MARK:

100

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT ELCTRONIC COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (EC302) TOPIC LAB WORK OBJECTIVES : : : TRANSIENT ANALYSIS (CLO3) 04 At the end of this session, students should be able to: 1. Open a new file 2. Generate schematic diagram 3. Run Transient Analysis 4. Generate the input and output signal

THEORY A Transient analysis generates output similar to that normally shown on an oscilloscope, computing the transient output variables (voltage or current) as a function of time, over the user-specified time interval. During Transient Analysis, first an initial operating point is calculated (based on dc values) and after that all momentary voltages and currents are computed as the result of a time dependent voltage or current source - including, of course, the influence of capacitors and inductors as well as all non-linearitys (clipping effects due to voltage limits etc.) The Transient response analysis causes the response of the circuit to be calculated from TIME = 0 to a specified time. Since transient analysis is dependent on time, it uses different analysis algorithms, control options with different convergence-related issues and different initialization parameters than DC analysis. However, since a transient analysis first performs a DC operating point analysis (unless the UIC option is specified in the .TRAN statement), most of the DC analysis algorithms, control options, and initialization and convergence issues apply to transient analysis.

Introduction

In Transient Analysis, also called time-domain transient analysis, Multisim computes the circuits response as a function of time. This analysis divides the time into segments and calculates the voltage and current levels for each given interval. Finally, the results, voltage versus time, are presented in the Grapher View. Multisim performs Transient Analysis using the following process: 1. Each input cycle is divided into intervals. 2. A DC Operating Point Analysis is performed for each time point in the cycle. 3. The solution for the voltage waveform at a node is determined by the value of that voltage at each time point over one complete cycle. Assumptions: DC sources have constant values; AC sources have time-dependent values. Capacitors and inductors are represented by energy storage models. Numerical integration is used to calculate the quantity of energy transfer over an interval of time. Running Transient Analysis Consider the series RLC circuit shown in Figure 1. According to the theory, the characteristic equation modeling this circuit can be represented as:

Where is the damping factor and w0 the natural frequency (or resonant frequency). They are defined by:

The value of the damping factor () in relation to the natural frequency (0) determines the behavior of the circuits response. There are three possible responses:

< 0 : Underdamped response = 0 : Critically damped response > 0 : Overdamped response

Note that as the value of increases, the RLC circuit is driven towards an over damped response. In this example you will use Transient Analysis to plot the step responses of the RLC circuit. Since depends on the value of the resistance, you will use three different values for R: 40 , 200 and 1 k.

Figure 1. Series RLC circuit. Complete the following steps to configure and run a Transient Analysis:
1. Draw the circuit in Figure 1 2. Select SimulateAnalysesTransient Analysis. The Transient Analysis window

opens. The default settings are appropriate for normal use, providing the transient response of the selected output variables starting at time 0 seconds and stopping after 1 ms. Table 1 describes the Analysis Parameters tab in detail.

Table 1. Parameters used in Transient Analysis. Parameter Initial Conditions Meaning There are four options: 1. Set to zero. The analysis starts from zero initial conditions. 2. User-defined. The analysis starts from initial conditions as set in the Transient Analysis window. 3. Calculate DC operating point. Multisim first calculates the DC operating point of the circuit, then uses that result as the initial conditions of the Transient Analysis. 4. Automatically determine initial conditions. Multisim tries to start the simulation using the DC operating point as the initial condition. If the simulation fails, it uses user-defined initial conditions. Start time (TSTART) Start time of Transient Analysis. Must be greater than or equal to 0 and less than end time. End time (TSTOP) End time of Transient Analysis. Must be greater than start time. Maximum time step Enable to manually set time steps. There are three options: settings (TMAX) 1. Minimum number of time points. Minimum number of points between start and stop times. 2. Maximum time step (TMAX). Maximum time step the simulation can handle. 3. Generate time steps automatically. Enable to generate time steps automatically. Set initial time step Enable to set a time interval for simulation output and graphing. (TSTEP) Estimate maximum This becomes enabled when the Maximum timestep (TMAX) checkbox time step based on is selected. Enable as desired. netlist (TMAX)

Note: In SPICE, the command that performs a Transient Analysis has the following form: .TRAN <TSTEP> <TSTOP> < TSTART <TMAX> > <UIC> Where .TRAN initializes a Transient Analysis; <TSTEP> is the time increment for reporting results; <TSTOP> is the final analysis time; <TSTART> is the start time for reporting results; <TMAX> is the maximum step size used in incrementing the time during the analysis; <UIC> is used for initial conditions. Note that these are the same parameters that were defined in Table 1, however, in Multisim you do not have to worry about the complex SPICE syntax.
3. Configure the Analysis Parameters as shown in Figure 2. You can reset all the

parameters to their default values by clicking the Reset to default button.

