by using the range of + 3 standard
deviations of the statistic as limits within which virtually all points should fall if the
process is in control. z scores are presented mainly to help bridge the gap between the
discussion of means and standard deviations in chapter 3 and the normal curve of chapter
6.

It should be emphasized that the calculation of measures of central tendency and
variability for grouped data is different than for ungrouped or raw data. While the
principles are the same for the two types of data, the implementation of the formulas are
different. Grouped data are represented by the class midpoints rather than computation
based on raw values. For this reason, the student should be cautioned that group statistics
are often just approximations.

Measures of shape are useful in helping the researcher describe a distribution of
data. The Pearsonian coefficient of skewness is a handy tool for ascertaining the degree
of skewness in the distribution. Box and Whisker plots can be used to determine the
presence of skewness in a distribution and to locate outliers. The coefficient of
correlation is introduced here instead of chapter 13 (regression chapter) so that the
student can begin to think about two variable relationships and analyses. Since the
coefficient of correlation is a stand-alone statistic, it is appropriate to present it here. In
addition, when the student studies simple regression in chapter 13, there will be a
foundation upon which to build. All in all, chapter 3 is quite important because it
presents some of the building blocks for many of the later chapters.

CHAPTER OUTLINE

3.1 Measures of Central Tendency: Ungrouped Data
Mode
Median
Mean
Percentiles

Quartiles

3.2 Measures of Variability - Ungrouped Data
Range
Interquartile Range
Mean Absolute Deviation, Variance, and Standard Deviation
Mean Absolute Deviation
Variance
Standard Deviation
Meaning of Standard Deviation
Empirical Rule
Chebyshevs Theorem
Population Versus Sample Variance and Standard Deviation
Computational Formulas for Variance and Standard Deviation
Z Scores
Coefficient of Variation

3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Variability - Grouped Data
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean
Mode
Measures of Variability

3.4 Measures of Shape
Skewness
Skewness and the Relationship of the Mean, Median, and Mode
Coefficient of Skewness
Kurtosis
Box and Whisker Plot

3.5 Measures of Association

Correlation

3.6 Descriptive Statistics on the Computer

KEY TERMS

Arithmetic Mean Measures of Variability
Bimodal Median
Box and Whisker Plot Mesokurtic
Chebyshevs Theorem Mode
Coefficient of Correlation (r) Multimodal
Coefficient of Skewness Percentiles

Coefficient of Variation (CV) Platykurtic
Deviation from the Mean Quartiles
Empirical Rule Range
Interquartile Range Skewness
Kurtosis Standard Deviation
Leptokurtic Sum of Squares of x
Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) Variance
Measures of Central Tendency z Score
Measures of Shape

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS IN CHAPTER 3

3.1 Mode

2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9
The mode = 4
4 is the most frequently occurring value

3.2 Median for values in 3.1
Arrange in ascending order:
2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9
There are 15 terms.
Since there are an odd number of terms, the median is the middle number.
The median = 4

Using the formula, the median is located
at the n + 1 th term = 15+1 = 16 = 8
th
term
2 2 2
The 8
th
term = 4

3.3 Median
Arrange terms in ascending order:
073, 167, 199, 213, 243, 345, 444, 524, 609, 682
There are 10 terms.
Since there are an even number of terms, the median is the average of the
two middle terms:

Median = 243 + 345 = 588 = 294
2 2


Using the formula, the median is located at the n + 1 th term.
2

n = 10 therefore 10 + 1 = 11 = 5.5
th
term.
2 2

The median is located halfway between the 5
th
and 6
th
terms.
5
th
term = 243 6
th
term = 345
Halfway between 243 and 345 is the median = 294
3.4 Mean
17.3
44.5 = x/N = 333.6/8 = 41.7
31.6
40.0
52.8 x = x/n = 333.6/8 = 41.7
38.8
30.1
78.5 (It is not stated in the problem whether the
x = 333.6 data represent as population or a sample).

3.5 Mean
7
-2
5 = x/N = -12/12 = -1
9
0
-3
-6 x = x/n = -12/12 = -1
-7
-4
-5
2
-8 (It is not stated in the problem whether the
x = -12 data represent a population or a sample).

3.6 Rearranging the data into ascending order:

11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34

25 . 5 ) 15 (
100
35
= = i

P
35
is located at the 5 + 1 = 6
th
term


P
35
= 19

25 . 8 ) 15 (
100
55
= = i

P
55
th
term

P
55
= 27

Q
1
= P
25

75 . 3 ) 15 (
100
25
= = i

Q
1
= P
25
th
term

Q
1
= 17

Q
2
= Median

The median is located at the term
th
th
8
2
1 15
= |
\
| +

Q
2
= 25

Q
3
= P
75

25 . 11 ) 15 (
100
75
= = i

Q
3
= P
75
th
term

Q
3
= 30

3.7 Rearranging the data in ascending order:

80, 94, 97, 105, 107, 112, 116, 116, 118, 119, 120, 127,

128, 138, 138, 139, 142, 143, 144, 145, 150, 162, 171, 172

n = 24


8 . 4 ) 24 (
100
20
= = i

P
20
th
term

P
20
= 107

28 . 11 ) 24 (
100
47
= = i

P
47
th
term

P
47
= 127

92 . 19 ) 24 (
100
83
= = i

P
83
th
term

P
83
= 145

Q
1
= P
25

6 ) 24 (
100
25
= = i

Q
1
is located at the 6.5
th
term

Q
1
= (112 + 116)/ 2 = 114

Q
2
= Median

The median is located at the:

