Landmine Impact Survey Angola - Eng

L A N D M I N E I M PA C T S U R V E Y R e p u b l i c o f A n g o l A
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Table of Contents
Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................i
Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................................. 7
Background of the Landmine Impact Survey Process ................................................................................ 17
Survey Results & Findings
Scope of the Landmine Problem ......................................................................................................................... 23
Victims and Survivors ............................................................................................................................................. 35
Impact on Communities ......................................................................................................................................... 45
Mine Action Activities ............................................................................................................................................ 53
Consequences for Mine Action ........................................................................................................................... 57
Update of National Mine Action Database (May 2007) .............................................................................. 75
Profles By Province
Bengo ............................................................................................................................................................................ 83
Benguela ...................................................................................................................................................................... 87
Bi .................................................................................................................................................................................. 91
Cabinda ....................................................................................................................................................................... 95
Huambo ...................................................................................................................................................................... 99
Hula ........................................................................................................................................................................... 103
Kuando Kubango ................................................................................................................................................... 107
Kunene ....................................................................................................................................................................... 111
Kwanza Norte ......................................................................................................................................................... 115
Kwanza Sul ............................................................................................................................................................... 119
Luanda ....................................................................................................................................................................... 123
Lunda Norte ............................................................................................................................................................. 127
Lunda Sul ................................................................................................................................................................... 131
Malanje....................................................................................................................................................................... 135
Moxico ........................................................................................................................................................................ 139
Namibe ....................................................................................................................................................................... 143
Uge ............................................................................................................................................................................. 147
Zaire ............................................................................................................................................................................ 153
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R e p u b l i c o f A n g o l A TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
Annexes
Annex IKey Participants ................................................................................................................................... 159
Annex IIMethodology ........................................................................................................................................ 163
Annex IIIProject Timeline ................................................................................................................................ 167
Annex IVNational Mine Action Strategic Plan 20062011.................................................................... 171
Annex VScoring and Classification .............................................................................................................. 173
Annex VIEstimation of Prevalence of Mine-Affected Communities ................................................. 175
Annex VIIAdministrative Structures ............................................................................................................ 179
Annex VIIIList of Inaccessible Comunas .................................................................................................... 181
Annex IXAbbreviations..................................................................................................................................... 183
Annex XFinances ................................................................................................................................................ 185
Annex XIPhotography Credits ........................................................................................................................ 187
Case Studies, Figures, Maps & Tables
Figures
1 Impacted Communities, by Province ................................................................................................................................. 27
2 Number of SHAs per Impacted Community ................................................................................................................... 29
3 Mine Victims, by Gender ........................................................................................................................................................ 35
4 Recent Victims, by Age and Gender .................................................................................................................................. 38
5 Type of Wounds Suffered by Mine Incident Survivors, by Gender ......................................................................... 39
6 Distribution of Impact Scores ............................................................................................................................................... 45