Figure 2. Analysis parameters for the Transient Analysis.

4. Select the Output tab. 5. Select the Variables in circuit list, select All variables from the drop-down list, and

then highlight V(vi) and V(c) from the list. 6. Click the Add button to move the variables to the right side under Selected variables for analysis, as shown below.

Figure 3. Output variables for the Transient Analysis.

Figure 4. Transient Analysis results. As you can see, this is the typical underdamped response of a series RLC circuit. Note: If you connect the Oscilloscope to the circuit and run the simulation, a similar analysis is performed.
8. Close the Grapher View. 9. Change the value of R to 200 10. Run Transient Analysis once again. You will see the critically damped response. 11. Run Transient Analysis for R = 1 k The overdamped response will be plotted.

In order to compare the three results, merge the plots in one. You can use Overlay Traces from the Graph menu. Figure 5 shows a comparison graph of the results.

Figure 5. Step responses of the RLC circuit. In this example you executed the simulation three times in order to get the step responses of the RLC circuit, however, you can also use Parameter Sweep Analysis to verify the behavior of a circuit when a parameter is varied across a range of values.

RC Network

The purpose of this lab is to analyze an RC network using Multisim. It is assumed that you remember (or can look up) the software procedures you used last week in Lab 3, so these instructions will focus on the new features we havent used before. You can refer back to last weeks notes to refresh your memory on other portions. Part 1 1 Create the Circuit shown in Figure 6
1 2 X1 R3 3 10k 2

1 I1 1kHz 1A

R1 10k

2 C1 5pF
V1 1kHz 40 V 0

1 SP DT_OP EN

C1 5P F

Figure 6

Figure 7

The voltage source will be a 0 to 5V pulse signal (Vpulse). The purpose of the pulse is to model the behavior of a switch operating between 0V and 5V. Refering to figure 7, when the pulse is low (0V), it behaves as if the switch is in position 1 and when the pulse is high (5V), it behaves as if the switch is in position 2. You will need to define the parameters of the pulse source. For the purpose of this exercise, you will create a waveform that is 5V for the first 500ns and 0V for the next 500ns, then repeats this pattern. We will use a special voltage source in the component library to accomplish this. To define the parameters of the pulse, double click on the voltage source and make the following settings in the PULSE VOLTAGE settings window. Keep the default settings for any parameter not listed below: _ Initial Value = 0V . _ Pulsed Value = 5 _ Pulse Width = 500ns(be sure to check the units!) _ Period = 1000ns(units!) _ Double-check the settings and click OK _ The source label should now note the proper voltage and time parameters, as in the diagram above. Print a copy of your design and put it in your lab report

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I.

Simulating the Circuit: Multisim allows the user to observe how a circuit behaves over time. Specifically, you will observe how a 5V source charges the capacitor in an RC network (and how the capacitor discharges in the same network when the source shuts off). We will use the softwares Transient Analysis feature to make these observations. From the Simulate menu, select Analyses: Transient Analysis. This opens the Transient Analysis parameters window. We want to observe the capacitor for at least one charge and discharge cycle, so we must run the analysis for at least the duration of the pulse source period. Therefore we will set the simulation to run for 1000ns. In the Analysis Parameters tab, leave the start time at 0 and set the end time to 1000ns (or 1s) by typing 0.000001 into the TSTOP window. You can also type 1e-006 if you like (Multisim will translate your decimal value to this notation for you anyway, which you will see if you re-open this window later). Click the Minimum number of time points button and leave it at 100. This ensures that we plot plenty of data points to get a smooth curve. If you forget this step it will plot fewer points, connecting them with straignt lines, and the curve will look chunky. In the Output tab, add V(1) and V(2) to the selected variables list so it will plot both the source voltage and the capacitor voltage. Click the Simulate button and a Grapher View window will appear showing your plot. It should look like the one in Figure 8 To toggle the background color between black and white, from the Graphs menu, select Black and White Color.

II. III.

IV.

V.

VI. VII.

3
I.

II.

III.

Analyzing the Plot: Notice that while the pulse reads 5V from 0s to 500ns, the capacitor is shown to be charging, while during the low portion of the pulse wave (500ns to 1s) the capacitor is discharging. In the Grapher View window, from the Cursor menu, select Show Cursors. A Transient Analysis data window will open. Drag it to the vacant area in the upper right of the screen above the discharge curve so we have an unobstucted view of the charge curve. We will use the cursors to make measurements from the plot. Their default position is on the vertical axis. At the top of the voltage axis you will see a small colored (probably pink) triangle pointing downward. Grab it with your mouse and drag it to the right. It will pull a vertical line of a different color (probably yellow or blue) out into the plot. There are two cursors, so you can go back to the vertical axis, grab the other one, and drag it into the plot area too.