term
th
th
5 . 12
2
1 24
= |
\
| +

Q
2
= (127 + 128)/ 2 = 127.5

Q
3
= P
75

18 ) 24 (
100
75
= = i


Q
3
th
term

Q
3
= (143 + 144)/ 2 = 143.5

3.8 Mean = 87 . 870 , 2
15
063 , 43
= =
N
x

The median is located at the
th
|
\
| +
2
1 15
= 8
th
term
Median = 2,264

Q
2
= Median = 2,264

45 . 9 ) 15 (
100
63
= = i

P
63
th
term

P
63
= 2,646

3.9 The median is located at the
th
th
5 . 5
2
1 10
= |
\
| +
position

The median = (595 + 653)/2 = 624

Q
3
= P
75
: 5 . 7 ) 10 (
100
75
= = i

P
75
is located at the 7+1 = 8
th
term

Q
3
= 751

For P
20
:

2 ) 10 (
100
20
= = i

P
20
th
term

P
20
= (483 + 489)/2 = 486

For P
60
:

6 ) 10 (
100
60
= = i

P
60
th
term

P
60
= (653 + 701)/2 = 677

For P
80
:

8 ) 10 (
100
80
= = i

P
80
th
term

P
80
= (751 + 800)/2 = 775.5
For P
93
:

3 . 9 ) 10 (
100
93
= = i

P
93
is located at the 9+1 = 10
th
term

P
93
= 1096

3.10 n = 17

Mean = 59 . 3
17
61
= =
N
x

The median is located at the
th
|
\
| +
2
1 17
= 9
th
term

Median = 4

Mode = 4

Q
3
= P
75
: i = 75 . 12 ) 17 (
100
75
=

Q
3
is located at the 13
th
term

Q
3
= 4

P
11
: i = 87 . 1 ) 17 (
100
11
=


P
11
is located at the 2
nd
term

P
11
= 1

P
35
: i = 95 . 5 ) 17 (
100
35
=

P
35
is located at the 6
th
term

P
35
= 3

P
58
: i = 86 . 9 ) 17 (
100
58
=

P
58
th
term

P
58
= 4

P
67
: i = 39 . 11 ) 17 (
100
67
=

P
67
th
term

P
67
= 4

3.11 x x - (x-)
2

6 6-4.2857 = 1.7143 2.9388
2 2.2857 5.2244
4 0.2857 .0816
9 4.7143 22.2246
1 3.2857 10.7958
3 1.2857 1.6530
5 0.7143 .5102
x = 30 x- = 14.2857 (x -)
2
= 43.4284

2857 . 4
7
30
= =
=
N
x

a.) Range = 9 - 1 = 8

b.) M.A.D. = = =

7
2857 . 14
N
x
2.041


c.)
2
=
7
4284 . 43 ) (
2
=

N
x
= 6.204

d.) = 204 . 6
) (
2
=

N
x
= 2.491

e.) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9

Q
1
= P
25

i = ) 7 (
100
25
= 1.75

Q
1
th
term, Q
1
= 2

Q
3
= P
75
:
i = ) 7 (
100
75
= 5.25

Q
3
th
term, Q
3
= 6

IQR = Q
3
- Q
1
= 6 - 2 = 4

f.) z =
491 . 2
2857 . 4 6
= 0.69

z =
491 . 2
2857 . 4 2
= -0.92

z =
491 . 2
2857 . 4 4
= -0.11

z =
491 . 2
2857 . 4 9
= 1.89

z =
491 . 2
2857 . 4 1
= -1.32

z =
491 . 2
2857 . 4 3
= -0.52


z =
491 . 2
2857 . 4 5
= 0.29

3.12 x x x
2
) ( x x
4 0 0
3 1 1
0 4 16
5 1 1
2 2 4
9 5 25
4 0 0
5 1 1
x = 32 x x = 14
2
) ( x x = 48

8
32
=
=
n
x
x = 4

a) Range = 9 - 0 = 9

b) M.A.D. =
8
14
=

n
x x
= 1.75

c) s
2
=
7
48
1
) (
2
=

n
x x
= 6.857

d) s = 857 . 6
1
) (
2
=

n
x x
= 2.619

e) Numbers in order: 0, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 9

Q
1
= P
25

i = ) 8 (
100
25
= 2

Q
1
is located at the average of the 2
nd
and 3
rd
terms, Q
1
= (2 + 3)/2 =
2.5
th
term

Q
1
= 2.5


Q
3
= P
75

i = ) 8 (
100
75
= 6

Q
3
th
and 7
th
terms

Q
3
= (5 + 5)/2 = 5

IQR = Q
3
- Q
1
= 5 - 2.5 = 2.5

3.13 a.)
x (x-) (x -)
2

12 12-21.167= -9.167 84.034
23 1.833 3.360
19 -2.167 4.696
26 4.833 23.358
24 2.833 8.026
23 1.833 3.360
x = 127 (x -) = -0.002 (x -)
2
= 126.834

=
6
127
=
N
x
= 21.167

= 139 . 21
6
834 . 126 ) (
2
= =

N
x
= 4.598 ORIGINAL FORMULA

b.)
x x
2

12 144
23 529
19 361
26 676
24 576
23 529
x = 127 x
2
= 2815


=

138 . 21
6
83 . 126
6
17 . 2688 2815
6
6
) 127 (
2815
) (
2 2
2
= =

N
N
x
x

= 4.598 SHORT-CUT FORMULA

The short-cut formula is faster.