7 Communities with Recent Incidents and Victims, by Impact .................................................................................. 47
Case Studies
1 In-Country Mine Action NGOs as Survey Implementing Partners .......................................................................... 19
2 Lessons Learned for LIS: Importance of Rigorous Visual Inspection .................................................................... 33
3 National Mine Action Strategic Plan 20062011 Goals ............................................................................................... 57
4 CNIDAH Preliminary Guidelines for Use of LIS Results for Provincial Planning, in the Framework
of the National Mine Action Strategic Plan (Summary in Annex IV) ..................................................................... 61
5 Community Prioritization of Landmine Problem ........................................................................................................... 73
6 Results of Implementing the LIS Reflections of an Operational Partner (Mines Advisory Group) .......... 76
7 Reflections On The Survey, By An LIS Operational Partner (Intersos) .................................................................. 78
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Maps
1 Impacted Communities .............................................................................................................................................................8
2 Roads and Suspected Hazard Areas .................................................................................................................................. 10
3 Overview of Angola ................................................................................................................................................................. 20
4 Communities Surveyed and Impact Identified .............................................................................................................. 24
5 Impacted Communities .......................................................................................................................................................... 28
6 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Impacted Communities .......................................................................... 29
7 Geographical Distribution of Recent Victims ................................................................................................................. 36
8 Distribution of Recent Victims in Impacted Areas ....................................................................................................... 41
9 Roads and Suspected Hazard Areas .................................................................................................................................. 52
10 Hypothetical Electric Grid and SHAs ................................................................................................................................ 70
11 Locations of Landmine Victims and Orthopedic Centers .......................................................................................... 71
12 Hypothetical Polling Places ................................................................................................................................................... 72
13 Impacted Communities in Huambo Province, 2004 ..................................................................................................... 76
14 Impacted Communities in Huambo Province, May 2007 ........................................................................................... 77
15 Mine-Impacted Communities in Bengo ............................................................................................................................ 84
16 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Bengo ............................................................................................................ 85
17 Mine-Impacted Communities in Benguela ...................................................................................................................... 88
18 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Benguela ...................................................................................................... 89
19 Mine-Impacted Communities in Bi .................................................................................................................................. 92
20 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Bi ................................................................................................................. 93
21 Mine-Impacted Communities in Cabinda ........................................................................................................................ 95
22 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Cabinda ........................................................................................................ 97
23 Mine-Impacted Communities in Huambo ...................................................................................................................... 100
24 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Huambo ..................................................................................................... 101
25 Mine-Impacted Communities in Hula ............................................................................................................................. 104
26 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Hula ............................................................................................................ 105
27 Mine-Impacted Communities in Kuando Kubango ..................................................................................................... 108
28 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Kuando Kubango .................................................................................... 109
29 Mine-Impacted Communities in Kunene ........................................................................................................................ 112
30 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Kunene ....................................................................................................... 113
31 Mine-Impacted Communities in Kwanza Norte ...........................................................................................................116
32 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Kwanza Norte ...........................................................................................117
33 Mine-Impacted Communities in Kwanza Sul ................................................................................................................ 119
34 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Kwanza Sul ............................................................................................... 121
35 Mine-Impacted Communities in Luanda ........................................................................................................................ 123
36 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Luanda ....................................................................................................... 125
37 Mine-Impacted Communities in Lunda Norte .............................................................................................................. 127
