Amity School of Business

DataBase Management Systems

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DATA & INFORMATION

Data

A necessity for almost any enterprise to carry out its business. Consists of raw facts, and when organized may be transformed into information Information is data that has been processed for use.

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What is Knowledge?
Knowledge is defined variously as Expertise, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject,

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Knowledge Management
Data, Information & Knowledge Management The Management comprises a range of practices used by organizations to identify, create, represent, and distribute knowledge. The Management activities are: 1. Gathering 2. Organizing 3. Sharing 4. Analyzing & 5. Disseminating Information to improve systems structure.

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Knowledge Management
There are two types of data, information &knowledge about the subject: What we know and what we do not know about the subject, Where to find the information about the subject. Data, information & Knowledge is accumulated and kept at/in 1. Peoples mind, 2. On paper notes, 3. Discussion transcripts, & 4. Places that are not readily available with the individuals.

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Knowledge Management
The D.I.K. Management puts Procedures and Technologies for the following: Transfer individual data, information and knowledge into database - Gathering - Organizing takes place - Structure of DB is created if not there.
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Knowledge Management
Recognize most relevant data, information and knowledge for decision making, depending upon the criteria. - Analyzing & Sharing of DB, Processing the Query Allow individuals to easily access the information as and where required. - Sharing of DB & Disseminating the report.
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Other Concepts
Entity Anything about which information can be stored for ex. Person, concept, physical object.. Any real physical object about which information is stored. Group of similar objects identified by their properties is called Entity Set. Attribute Characteristic of interest about an entity. The values of the attributes describe a particular entity.
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Other Concepts
Record Representation of Entity with its attributes. File Documentation and arrangement of Records according to a definite structure. Schema It is the structure of a DB system, described in a formal language supported by the DBMS. E.g.: In a RDBMS, the schema defines the tables, the fields, and the relationships between fields and tables.

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Other Concepts
Database Collection of data designed to be used by different people . Data Dictionary System database that contain descriptions of the data min the database (metadata). It contains information about data, relationships, constraints and the entire schema that organize these features into a unified database. The data catalog can be queried to get information about the structure of the database.
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The Traditional File Approach to Data Management

Data Files Application Program Reports

The Traditional File Approach Separate files are created and stored for each
application program. Very common from the 50s through the 80s.
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The Traditional File Approach

Example: Student Data in a University. Student address may be needed for registering, library management, financial office, grade reporting, etc. Each application separately maintains its data files and programs to manipulate those files. Possibly different formats for the same data (Eg: Length of name) Redundant updates (E.g.: to change an address).
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Purpose of Database Systems

In the early days, database applications were built directly on top of file systems Drawbacks of using file systems to store data: Data redundancy and inconsistency Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files Difficulty in accessing data Need to write a new program to carry out each new task

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Purpose of Database Systems cont

- Data isolation multiple files and formats - Integrity problems Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones. - Atomicity of updates Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates carried out Example: Transfer of funds from one account to another should either complete or not happen at all
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Purpose of Database Systems (Cont.)

Concurrent access by multiple users Concurrent accessed needed for performance Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies Example: Two people reading a balance and updating it at the same time Security problems Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems
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The Database Approach

The Database Management System Approach A pool of related data is shared by multiple application programs. Rather than having separate data files, each application uses a collection of data that is either joined or related in the database.
Reports Checking Programs Savings Programs Loan Reports Programs Database Management System All Data DBMS
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Reports

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Features & Abilities of DBMS

Query Ability : Database query language allow users to interactively interrogate the database, analyze its data and update it according to the users privileges on data. It also controls the security of the database by preventing unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Backup & Replication : Copies of attributes need to be made regularly in case primary disks or other equipment fails. A periodic copy of attributes may also be created for a distant organization that cannot readily access the original.

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Features & Abilities of DBMS

DBMS usually provide utilities to facilitate the process of extracting and disseminating attribute sets. The data is replicated between database servers, so that the information remains consistent throughout the database system. Users cannot tell or even know which server in the DBMS they are using. The system is said to exhibit replication transparency.
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Features & Abilities of DBMS

Security : Often it is desirable to limit who can see or change which attributes or groups of attributes. This may be managed directly by assignment of privileges to groups, defining their roles which are then granted entitlements. Computation: There are common computations requested on attributes such as counting, summing, averaging, sorting, grouping, cross referencing, etc. Rather than have each computer application implement these from scratch, they can rely on the DBMS to supply such calculations through inbuilt functions.
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Components of DBMS
Structure Storage Manager - File Manager - Buffer Manager Data Manager Disk Manager Query Processor Data Dictionary Access Aids - Indexes Facilities Users Data Definition End Users Language - Nave Users (DDL) - Stand Alone Data - Sophisticated Manipulation - Casual Language Database (DML) Administrators Database Designers
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Classification of DBMS Users

Database administrators: responsible for authorizing access to the database, for coordinating and monitoring its use, acquiring software, and hardware resources, controlling its use and monitoring efficiency of operations. Database Designers: responsible to define the content, the structure, the constraints, and functions or transactions against the database. They must communicate with the end-users and understand their needs. End-users: they use the data for queries, reports and some of them actually update the database content.
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Classification of End Users