3.14 s
2
= 433.9267

s = 20.8309

x = 1387
x
2
= 87,365
n = 25
x = 55.48

3.15

2
= 58,631.359

= 242.139

x = 6886

x
2
= 3,901,664

n = 16

= 430.375

3.16
14, 15, 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 27, 35, 37, 38, 39, 39, 40, 44,
46, 58, 59, 59, 70, 71, 73, 82, 84, 90

Q
1
= P
25

i = ) 25 (
100
25
= 6.25

P
25
th
term


Q
1
= 25

Q
3
= P
75

i = ) 25 (
100
75
= 18.75

P
75
th
term

Q
3
= 59

IQR = Q
3
- Q
1
= 59 - 25 = 34

3.17

a) 75 .
4
3
4
1
1
2
1
1
2
= = =

b) 84 .
25 . 6
1
1
5 . 2
1
1
2
= =

c) 609 .
56 . 2
1
1
6 . 1
1
1
2
= =

d) 902 .
24 . 10
1
1
2 . 3
1
1
2
= =

3.18

Set 1:

5 . 65
4
262
1
= =
=
N
x

4
4
) 262 (
970 , 17
) (
2 2
2
1

=
N
N
x
x
= 14.2215

Set 2:

5 . 142
4
570
2
= =
=
N
x


4
4
) 570 (
070 , 82
) (
2 2
2
2

=
N
N
x
x
= 14.5344

CV
1
= ) 100 (
5 . 65
2215 . 14
= 21.71%

CV
2
= ) 100 (
5 . 142
5344 . 14
= 10.20%

3.19
x x x
2
) ( x x
7 1.833 3.361
5 3.833 14.694
10 1.167 1.361
12 3.167 10.028
9 0.167 0.028
8 0.833 0.694
14 5.167 26.694
3 5.833 34.028
11 2.167 4.694
13 4.167 17.361
8 0.833 0.694
6 2.833 8.028
106 32.000 121.665

12
106
=
=
n
x
x = 8.833

a) MAD =
12
32
=

n
x x
= 2.667

b) s
2
=
11
665 . 121
1
) (
2
=

n
x x
= 11.06

c) s = 06 . 11
2
= s = 3.326

d) Rearranging terms in order:

3 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14


Q
1
= P
25
: i = (.25)(12) = 3

Q
1
= the average of the 3
rd
and 4
th
terms:

Q
1
= (6 + 7)/2 = 6.5

Q
3
= P
75
: i = (.75)(12) = 9

Q
3
= the average of the 9
th
and 10
th
terms:

Q
3
= (11 + 12)/2 = 11.5

IQR = Q
3
- Q
1
= 11.5 - 9 = 2.5

e.) z =
326 . 3
833 . 8 6
= - 0.85

f.) CV =
833 . 8
) 100 )( 326 . 3 (
= 37.65%

3.20 n = 11 x x-
768 475.64
429 136.64
323 30.64
306 13.64
286 6.36
262 30.36
215 77.36
172 120.36
162 130.36
148 144.36
145 147.36
x = 3216 x- = 1313.08

= 292.36 x = 3216 x
2
= 1,267,252

a.) range = 768 - 145 = 623

b.) MAD =
11
08 . 1313
=

N
x
= 119.37


c.)
2
=
11
11
) 3216 (
252 , 267 , 1
) (
2 2
2

N
N
x
x
= 29,728.23

d.) = 23 . 728 , 29 = 172.42

e.) Q
1
= P
25
: i = .25(11) = 2.75

Q
1
rd
term

Q
1
= 162

Q
3
= P
75
: i = .75(11) = 8.25

Q
3
th
term

Q
3
= 323

IQR = Q
3
- Q
1
= 323 - 162 = 161

f.) x
nestle
= 172

Z =
42 . 172
36 . 292 172
=
x
= -0.70

g.) CV = ) 100 (
36 . 292
42 . 172
) 100 ( =
= 58.98%

3.21 = 125 = 12

68% of the values fall within:

1 = 125 1(12) = 125 12

between 113 and 137

95% of the values fall within:

2 = 125 2(12) = 125 24

between 101 and 149

99.7% of the values fall within:


3 = 125 3(12) = 125 36

between 89 and 161

3.22 = 38 = 6

between 26 and 50:

x
1
- = 50 - 38 = 12
x
2
- = 26 - 38 = -12

6
12
1
=
x
= 2

6
12
2

=
x
= -2

K = 2, and since the distribution is not normal, use Chebyshevs theorem:

4
3
4
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2 2
= = =
K
= .75

at least 75% of the values will fall between 26 and 50

between 14 and 62? = 38 = 6

x
1
- = 62 - 38 = 24
x
2
- = 14 - 38 = -24

6
24
1
=
x
= 4

6
24
2

=
x
= -4

K = 4

16
15
16
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
2 2
= = =
K
= .9375

at least 93.75% of the values fall between 14 and 62

between what 2 values do at least 89% of the values fall?