38 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Lunda Norte ............................................................................................. 129
39 Mine-Impacted Communities in Lunda Sul ................................................................................................................... 131
40 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Lunda Sul .................................................................................................. 133
41 Mine-Impacted Communities in Malanje ....................................................................................................................... 135
42 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Malanje ...................................................................................................... 137
43 Mine-Impacted Communities in Moxico ........................................................................................................................ 140
44 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Moxico ........................................................................................................ 141
45 Mine-Impacted Communities in Namibe........................................................................................................................ 143
46 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Namibe ....................................................................................................... 145
47 Mine-Impacted Communities in Uge .............................................................................................................................. 148
48 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Uge ............................................................................................................. 149
49 Mine-Impacted Communities in Zaire ............................................................................................................................. 153
50 Location of SHAs and Recent Victims in Zaire ............................................................................................................ 155
51 Area of Survey Operation of LIS Partners ...................................................................................................................... 165
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Tables
1 Impacted Communities, Populations, and SHAs, by Impact Category ................................................................. 23
2 Impacted Communities and Populations, by Province ................................................................................................ 25
3 Number of High- and Medium-Impact Communities, by Province ......................................................................... 25
4 Impacted Comunas and Communities, by Province .................................................................................................... 26
5 Impacted Communities and Populations, by Settlement Type ................................................................................ 27
6 Number of SHAs per Community, by Level of Impact ................................................................................................. 30
7 Number of Impacted Communities and SHAs, by Province...................................................................................... 30
8 SHAs With and Without Area Estimates ......................................................................................................................... 31
9 Average SHA Area Determined by Each Survey Partner ........................................................................................... 32
10 Estimated Total Area and Area Reduction with Visual Inspection ........................................................................ 32
11 SHAs, by Ground Profile ......................................................................................................................................................... 34
12 Impacted Communities and SHAs, by Munitions Type .............................................................................................. 34
13 Recent Victims by Province .................................................................................................................................................. 37
14 Activity of Victims at Time of Incident ............................................................................................................................. 38
15 Recent Victims, by Gender and Occupation ................................................................................................................... 39
16 Post-Incident Occupation of Mine Incident Survivors, by Gender ......................................................................... 40
17 Frequency of Recent Victims in Impacted Communities ........................................................................................... 40
18 SHAs with Victims, by Province .......................................................................................................................................... 42
19 Communities, by Number of Recent Incidents and Impact Category ................................................................... 43
20 Proximity of SHAs to the Community and Frequency of Victims ........................................................................... 43
21 Impact Category Summary ................................................................................................................................................... 45
22 Impact Score and Classification of All Impacted Communities ............................................................................... 46
23 Impact by Blockage (Without Victims) .............................................................................................................................. 47
24 Inaccessible Comunas ............................................................................................................................................................ 48
25 Percentage of Communities Reporting Blocked Access ............................................................................................. 49
26 Communities Reporting Blockages, by Blockage Type .............................................................................................. 50
27 Mine Action Activities in Impacted Communities ........................................................................................................ 55
28 MRE Priority Rankings by MRE Tasking Tool, by Province ....................................................................................... 63
29 Individual Resource Blockages to Prioritize Impacted Communities ................................................................... 64
30 Communities with Blockage of Drinking Water, by Province ................................................................................... 65
31 Communities with Blockage of Housing, by Province ................................................................................................. 65
32 Communities with More Than Three or Six Recent Victims ..................................................................................... 66
33 Number of Recent Victims per Community, by Impact Level .................................................................................. 66
34 Communities with At Least Two or At Least Four Mine Incidents ......................................................................... 67