IV.

Watch the values in the Transient Analysis window change as you move the cursor around. This data represents the (x,y) coordinates for the point on the plot where the cursor intersects the plotted curve. There is a separate column for each curve. And there are separate (x,y) values for each cursor. X represents the time value and Y represents the voltage value. Using these cursors you can extract numerical results from the plot. Note that, for each curve, the analysis window also calculates the difference between the X and Y values for the two cursor positions (and it calls these dx and dy). Using this you can make time and voltage difference measurements for any two points on either curve. We are primarily interested in the capacitor charge and discharge curves for measurements sake, but we have displayed the source voltage on this plot to help us remember what the state of the source is for the charge and discharge scenarios. We wont be taking measurements of the source voltage however, so you can ignore that column in the analysis window. Making measurements: of its maximum value is approximately equal to 2.2 times the time constant for that circuit. Move one cursor to where it intersects the curve at a value of 0.5V(10% of 5V) and the other to 4.5V (90% of 5V). Keep track of the voltage value the cursor is at by watching the Transient Analysis window. When you are as close as you can get to 0.5 and 4.5V, take note of the elapsed time difference between them. Divide this time value by 2.2 to calculate the time constant. How does this number compare to the RC time constant value by calculation?

V.

VI.

(a) A rule of thumb states that the time it takes for a capacitor to charge from 10% to 90%

(b) Leaving one cursor at the origin, position the second cursor at the 150ns mark. Read

the capacitor voltage at this point. (c) Copy and paste the result in your report. Name this output as RC=50ns.

Figure 8

SERIES AND PARALLEL RC NETWORKS

R2 R1 1 V1 1kHz 40 V 0 83.33k 3 50k R3 50k R4 50k C1 100PF C2 100PF

I.

II.
III. IV.

V. VI.

Using what you know about the series and parallel relationships of resistors and capacitors, reduce the schematic in to a circuit with a single equivalent resistor and capacitor. Fully label your schematic. What is the RC time constant for the circuit? Sketch the capacitor charging and discharging curves using the 2/3 approximation method. Fully label your plots. Create the circuit in Figure 4 using Multisim. Use the full diagram rather than your reduced version. Remember to close the old design file and start a new one for this circuit. Save your drawing, print out a copy (make it small enough to fit nicely in your lab book!), and tape it into your lab book. Configure the Transient Analysis: Remember from earlier, go to the Simulate menu and select Analyses: Transient Analysis. For Vs, configure a pulse signal with a 40V peak amplitude that is 150ns in length. Use aperiod of 300ns. We also want to use a shorter period of time for this plot because the time constant is shorter than the first circuit. In the Analysis Parameters tab, leave the start time at 0 and set the end time to 500ns. This will increase our accuracy when picking points on the plot. Also, you want to be sure youre plotting at least 100 points (check the box).

VII.

VIII.

Remember too that youll have to add the proper variables to the list in the Output tab. There will be several voltages to choose from, and you want to plot Vceq which is the voltage across the parallel capacitors... as usual, this means youll have to look at the net report to determine which net connects C1 and C2 (or double click on the wire that connects them and it will tell you how it has named that node). There is more than one voltage that will look like a capacitor charge/discharge curve so you must first confirm the correct one. Simulate and analyze your circuit as before. Determine the time constant for this circuit by using the 10% to 90% risetime method. Insert a name and the time constant information in the plot title. Copy of the plot that shows the cursors in the 10% and 90% of total voltage amplitude positions and paste it in your lab report.

Band-pass Filter

This example uses Transient Analysis to plot the current drawn both from the input and output of a Band-pass filter. The Band-Pass filter was built by cascading a High-Pass Filter and a Low-Pass Filter. Use Transient Analysis to see current drawn both from the input and output of the filter. Choose Simulate/Analyses/Transient Analysis

V2 12 V R6 C1 1F
7 1 5

V5 12 V V: V(p-p): V(rm ... s): R5 22.5k U1 C3

low passout

11.3k

U2 1 Probe_Output

R1 V: V(p-p): V(rm ... s): 3.98k Probe_Input V4

R2 3.98k

C4
3

2 4

741

R3 80k

10nF

10nF

741

100mVpk 1kHz 0

C2 1nF

0
R7 22.5k V3 12 V R4 20k

V1 12 V

R8 1k

Two-switch Forward Converter - Current Mode PWM Control

The two-switch Forward Converter topology consists of two MOSFET switches X1 and X2, a power transformer U1, two clamp diodes D2 and D3, two rectifier diodes D1 and D4, and an output filter. X1 and X2 are turned ON and OFF simultaneously. When they are ON power is delivered to the load through the transformer and the output filter. When the MOSFETs are turned OFF power flow in the primary circuit is cut off, and the voltage on the primary winding will reverse until pin 0 of U1 is clamped to GND by D2 and pin 1 of U1 is clamped to VIN by D3. In this topology the voltage stress on each MOSFET is clamped to the input voltage. Choose Simulate/Analyses/Transient Analysis view the output voltage of the circuit in Grapher View.