1 -
2
1
K
=.89

.11 =
2
1
K

.11 K
2
= 1

K
2
=
11 .
1

K
2
= 9.09

K = 3.015

With = 38, = 6 and K = 3.015 at least 89% of the values fall within:

3.015

38 3.015 (6)

38 18.09

19.91 and 56.09

3.23 1 -
2
1
K
= .80

1 - .80 =
2
1
K

.20 =
2
1
K

.20K
2
= 1

K
2
= 5 and K = 2.236

2.236 standard deviations

3.24 = 43. within 68% of the values lie + 1

1 = 46 - 43 = 3

within 99.7% of the values lie + 3

3 = 51 - 43 = 8

= 2.67

= 28 and 77% of the values lie between 24 and 32 or + 4 from the mean:

1 -
2
1
K
= .77

k
2
= 4.3478

k = 2.085

2.085 = 4

=
085 . 2
4
= 1.918

3.25 = 29 = 4

x
1
- = 21 - 29 = -8
x
2
- = 37 - 29 = +8

4
8
1

=
x
= -2 Standard Deviations

4
8
2
=
x
= 2 Standard Deviations

Since the distribution is normal, the empirical rule states that 95% of
the values fall within 2 .

Exceed 37 days:

Since 95% fall between 21 and 37 days, 5% fall outside this range. Since the normal
distribution is symmetrical 2% fall below 21 and above 37.

Thus, 2% lie above the value of 37.

Exceed 41 days:


4
12
4
29 41
=
x
= 3 Standard deviations

The empirical rule states that 99.7% of the values fall
within 3 = 29 3(4) = 29 12

between 17 and 41, 99.7% of the values will fall.

0.3% will fall outside this range.

Half of this or .15% will lie above 41.

Less than 25: = 29 = 4

4
4
4
29 25
=
x
= -1 Standard Deviation

According to the empirical rule:

1 contains 68% of the values

29 1(4) = 29 4

from 25 to 33.

32% lie outside this range with (32%) = 16% less than 25.

3.26 x
97
109
111
118
120
130
132
133
137
137
x = 1224 x
2
= 151,486 n = 10 x = 122.4 s = 13.615

Bordeaux: x = 137

z =
615 . 13
4 . 122 137
= 1.07

Montreal: x = 130

z =
615 . 13
4 . 122 130
= 0.56

Edmonton: x = 111

z =
615 . 13
4 . 122 111
= -0.84

Hamilton: x = 97

z =
615 . 13
4 . 122 97
= -1.87

3.27 Mean

Class f M fM
0 - 2 39 1 39
2 - 4 27 3 81
4 - 6 16 5 80
6 - 8 15 7 105
8 - 10 10 9 90
10 - 12 8 11 88
12 - 14 6 13 78
f=121 fM=561

=
121
561
=
f
fM
= 4.64

Mode: The modal class is 0 2.
The midpoint of the modal class = the mode = 1

3.28
Class f M fM
1.2 - 1.6 220 1.4 308
1.6 - 2.0 150 1.8 270
2.0 - 2.4 90 2.2 198
2.4 - 2.8 110 2.6 286
2.8 - 3.2 280 3.0 840
f=850 fM=1902

Mean: =
850
1902
=
f
fM
= 2.24

Mode: The modal class is 2.8 3.2.
The midpoint of the modal class is the mode = 3.0

3.29 Class f M fM

20-30 7 25 175
30-40 11 35 385
40-50 18 45 810
50-60 13 55 715
60-70 6 65 390
70-80 4 75 300

Total 59 2775

=
59
2775
=
f
fM
= 47.034

M - (M - )
2
f(M - )
2

-22.0339 485.4927 3398.449
-12.0339 144.8147 1592.962
- 2.0339 4.1367 74.462
7.9661 63.4588 824.964
17.9661 322.7808 1936.685
27.9661 782.1028 3128.411
Total 10,955.933

2
=
59
93 . 955 , 10 ) (
2
=

f
M f
= 185.694

= 694 . 185 = 13.627

3.30 Class f M fM fM
2

5 - 9 20 7 140 980
9 - 13 18 11 198 2,178
13 - 17 8 15 120 1,800
17 - 21 6 19 114 2,166
21 - 25 2 23 46 1,058
f=54 fM= 618 fm
2
= 8,182

s
2
=
53
7 . 7071 8182
53
54
) 618 (
8182
1
) (
2 2
2

n
n
fM
fM
= 20.9


s = 9 . 20
2
= S = 4.57

2

18 - 24 17 21 357 7,497
24 - 30 22 27 594 16,038
30 - 36 26 33 858 28,314
36 - 42 35 39 1,365 53,235
42 - 48 33 45 1,485 66,825
48 - 54 30 51 1,530 78,030
54 - 60 32 57 1,824 103,968
60 - 66 21 63 1,323 83,349
66 - 72 15 69 1,035 71,415
f= 231 fM= 10,371 fM
2
= 508,671

a.) Mean:
231
371 , 10
=
=
f
fM
n
fM
x = 44.9

b.) Mode. The Modal Class = 36-42. The mode is the class midpoint = 39

c.) s
2
=
230
5 . 053 , 43
230
231
) 371 , 10 (
671 , 508
1
) (
2 2
2
=

n
n
fM
fM
= 187.2

d.) s = 2 . 187 = 13.7

3.32

a.) Mean

Class f M fM fM
2

0 - 1 31 0.5 15.5 7.75
1 - 2 57 1.5 85.5 128.25
2 - 3 26 2.5 65.0 162.50
3 - 4 14 3.5 49.0 171.50
4 - 5 6 4.5 27.0 121.50
5 - 6 3 5.5 16.5 90.75
f=137 fM=258.5 fM
2
=682.25