35 SHAs with Victims .................................................................................................................................................................... 68
36 Blocked Health Facilities, by Province............................................................................................................................... 69
37 Blocked Irrigation, by Province ............................................................................................................................................ 69
38 Blocked Education Facilities, by Province ........................................................................................................................ 69
39 Update of Impacted Communities, as of May 2007 ...................................................................................................... 75
Bengo
40 Number of Impacted Communities and Their Populations, by Level of Impact ................................................ 83
41 Distribution of Recent Victims, Incidents, and SHAs with Victims, by Level of Impact ................................. 84
42 Activity at the Time of Incident, by Gender .................................................................................................................... 84
43 Number of SHAs, by Socioeconomic Blockage and Level of Impact ..................................................................... 85
44 Number of Impacted Communities with Mine Action Activities, by Level of Impact ..................................... 85
45 Number of Impacted Communities, SHAs, Recent Victims, and Blockages, by Comuna .............................. 86
Benguela
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Tables (continued)
Bi
Cabinda
Huambo
63 Distribution of Recent Victims, Incidents, and SHAs with Victims, by Level of Impact ............................... 100
64 Activity at the Time of Incident, by Gender .................................................................................................................. 100
65 Number of SHAs, by Socioeconomic Blockage and Level of Impact ................................................................... 101
66 Number of Impacted Communities with Mine Action Activities, by Level of Impact ................................... 101
67 Number of Impacted Communities, SHAs, Recent Victims, and Blockages, by Comuna ............................ 102
Hula
68 Number of Impacted Communities and Their Populations, by Level of Impact .............................................. 103
Kuando Kubango
Kunene
80 Number of Impacted Communities and Their Populations, by Level of Impact ...............................................111
85 Number of Impacted Communities, SHAs, Recent Victims, and Blockages, by Comuna .............................114
Kwanza Norte
86 Number of Impacted Communities and Their Populations, by Level of Impact ...............................................115
87 Distribution of Recent Victims, Incidents, and SHAs with Victims, by Level of Impact ................................116
88 Activity at the Time of Incident, by Gender ...................................................................................................................116
89 Number of SHAs, by Socioeconomic Blockage and Level of Impact ....................................................................117
90 Number of Impacted Communities with Mine Action Activities, by Level of Impact ....................................117
Kwanza Sul
Tables (continued)
Luanda
Lunda Norte
Lunda Sul
Malanje
Moxico
Namibe
Uge
Zaire
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Executive Summary
T
he Angola Landmine Impact Survey (LIS), for which the fieldwork was conducted
from April 2004 through May 2007, identified 1,988 mine-impacted communities
and 3,293 suspected hazardous areas (SHAs). It is estimated that 8 percent of the
23,504 communities of Angola are impacted by mines. The LIS identified a total of 341
people killed or injured by mines/UXO during the 24 months preceding the fieldwork
in each province. An estimated 2.4 million people, or 17 percent of the national
population, live in mine-impacted communities. Of the 1,988 impacted communities,
2 percent were categorized as high impact, with another 23 percent categorized
as medium impact. The global averages from other Landmine Impact Surveys for
high and medium impact are approximately 10 percent and 30 percent, respectively.
Further analysis could determine the cause of the lower-than-expected number of
high- and medium-impact communities, although it appears likely that it reflects the
positive results of past mine action, community learning, and adaptation since the time
when the mines were laid, as well as the relatively low pressure on agricultural land
due to the comparatively low density of the rural population in Angola.
SUMMary oF THe LaNdMiNe iMpaCT SUrvey reSULTS
Impacted Communities
Province Total Number High Impact Medium Impact Low Impact
Moxico 290 15 107 168
Bi 282 1 60 221
Kuando Kubango 171 1 33 137
Uge 171 0 29 142
Kwanza Sul 169 6 33 130
Huambo 153 2 35 116
Benguela 127 4 17 106
Kunene 126 0 7 119
Malanje 88 4 38 46
Bengo 74 0 15 59
Lunda Sul 73 1 31 41
Hula 72 1 9 62
Zaire 66 0 12 54
Kwanza Norte 64 3 22 39
Lunda Norte 30 2 5 23
Cabinda 27 0 0 27
Namibe 3 0 1 2
Luanda 2 0 1 1
TOTAL 1,988 40 455 1,493
Percentage of Total 100% 2% 23% 75%
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R e p u b l i c o f A n g o l A E x E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y
This was a complete countrywide survey, with all but 19 of the 556 comunas
visited and 383 of them found to be impacted. A total of 28,000 people (of whom 65
percent were men and 35 percent women) took part in community interviews in the
1,988 impacted communities; an additional 10,000 took part in interviews in roughly
4,000 communities that were determined to not be impacted.
The LIS rechecked the information contained in the previous national minefield
database developed by NPA over the period from 1995 to 1998. Overall, the LIS
reduced the suspected affected area from an ill-defined 30 percent of the national
territory to a very conservatively estimated combined SHA total of less than 1
percent of the national territory.
MAp 1
iMpaCTed CoMMUNiTieS
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The survey data afford extensive opportunities for
research, analysis and project planning and led to several
conclusions relevant to mine action:
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The survey recorded 341 recent victims, of whom 168
were fatalities of mine/UXO incidents within the two
years preceding the field survey, in 173 communities.
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Three-fourths of the victims were male, which is
somewhat below the global average of 80 percent.
Slightly more than 75 percent of mine victims were
between the ages of 15 and 44.
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Fewer than 10 percent of the recent victims were under
15 years of age.
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More than 50 percent of the female victims were engaged in gathering or
agriculture at the time of the incident.
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Roughly 5 percent of the male victims were reported to be conducting informal
village demining when the incident occurred.
