VENTURIMETER

CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETER
AIM: To determine the Co-efficient of discharge (Cd) of the given venturimeter. APPARATUS: 1) Venturimeter 2) Manometer 3) Stop watch 4) Experimental set-up DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS: The apparatus has a measuring Tank to measure the flow rate, and pipe line with a Venturimeter. Tapping with Ball valves are provided at Inlet & Outlet of the Venturimeter and these are connected to manometer. A constant steady supply of water is provided using monoblock pump with a means of varying the flow rate. THEORY: A Venturimeter is a device which is used for measuring the rate of flow of fluid through pipe line. The basic principle on which a venturimeter works is that by reducing the cross-sectional area of the flow passage, a pressure difference is created between the inlet and throat & the measurement of the pressure difference enables the determination of the discharge through the pipe. A Venturimeter consists of 1. An inlet section followed by a convergent cone, 2. A Cylindrical throat & 3. A gradually divergent cone. The inlet section of the Venturimeter is of the same diameter as that of the pipe which is followed by a convergent cone. The convergent cone is a short pipe which tapers from the original size of the pipe to that of the throat of the Venturimeter. The throat of the venturimeter is a short parallel side tube having its cross-sectional area smaller than that of the pipe. The divergent cone of the venturimeter is gradually diverging pipe with its crosssectional area increasing from that of the throat to the original size of the pipe. At the inlet section & the throat, of the venturimeter, pressure taps are provided through pressure ring. Venturimeter provides a constriction in the flow area which produces an accelerated flow. Consequently, there will be a fall in static pressure. Hence, the measurement of drop in static pressure provides an accurate measure of the flow rate in the pipe. The application of Bernoullis Equation between the inlet section and the throat section and the use of continuity equation leads to the following expression for the flow rate. Venturi- Head is directly related to the flow rate. QTH=

Where, QTH = Theoretical discharge a1 = c/s area of the inlet = c/s area of pipe a2 = c/s area of the throat H = Venturi head (in meters of fluid flowing through the pipe) Where H = h [ ]
VENTURIMETER --- FM AND HM LAB MANUAL DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SIDDARTHA EDUCATIONAL ACADEMY GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS: TIRUPATI
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h = differential manometer reading Sm = Specific gravity of manometric liquid. SW = Specific gravity of fluid in the pipe. (i.e; water & SW= 1) The actual flow rate is expected to be less than that given by the equation above because of frictional effects and consequent head loss between section at inlet and throat. In practice it is customary to account for this loss by insertion of an experimentally determined co-efficient of known as Coefficient of discharge . Thus the equation for actual discharge becomes QAC= Cd QTH The value of co-efficient of discharge -Cd depends on Reynolds number (Re) of the flow and increases with increase in Reynoldss number for the same throat ratio. This has been observed experimentally to be true and the value of Cd is seen to vary from 0.95-0.99 for Re> 105.
SKETCH:
Figure: Venturimeter
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PROCEDURE: 1. Start the motor keeping the delivery valve close. 2. The water is allowed to flow through the selected pipe by selecting the appropriate ball valve. 3. Note down the area of collecting tank and the diameters of the meter at the inlet and at constriction. Check whether the levels of mercury in the two limbs of mercury manometer are the same. 4. Open the drain valve slightly and allow small quantity of flow in the pipe. Wait for few minutes until steady conditions are reached. 5. Note down the manometer readings. 6. Measure the actual discharge in the collecting tank by noting the time taken for the water level to rise by h cm. Verify the above observation by repeating step (5). 7. Increase the discharge and repeat the step (4), (5) and (6). Take at least six readings until the drain valve is completely opened. 8. Tabulate the observations and complete the computations as shown below. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS: Pipe diameter (d1) = _____________ cm Throat diameter (d2) = ____________ cm Cross-section of the pipe (a1) = Cross-section of the throat (a2) = Coefficient (K1) =

___________ cm2 ___________ cm2
Area of the collecting tank (A) = ______________ cm2 TABULATION: Run No. Manometer limb left (h1cm of Hg) Manometer limb right (h2cm of Hg) Difference (h=h1-h2) (in cm of Hg) 12.6*h=H cm of water Rise of water level in the collecting tank (R in cm) Time taken for R cm rise (T in sec) Discharge(Q)= (cm3/sec)
Cd =
Average Coefficient of Discharge (Cd) =

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SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS: For Run No. ___ Manometer limb left (h1) = _______ cm of Hg Manometer limb right (h2) = _______ cm of Hg Difference (h=h1-h2) (in) = _________ cm of Hg H=H=h[ ] =12.6*h= _______ cm of water Rise of water level in the collecting tank (R) = ________ cm Time taken for R cm rise (T) = ________ sec Discharge (Q) = = ____________ cm3/sec Discharge Coefficient Cd =
= ___________
RESULTS: Average value of coefficient of discharge (Cd) from the tabular column is ___.
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VENTURIMETER

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CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETER

_ cm2 _ cm2

Average Coefficient of Discharge (Cd) =

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