=
137
5 . 258
=
f
fM
= 1.89


b.) Mode: Modal Class = 1-2. Mode = 1.5

c.) Variance:

2
=
137
137
) 5 . 258 (
25 . 682
) (
2 2
2

N
N
fM
fM
= 1.4197

d.) standard Deviation:

= 4197 . 1
2
= = 1.1915

3.33 f M fM fM
2

20-30 8 25 200 5000
30-40 7 35 245 8575
40-50 1 45 45 2025
50-60 0 55 0 0
60-70 3 65 195 12675
70-80 1 75 75 5625
f = 20 fM = 760 fM
2
= 33900

a.) Mean:

=
20
760
=
f
fM
= 38

b.) Mode. The Modal Class = 20-30. The mode is the
midpoint of this class = 25.

c.) Variance:

2
=
20
20
) 760 (
900 , 33
) (
2 2
2

N
N
fM
fM
= 251

d.) Standard Deviation:

= 251
2
= = 15.843

3.34 No. of Farms f M fM

0 - 20,000 16 10,000 160,000
20,000 - 40,000 11 30,000 330,000
40,000 - 60,000 10 50,000 500,000
60,000 - 80,000 6 70,000 420,000
80,000 - 100,000 5 90,000 450,000
100,000 - 120,000 1 110,000 110,000

f = 49 fM
2
= 1,970,000

=
49
000 , 970 , 1
=
f
fM
= 40,204

The actual mean for the ungrouped data is 37,816. This computed group
mean, 40,204, is really just an approximation based on using the class
midpoints in the calculation. Apparently, the actual numbers of farms per
state in some categories do not average to the class midpoint and in fact
might be less than the class midpoint since the actual mean is less than the
grouped data mean.

fM
2
= 1.185x10
11

2
=
49
49
) 10 97 . 1 (
10 18 . 1
) (
2 6
11
2
2
x
x
N
N
fm
fM
=

= 801,999,167

= 28,319.59

The actual standard deviation was 29,341. The difference again is due to
the grouping of the data and the use of class midpoints to represent the
data. The class midpoints due not accurately reflect the raw data.

3.35 mean = $35
median = $33
mode = $21

The stock prices are skewed to the right. While many of the stock prices
are at the cheaper end, a few extreme prices at the higher end pull the
mean.

3.36 mean = 51
median = 54

mode = 59

The distribution is skewed to the left. More people are older but the most
extreme ages are younger ages.

3.37 S
k
=
59 . 9
) 19 . 3 51 . 5 ( 3 ) ( 3
=
d
M
= 0.726

3.38 n = 25 x = 600

x = 24 x
2
= 15,462 s = 6.6521

S
k
=
6521 . 6
) 23 24 ( 3 ) ( 3
=
s
M x
d
= 0.451

There is a slight skewness to the right

3.39 Q
1
= 500. Median = 558.5. Q
3
= 589.

IQR = 589 - 500 = 89

Inner Fences: Q
1
- 1.5 IQR = 500 - 1.5 (89) = 366.5

and Q
3
+ 1.5 IQR = 589 + 1.5 (89) = 722.5

Outer Fences: Q
1
- 3.0 IQR = 500 - 3 (89) = 233

and Q
3
+ 3.0 IQR = 589 + 3 (89) = 856

The distribution is negatively skewed. There are no mild or extreme
outliers.

3.40 n = 18 Q
1
= P
25
:

i = ) 18 (
100
25
= 4.5

Q
1
= 5
th
term = 66

Q
3
= P
75
:

i = ) 18 (
100
75
= 13.5

Q
3
= 14
th
term = 90

Median:
th th th
n
2
19
2
) 1 18 (
2
) 1 (
=
+
=
+
= 9.5
th
term

Median = 74

IQR = Q
3
- Q
1
= 90 - 66 = 24

Inner Fences: Q
1
- 1.5 IQR = 66 - 1.5 (24) = 30

Q
3
+ 1.5 IQR = 90 + 1.5 (24) = 126

Outer Fences: Q
1
- 3.0 IQR = 66 - 3.0 (24) = -6

Q
3
+ 3.0 IQR = 90 + 3.0 (24) = 162

There are no extreme outliers. The only mild outlier is 21. The
distribution is positively skewed since the median is nearer to Q
1
than Q
3
.