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While there are high- or medium-impact communities in all 18 provinces, nearly
40 percent of high-impact communities are found in a single province (Moxico),
and an additional 40 percent are found in the four provinces of Kwanza Sul,
Benguela, Malanje and Kwanza Norte.
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While the preceding five provinces account for 80
percent of high-impact communities, they account for
only 35 percent of all impacted communities.
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The most prevalent resource blockages are rain-fed
cropland and nonagricultural rural land.
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The LIS confirmed the extensive mine action activities
that have occurred throughout the country. Mine risk
education (MRE) has been conducted in fully 62 percent
of all high-impact communities and 37 percent of all
impacted communities. Similarly, official mine clearance
has occurred in 50 percent of high-impact communities
and 21 percent of all mine-affected communities. There
have been proportionately more mine action activities in high- and medium-
impact communities, although the majority of all mine action activities have
been in low-impact communities.
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Informal village demining was reported in 8 percent of all mine-affected commu-
nities; one-third of informal village demining was conducted in medium-impact
communities and two-thirds in low-impact communities.
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The LIS pilot tested the revised Survey Working Group (SWG) protocol for more
rigorous visual inspection, producing a more precise estimate of SHAs.
HaLo TrUST SUrveyor
CroSSiNg a Bridge
To reaCH a viLLage
iN BeNgUeLa
HaLo TrUST CoMMUNiTy
iNTerview iN BeNgUeLa
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The LIS data indicate that SHAs in close proximity to communities do not have a
higher likelihood of producing victims.
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Transportation linkages were widely disrupted by the long civil war. The LIS
identified a significant number of blockages affecting vehicle and pedestrian
travel as illustrated in Map 2 below, although travel by the survey teams was
interrupted more by poor road surfaces and the lack of bridges to cross water-
ways than by mined roads.
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Blockages identified by the LIS can be a useful input for planning; for example,
identifying particular communities with blocked schools, health centers,
irrigated land, etc., which should be taken into consideration as part of broader
policies rebuilding different sectors.
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The LIS found that certain blockages are strongly associated with higher-impact
communities. For example, targeting all drinking water blockages would direct
MAp 2
roadS aNd SUSpeCTed
HaZard areaS
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activities to high- or medium-impact communities 80 percent of the time, while
targeting all rain-fed agriculture would lead to high- or medium-impact communi-
ties only 35 percent of the time.
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Agricultural land was the most reported blockage. Determining how much of
this land should be cleared in order to increase food productivity in the country
requires a thorough examination of the law on land rights and a cost-benefit
analysis comparing clearance costs with future economic benefits.
The results of the LIS have already been incorporated into planning and tasking.
This has been promoted by CNIDAH, which provided ready access to the interim
data as the LIS was completed in individual provinces. In Angola, provincial authori-
ties are responsible for annual operational planning. This LIS report provides greater
focus and detail regarding the landmine situation in each province to support provin-
cial planning. SAC prepared and CNIDAH widely circulated two interim reports
providing the key data: one in August 2005 on the 10 provinces completed as of May
2005 and the other in October 2006 on the 15 provinces completed as of September
2006.
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The National Mine Action Strategy 20062011 was designed on the basis of
interim results covering 12 provinces and sets goals of resolving 100 percent of
high-impact communities and 50 percent of medium-impact communities within
its time frame.
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CNIDAH has provided guidelines for the implementation of the National Mine
Action Strategy in the context of each province.
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Provincial authorities responsible in Angola for development of annual mine
action operational plans are using the LIS to identify mine-affected communi-
ties requiring mine action as part of development plans as well as to prioritize
the humanitarian response.
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Mine action operators and donors are using the results of the LIS to cross-check
the selection of tasks to confirm the expected impact of their activities.