V1 160 V D2 MUR160

X1 MTP6N60/MC U1 2
3

D1 MBR20100

L1 2.3H

R1 1m Vout R2 3m RLOAD1 80m C1 4mF Pout=300W CCM

D3 MUR160

LMAG1 1mH

RATIO = 180m

D4 MBR20100

RGUP1 15

R3 134m

R4 1.22k U3 2SWITCHCM
ISENSE COMP FB VOSC OUT1 GNF OUT2 GND

LLEAK1 10H

C2 775pF C3 2.65nF R5 20k

RGL1 15

X2 MTP6N60/MC

R6 1.22k

R7 12k CLEB1 100pF

R8 1k RSENSE1 284m

Frequency Divider with Adjustable Duty Cycle

This example describes how easily the tau constant of an RC circuit can be used to adjust the duty cycle of a waveform. By keeping the input frequency constant the duty cycle of the output waveform is changed only through potentiometer R1. The smaller the equivalent resistor value, the smaller the capacitor charge time. When the capacitor voltage reaches 2V the output of the circuit goes low by the use of an inverting gate. When the voltage on the capacitor drops below 2V the output of the circuit goes high. This example uses Transient Analysis to see the circuit behavior over a specific time span. Use Transient Analysis to see the Transient Response over a specific time span. Choose Simulate/Analyses/Transient Analysis. Observe the settings for Start time (TSTART) and End time (TSTOP). Click Simulate. Choose Simulate/Run to view the operation of the circuit using the virtual instrument.

XSC2
Ext T rig + _ A + _ + B _

IN

input

V: V(p-p): V(rm ... s):

R3 2.2k U1B

R1 1M 50% Key=A D1

V1 4V

VCC

5V GND

U1A

C1 2.2nF R2 2.2k C2 2.2nF

Pow er Supply for Digital Parts 74HC04N_4V V2 1kHz 5V 74HC04N_4V 1N4148 U1C

D2 1N4148

74HC04N_4V C3 2nF

Half-Bridge Converter with Transformer - Current Mode PWM Control

The Half-Bridge DC-DC converter configuration consists of two large, equal capacitors connected in series across the DC input, providing a constant potential of one-half of the input voltage at their junction. The transistor switches S1 and S2 are turned ON alternately and are subjected to a voltage stress equal to that of the input voltage, rather than twice the input voltage that is usually the case in push-pull and forward converters. In this example Transient Analysis is used to simulate the output characteristics of a Current Mode Control Half-Bridge Converter.

J1

D1 DBREAK

R1 2.3027k C1 HT 775pF V1 160 V C2 2.6525nF R3 20k REF=5 RATIO=1 U6 PUSH_CM

U1 2
3

CUP1 10uF

SBREAK 1V0V R4 894m LMAG1 5.8mH J2

12

D2 DBREAK D3

rect

L1 81uH

R2 70m COUT1 156uF IC=27.5V

out

RATIO=0.512

RLOAD1 7

DBREAK D4

SBREAK 1V0V R7 500.6 R5 12.77k R6 1k

DBREAK D6 DBREAK D5 DBREAK

RESR1 76.5m

C3 470pF

CLOW1 10uF ABM1 ABM_VOLTAGE

Choose Simulate/Analyses/Transient Analysis view the output voltage of the circuit in Grapher View.

Push-Pull Converter - Current Mode PWM Control

A push-pull converter is a type of DC to DC converter that uses a transformer to change the voltage of a DC power supply. The Push-Pull topology is basically a forward converter with two primaries. The primary switches alternately power their respective windings. In this example Transient Analysis is used to simulate the output characteristics of a Current Mode Control Push-Pull Converter.

LM1 5.8mH R1 4.6047k V1

U1 1

D1 DBREAK D2

rect

L1 81uH

R2 70m COUT1 74.8uF

out

160 V C1 775pF C2 2.6525nF R3 20k REF=5 RATIO=1 U3 PUSH_CM

LM2 5.8mH

DBREAK D3

RLOAD1 7

drain1 S1

RATIO=3.91 DBREAK D4

RESR1 152m

SBREAK 1V0V S2

DBREAK

R4

sum

R5 1k C3 100pF RSENSE1 1.789

SBREAK 1V0V

D5 DBREAK

12.772k R6 1.001k

RT

D6 DBREAK

Choose Simulate/Analyses/Transient Analysis view the output voltage of the circuit in Grapher View.

Data , Analysis and Report ( Instructions as in Lab 01)