Casual : access database occasionally when needed Nave or Parametric : they make up a large section of the end-user population. They use previously welldefined functions in the form of canned transactions against the database. Examples are bank-tellers or reservation clerks who do this activity for an entire shift of operations.
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Classification of DBMS Users

Sophisticated : these include business analysts, scientists, engineers, others thoroughly familiar with the system capabilities. Many use tools in the form of software packages that work closely with the stored database. Stand-alone : mostly maintain personal databases using ready-to-use packaged applications. An example is a tax program user that creates his or her own internal database
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Components of DBMS
DBMS Facilities Data Definition Language (DDL): Defines the basic structure of a database. Create Table structure Alter and delete Table. Data Manipulation Language (DML): Performs a query through the database. Insert, modify & delete the data. Defines procedures for working with the database.

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Structure of a DBMS
The cylindrical component contains not only data, but also metadata, i.e. info about the structure of data. If DBMS is relational, metadata includes: names of relations, names of attributes of those relations, and data types for those attributes (e.g., integer or character string). A database also maintains indexes for the data. Indexes are part of the stored data. Description of which attributes have indexes is part of the metadata.

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Few words about indexes

Similar to book indexes. A book index associates words with page numbers where they appear. A database index associates values of some object field(s) with the physical address of the corresponding objects in the disk. Main property of an index: Its size is much smaller than the record set being indexed. Hence, searching in an index is much faster than searching in the corresponding record set.

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Storage Manager
The job of the Storage Manager is to obtain data from the data storage, and modify the data to the data storage when requested. Storage Manager has two components: File Manager handles files.  Keeps track of the location of files  Obtains block(s) of a file on request from the buffer manager. Buffer Manager handles main memory.  Obtains and returns blocks of data from/to the file manager  Stores blocks temporarily in main memory pages.
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Query Processor
Query Processor handles: queries and modifications to the data. Finds the best way to carry out a requested operation and Issues commands to the storage manager which will carry them out. E.g. A bank has a DB with two relat.: Customers (name, SIN, address), Accounts (accountNo, balance, SIN) Query: Find the balances of all accounts of which Sally is the owner. SELECT Accounts.balance FROM Customers, Accounts WHERE Customers.SIN = Accounts.SIN AND Customers.name = 'Sally';
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Transaction Manager
Transaction Manager is responsible for the integrity of the system. It must assure that: several queries running simultaneously do not interfere with each other and that, the system will not lose data even if there is a power failure. Transaction Manager interacts with: Query Manager, Because it may need to delay certain query operations to avoid conflicts. Storage Manager Because schemes for protecting data involve storing a log of changes to the data.

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Advantages to the Database Approach

Improved strategic use of corporate data Reduced data redundancy Improved data integrity Easier modification and updating Data and program independence Better access to data and information
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Advantages to the Database Approach

Standardization of data access A framework for program development Better overall protection of the data Shared data and information resources

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Disadvantages to the Database Approach

Relatively high

cost of purchasing and operating a DBMS in a mainframe operating environment. This applies to mainframes, and some minicomputers only. Increased cost of specialized staff. Increased vulnerability.
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DATA WAREHOUSE
It is a collection of data designed to support management in the decision-making process. It is a Subject-Oriented, Integrated, Time-Variant, Non -Updatable collection of data used in support of management decision making processes and business intelligence.

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DATA WAREHOUSE
Characteristics 1. Subject-Oriented Data are stored with a subject orientation that facilitates multiple views for data and decision making. E.g.: sales, products, sales by products, etc. 2. Integrated Provides a unified view of all data elements with a common definition and representation for all departments.

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DATA WAREHOUSE
3. Time-Variant Data are historic in nature. A dimension is added to facilitate data analysis and time corporations. 4. Non-Updatable Data are changed, but, are only added periodically from operational systems. Once data are stored, no changes are allowed.
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DATA MINING
Data Mining is the principle of sorting through large amounts of data and picking out relevant information. It is usually used by business intelligence organizations, and financial analysts, but it is increasingly used in the sciences to extract information from the enormous data sets generated by modern experimental and observational methods. It has been described as "the non-trivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown, and potentially useful information from data" and "the science of extracting useful information from large data sets or databases".
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Few Basic Operations of DBMS

Creating a Table. SQL> create table BOOKS ( Title varchar(30), Author varchar(25), Publisher varchar(25), Year Integer, Price Integer); Altering a Table. SQL> alter table BOOKS add Discount integer;

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Few Basic Operations of DBMS

Deleting a Table. SQL> Drop table BOOKS; Adding/Inserting a Record. SQL> insert into BOOKS ( Title, Author, Publisher, Year, Price) Values ( 60 Min software, Parkinson, Wiley, 1996, 450);
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Few Basic Operations of DBMS

Deleting a Record. SQL> delete from BOOKS where publisher = Wiley; Updating a Record. SQL> update BOOKS Set price = 500 where title= 60 Min software;

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