BACKGROUND AND PROJECT OVERVIEW
The Landmine Impact Survey in Angola began with a SAC Advance Survey Mission
in October 2002. During this mission, the discussions included agreements in
principle with several in-country operators to conduct the LIS. In June 2003, SAC
opened an office in Luanda to coordinate the LIS, following agreement with the
government to conduct the survey with initial funding from the U.S., Canada,
Germany and the E.C. Formal agreements were signed during the second half of
2003 with HALO Trust and Norwegian Peoples Aid, followed by agreements with
Mines Advisory Group, INTERSOS, Santa Barbara Foundation and the National
Demining Institute in 2004.
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SAC and the various partners conducted the LIS in accordance with the princi-
ples and operating protocols established by the Survey Working Group, and activities
were subject to periodic review by an UNMAS/UNOPS-supplied quality assurance
monitor.
LIS implementation was interrupted when SAC faced an unexpected financing
shortfall in May 2005. SAC had to close its office as a result and was unable to
contract further with the implementing partners. CNIDAH assumed responsibility for
continuing the overall management of the LIS and the development of the database,
UNDP assisted with funding for the database advisor, and the implementing partners
searched for additional direct funding. By August 2005, field activities were once
again underway, but at a slower pace. In mid-2006, in response to the CNIDAH
request that SAC return, and with funding from Germany, SAC provided a part-time
advisor to CNIDAH for overall guidance and completion of the LIS.
The LIS was initially projected to cost about $6 million and be completed by
early 2006. The interruption in funding caused a delay in completion and an increase
in the overall cost of the survey.
SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
The LIS identified 1,988 landmine/UXO-impacted communities in 383 of Angolas
comunas. These impacted communities represent 8 percent of the 23,504 communi-
ties in Angola. An estimated 2.4 million people live in landmine/UXO-impacted
communities, with 0.6 million living in high- or medium-impact communities. It is
estimated that approximately 17 percent of all citizens are living in mine-impacted
communities. Sixty percent of impacted communities have a single suspected
hazardous area, and 85 percent have one or two SHAs.
IMPACT ON COMMUNITIES
The scoring mechanism developed by the Survey Working Group categorizes the
communities by their degree of impact. The scoring system is driven by three
elements: the number of victims, blocked access to resources and the type of
munitions contaminating the community. Governments may modify this system
within parameters established by the SWG. CNIDAH decided to adopt the SWG
default scores, with a small adjustment to reflect the severe disruption of transporta-
tion network by combining the two separate blockages of roadways and pathways
into a single blockage worth two points. Thus the scoring system was responsive to
national concerns while remaining within the accepted international norm. Using
this ranking system, Angola was found to contain 40 high-impact communities, 455
medium-impact communities and 1,493 low-impact communities.
Impacted communities are not equally distributed throughout the country.
Seventy-five percent of the impacted communities and a like percentage of SHAs
and recent victims are found in just eight of the countrys 18 provinces. Bi, Kuando
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Kubango, Kwanza Sul, Malanje, Moxico and Uge are the most heavily impacted
provinces. Although all provinces are mine affected, the provinces with the fewest
mine-affected communities are Luanda, Namibe and Cabinda.
A further breakdown of the data reveals an exceptionally high number of
incidents and victims in some communities. In Lunda Norte, one community with
only one suspected hazardous area has had 23 separate incidents resulting in 17
victims over a 24-month period. These are extraordinary numbers for one commu-
nity. Four provinces have an unduly high number of incidents and recent victims,
with at least six recent victims in each community. Overall, however, 173 of the 1,988
impacted communities, or fewer than 10 percent, reported incidents that resulted
in victims in the last 24 months. This mirrors other data sources that indicate the
number of people injured or killed by landmines in Angola has rapidly declined since
the end of the conflict in 2002.
IMPACT ON ECONOMIC SECTORS
The most commonly reported economic blockage was rain-fed agriculture, which
was reported in 61 percent of the impacted communities. Nonagricultural rural land
was the second-most-commonly reported blockage, noted by 42 percent of impacted
communities; blockage of irrigated land was noted by 5 percent. Blockages of roads
were identified by 23 percent of impacted communities, while drinking water was
identified by 7 percent.