3.41 x = 80 x
2
= 1,148 y = 69
y
2
= 815 xy = 624 n = 7

r =
(
(
(
(

n
y
y
n
x
x
n
y x
xy
2
2
2
2
) ( ) (
=

r =
(
7
) 69 (
815
7
) 80 (
148 , 1
7
) 69 )( 80 (
624
2 2

=
) 857 . 134 )( 714 . 233 (
571 . 164
=

r =
533 . 177
571 . 164
= -0.927


3.42 x = 1,087 x
2
= 322,345 y = 2,032
y
2
= 878,686 xy= 507,509 n = 5

r =
(
(
(
(

n
y
y
n
x
x
n
y x
xy
2
2
2
2
) ( ) (
=

r =
(
5
) 032 , 2 (
686 , 878
5
) 087 , 1 (
345 , 322
5
) 032 , 2 )( 087 , 1 (
509 , 507
2 2
=

r =
) 2 . 881 , 52 )( 2 . 031 , 86 (
2 . 752 , 65
=
5 . 449 , 67
2 . 752 , 65

= .975

3.43 Delta (x) SW (y)

47.6 15.1
46.3 15.4
50.6 15.9
52.6 15.6
52.4 16.4
52.7 18.1

x = 302.2 y = 96.5 xy = 4,870.11
x
2
= 15,259.62 y
2
= 1,557.91

r =
(
(
(
(

n
y
y
n
x
x
n
y x
xy
2
2
2
2
) ( ) (

=


r =
(
6
) 5 . 96 (
91 . 557 , 1
6
) 2 . 302 (
62 . 259 , 15
6
) 5 . 96 )( 2 . 302 (
11 . 870 , 4
2 2
= .6445

3.44 x = 6,087 x
2
= 6,796,149
y = 1,050 y
2
= 194,526
xy = 1,130,483 n = 9

r =
(
(
(
(

n
y
y
n
x
x
n
y x
xy
2
2
2
2
) ( ) (
=

r =
(
9
) 050 , 1 (
526 , 194
9
) 087 , 6 (
149 , 796 , 6
9
) 050 , 1 )( 087 , 6 (
483 , 130 , 1
2 2
=

r =
) 026 , 72 )( 308 , 679 , 2 (
333 , 420
=
705 . 294 , 439
333 , 420
= .957

3.45 Correlation between Year 1 and Year 2:

x = 17.09 x
2
= 58.7911
y = 15.12 y
2
= 41.7054
xy = 48.97 n = 8

r =
(
(
(
(

n
y
y
n
x
x
n
y x
xy
2
2
2
2
) ( ) (
=


r =
(
8
) 12 . 15 (
7054 . 41
8
) 09 . 17 (
7911 . 58
8
) 12 . 15 )( 09 . 17 (
97 . 48
2 2
=

r =
) 1286 . 13 )( 28259 . 22 (
6699 . 16
=
1038 . 17
6699 . 16
= .975

Correlation between Year 2 and Year 3:
x = 15.12 x
2
= 41.7054
y = 15.86 y
2
= 42.0396
xy = 41.5934 n = 8

r =
(
(
(
(

n
y
y
n
x
x
n
y x
xy
2
2
2
2
) ( ) (
=

r =
(
8
) 86 . 15 (
0396 . 42
8
) 12 . 15 (
7054 . 41
8
) 86 . 15 )( 12 . 15 (
5934 . 41
2 2
=

r =
) 59715 . 10 )( 1286 . 13 (
618 . 11
=
795 . 11
618 . 11
= .985

Correlation between Year 1 and Year 3:

x = 17.09 x
2
= 58.7911
y = 15.86 y
2
= 42.0396
xy = 48.5827 n = 8

r =
(
(
(
(

n
y
y
n
x
x
n
y x
xy
2
2
2
2
) ( ) (
=


r =
(
8
) 86 . 15 (
0396 . 42
8
) 09 . 17 (
7911 . 58
8
) 86 . 15 )( 09 . 17 (
5827 . 48
2 2

r =
) 5972 . 10 )( 2826 . 2 (
702 . 14
=
367 . 15
702 . 14
= .957

The years 2 and 3 are the most correlated with r = .985.

3.46 Arranging the values in an ordered array:

1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 8

Mean:
30
75
=
=
n
x
x = 2.5
Mode = 2 (There are eleven 2s)

Median: There are n = 30 terms.

The median is located at
2
21
2
1 30
2
1
=
+
=
+
th
n
= 15.5
th
position.

Median is the average of the 15
th
and 16
th
value.

However, since these are both 2, the median is 2.

Range = 8 - 1 = 7

Q
1
= P
25
:

i = ) 30 (
100
25
= 7.5

Q
1
is the 8
th
term = 1

Q
3
= P
75
:

i = ) 30 (
100
75
= 22.5

Q
3
is the 23
rd
term = 3

IQR = Q
3
- Q
1
= 3 - 1 = 2

3.47 P
10
:

i = ) 40 (
100
10
= 4

P
10
= 4.5
th
term = 23

P
80
:

i = ) 40 (
100
80
= 32

P
80
= 32.5
th
term = 49.5

Q
1
= P
25
:

i = ) 40 (
100
25
= 10

P
25
= 10.5
th
term = 27.5

Q
3
= P
75
:

i = ) 40 (
100
75
= 30

P
75
= 30.5
th
term = 47.5

IQR = Q
3
- Q
1
= 47.5 - 27.5 = 20

Range = 81 - 19 = 62


3.48 =
20
904 , 126
=
N
x
= 6345.2

The median is located at the (n+1)/2 th value = 21/2 = 10.5
th
value

The median is the average of 5414 and 5563 = 5488.5

P
30
: i = (.30)(20) = 6

P
30
th
and 7
th
terms

P
30
= (4507+4541)/2 = 4524

P
60
: i = (.60)(20) = 12

P
60
th
and 13
th
terms

P
60
= (6101+6498)/2 = 6299.5

P
90
: i = (.90)(20) = 18

P
90
th
and 19
th
terms

P
90
= (9863+11,019)/2 = 10,441

Q
1
= P
25
: i = (.25)(20) = 5

Q
1
th
and 6
th
terms

Q
1
= (4464+4507)/2 = 4485.5

Q
3
= P
75
: i = (.75)(20) = 15

Q
3
th
and 16
th
terms

Q
3
= (6796+8687)/2 = 7741.5

Range = 11,388 - 3619 = 7769

IQR = Q
3
- Q
1
= 7741.5 - 4485.5 = 3256


3.49 n = 10 x = 9,332,908 x
2
= 1.06357x10
13

= (x)/N = 9,332,908/10 = 933,290.8

=
10
10
) 9332908 (
10 06357 . 1
) (
2
13
2
2
x
N
N
x
x
= 438,789.2

3.50

a.) =
N
x
= 26,675/11 = 2425

Median = 1965

b.) Range = 6300 - 1092 = 5208

Q
3
= 2867

Q
1
= 1532 IQR = Q
3
- Q
1
= 1335

c.) Variance:

2
=
11
11
) 675 , 26 (
873 , 942 , 86
) (
2 2
2

N
N
x
x
= 2,023,272.55

standard Deviation:

= 55 . 272 , 023 , 2
2
= = 1422.42

d.) Texaco:

z =
42 . 1422
2425 1532
=
x
= -0.63

ExxonMobil:

z =
42 . 1422
2425 6300
=
x
= 2.72

e.) Skewness:

S
k
=
42 . 1422
) 1965 2425 ( 3 ) ( 3
=
d
M
= 0.97

3.51 a.)

Mean:
10
310 , 20
=
=
n
x
= 2,031

Median:
2
1920 1670 +
= 1795

Mode: No Mode

b.) Range: 3350 1320 = 2030

Q
1
: 5 . 2 ) 10 (
4
1
= Located at the 3
rd
term. Q
1
= 1570

Q
3
: 5 . 7 ) 10 (
4
3
= Located at the 8
th
term. Q
3
= 2550

IQR = Q
3
Q
1
= 2550 1570 = 980

x x x ( )
2
x x
3350 1319 1,739,761
2800 769 591,361
2550 519 269,361
2050 19 361
1920 111 12,321
1670 361 130,321
1660 371 137,641
1570 461 212,521
1420 611 373,321
1320 711 505,521
5252 3,972,490

MAD =
10
5252
=
n
x x
= 525.2


s
2
=
( )
9
490 , 972 , 3
1
2
=
n
x x
= 441,387.78

s = 78 . 387 , 441
2
= s = 664.37

c.) Pearsons Coefficient of skewness:

S
k
=
37 . 664
) 1795 2031 ( 3 ) ( 3
=
s
M x
d
= 1.066

d.) Use Q
1
= 1570, Q
2
= 1795, Q
3
= 2550, IQR = 980

Extreme Points: 1320 and 3350

Inner Fences: 1570 1.5(980) = 100
2550 + 1.5(980) = 4020

Outer Fences: 1570 + 3.0(980) = -1370
2550+ 3.0(980) = 5490

No apparent outliers

3500 2500 1500
$ Millions

3.52 f M fM fM
2

15-20 9 17.5 157.5 2756.25
20-25 16 22.5 360.0 8100.00
25-30 27 27.5 742.5 20418.75
30-35 44 32.5 1430.0 46475.00
35-40 42 37.5 1575.0 59062.50
40-45 23 42.5 977.5 41543.75
45-50 7 47.5 332.5 15793.75
50-55 2 52.5 105.0 5512.50

f = 170 fM = 5680.0 fM
2
= 199662.50

a.) Mean:

=
170
5680
=
f
fM
= 33.412

Mode: The Modal Class is 30-35. The class midpoint is the mode = 32.5.

b.) Variance:

2
=
170
170
) 5680 (
5 . 662 , 199
) (
2 2
2

N
N
fM
fM
= 58.139

standard Deviation:

= 139 . 58
2
= = 7.625

2

0 - 20 32 10 320 3,200
20 - 40 16 30 480 14,400
40 - 60 13 50 650 32,500
60 - 80 10 70 700 49,000
80 - 100 19 90 1,710 153,900
f = 90 fM= 3,860 fM
2
= 253,000


a) Mean:

90
860 , 3
=
=
f
fm
n
fM
x = 42.89

Mode: The Modal Class is 0-20. The midpoint of this class is the mode = 10.

b) standard Deviation:

s =
571 . 982
89
9 . 448 , 87
89
1 . 551 , 165 000 , 253
89
90
) 3860 (
000 , 253
1
) (
2 2
2
= =

n
n
fM
fM

= 31.346

3.54 x = 36 x
2
= 256
y = 44 y
2
= 300
xy = 188 n = 7

r =
(
(
(
(

n
y
y
n
x
x
n
y x
xy
2
2
2
2
) ( ) (
=

r =
(
7
) 44 (
300
7
) 36 (
256
7
) 44 )( 36 (
188
2 2
=

r =
) 42857 . 23 )( 8571 . 70 (
2857 . 38
=
7441 . 40
2857 . 38
= -.940


3.55
CV
x
= %) 100 (
32
45 . 3
%) 100 ( =
x
x
= 10.78%

CV
Y
= %) 100 (
84
40 . 5
%) 100 ( =
y
y
= 6.43%

stock X has a greater relative variability.

3.56 = 7.5

From the Empirical Rule: 99.7% of the values lie in + 3 = 7.5 + 3

3 = 14 - 7.5 = 6.5

= 2.167

suppose that = 7.5, = 1.7:

95% lie within + 2 = 7.5 + 2(1.7) = 7.5 + 3.4

Between 4.1 and 10.9

3.57 = 419, = 27

a.) 68%: + 1 419 + 27 392 to 446

95%: + 2 419 + 2(27) 365 to 473

99.7%: + 3 419 + 3(27) 338 to 500

b.) Use Chebyshevs:

The distance from 359 to 479 is 120

= 419 The distance from the mean to the limit is 60.

k = (distance from the mean)/ = 60/27 = 2.22

Proportion = 1 - 1/k
2
= 1 - 1/(2.22)
2
= .797 = 79.7%


c.) x = 400. z =
27
419 400
= -0.704. This worker is in the lower half of
workers but within one standard deviation of the mean.

3.58
x x
2

Albania 1,650 2,722,500
Bulgaria 4,300 18,490,000
Croatia 5,100 26,010,000
Germany 22,700 515,290,000
x=33,750 x
2
= 562,512,500

=
4
750 , 33
=
N
x
= 8,437.50

=
4
4
) 750 , 33 (
500 , 512 , 562
) (
2 2
2

N
N
x
x
= 8332.87

b.)
x x
2

Hungary 7,800 60,840,000
Poland 7,200 51,840,000
Romania 3,900 15,210,000
Bosnia/Herz 1,770 3,132,900
x=20,670 x
2
=131,022,900

=
4
670 , 20
=
N
x
= 5,167.50

=
4
4
) 670 , 20 (
900 , 022 , 131
) (
2 2
2

N
N
x
x
= 2,460.22

c.)

CV
1
= ) 100 (
50 . 437 , 8
87 . 332 , 8
) 100 (
1
1
=
= 98.76%

CV
2
= ) 100 (
50 . 167 , 5
22 . 460 , 2
) 100 (
2
2
=
= 47.61%

The first group has a much larger coefficient of variation

3.59 Mean $35,748
Median $31,369
Mode $29,500

since these three measures are not equal, the distribution is skewed. The
distribution is skewed to the right. Often, the median is preferred in reporting
income data because it yields information about the middle of the data while
ignoring extremes.

3.60 x = 36.62 x
2
= 217.137
y = 57.23 y
2
= 479.3231
xy = 314.9091 n = 8

r =
(
(
(
(

n
y
y
n
x
x
n
y x
xy
2
2
2
2
) ( ) (
=

r =
(
8
) 23 . 57 (
3231 . 479
8
) 62 . 36 (
137 . 217
8
) 23 . 57 )( 62 . 36 (
9091 . 314
2 2
=

r =
) 91399 . 69 )( 50895 . 49 (
938775 . 52
= .90

There is a strong positive relationship between the inflation rate and
the thirty-year treasury yield.

3.61

a.) Q
1
= P
25
:

i = ) 20 (
100
25
= 5

Q
1
= 5.5
th
term = (42.3 + 45.4)/2 = 43.85

Q
3
= P
75
:

i = ) 20 (
100
75
= 15

Q
3
= 15.5
th
term = (69.4 +78.0)/2 = 73.7

Median:

th th
n
2
1 20
2
1 +
=
+
= 10.5
th
term

Median = (52.9 + 53.4)/2 = 53.15

IQR = Q
3
- Q
1
= 73.7 43.85 = 29.85

1.5 IQR = 44.775; 3.0 IQR = 89.55

Inner Fences:
Q
1
- 1.5 IQR = 43.85 44.775 = - 0.925
Q
3
+ 1.5 IQR = 73.7 + 44.775 = 118.475

Outer Fences:
Q
1
- 3.0 IQR = 43.85 89.55 = - 45.70
Q
3
+ 3.0 IQR = 73.7 + 89.55 = 163.25

b.) and c.) There are no outliers in the lower end. There is one extreme
outlier in the upper end (214.2). There are two mile outliers at the
upper end (133.7 and 158.8). since the median is nearer to Q
1
, the
distribution is positively skewed.

d.) There are three dominating, large ports

Displayed below is the MINITAB boxplot for this problem.


220 120 20
Tonnage

3.62 Paris: 1 - 1/k
2
= .53 k = 1.459

The distance from = 349 to x = 381 is 32

1.459 = 32

= 21.93

Moscow: 1 - 1/k
2
= .83 k = 2.425

The distance from = 415 to x = 459 is 44

2.425 = 44

= 18.14

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Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 1

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