MINE VICTIMS
The survey identified 341 persons who had come to harm or death due to a mine
incident in the 24 months preceding the survey. Recent incidents took place in 169
of the 1,988 impacted communities in Angola. Nearly 75 percent of all recent victims
are in the five provinces of Moxico, Bi, Kwanza Sul, Malanje and Lunda Norte. The
two most frequent activities at the time of the incident were traveling and gathering.
Many of those killed while traveling were from outside the community and were not
known to the local population, resulting in a higher than usual group of unknowns.
Seventy-five percent of all recent victims are male, and 75 percent of those are
between the ages of 15 and 44 years old; 86 percent of female victims are between 15
and 44 years old.
DONOR ATTENTION TO HIGH- AND MEDIUM-IMPACT COMMUNITIES
The Angolan National Mine Action Strategy set the goal of resolving the landmine
problems of 100 percent of high-impact and 50 percent of medium-impact commu-
nities by 2011. Analysis of the LIS data indicates that only four high-impact
communities would have scored 11 points or more if they had had no victims, and
that the presence of SHAs and blockages is very similar among high- and medium-
impact communities. This argues for international donor support for the resolution of
landmine problems of all high- and medium-impact communities.
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UPDATE OF EXISTING MINEFIELD DATABASE
One of the tasks carried out during the LIS was the validation of the existing national
minefield database compiled by NPA beginning in 1995. The database was used as
an element of expert opinion to be confirmed in the survey, although in this case
the information included much more detail than the simple suspicion of contamina-
tion. The LIS not only validated the previous minefields, but when it confirmed them
it also linked them to individual communities, supported by a community interview
that inquired about the socioeconomic blockages, the location of the minefields, and
the history of landmine/UXO incidents and victims. Over the course of the three-
year fieldwork period, approximately xx percent of the database was discounted as
being out of date and no longer valid. This was replaced by new information that
can be used for long-term planning, priority setting and operational tasking. The LIS
has successfully converted the individual mine site data in the old national database
into community data that provide a clearer picture of the true extent of the impact of
landmines on Angolan communities. The LIS results have established new, updated
benchmarks that can be used for national and provincial planning and on the basis of
which progress and success can now be measured.
PILOT TEST OF SWG PROTOCOL FOR VISUAL INSPECTION
The LIS piloted a much more rigorous visual inspection protocol approved by the
SWG in November 2004, after the LIS had begun. One of the survey partners (HALO
Trust) applied the revised protocol, while the others used the traditional approach.
The pilot resulted in more accurate area estimates that are, on average, 80 to 90
percent smaller than those provided by the old approach, without extension or delay
in the survey time. This provides a standard for the expectations of the first stage
of area reduction that would occur whenever a survey team would return to plan
operational work. The resulting area for further work is now estimated to be small
enough to permit resolution of all high- and medium-impact communities in less
than 10 years, and of most other areas within an additional decade, if current rates of
clearance continue.
INACCESSIBLE COMMUNITIES
Access was better than anticipated during the planning stages. The survey teams
were able to visit all mine-suspected communities in all but 19 of the 557 comunas.
Of the 19 that were not accessible, 14 were in Lunda Norte and Malanje. Landmine
contamination on roads was not the major cause of inaccessibility. More often, the
lack of roads and the lack of bridges hindered movement. The number of mine-
impacted communities in the 19 inaccessible comunas is unknown, although, based
on the experience of the LIS in other areas of Angola, it is likely that fewer than 50
percent of the inaccessible communities are impacted by landmines.
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CONSEQUENCES FOR MINE ACTION
The results of the LIS afford an examination of the consequences for mine action in
Angola. The survey findings inform the governments national mine action strategy
and make it possible to plan mine action activities from both humanitarian and
development perspectives. Specifically, the LIS provided data on the basis of which
CNIDAH designed and the Council of Ministers adopted a national mine action
strategic plan that encompasses clear focus on reduction of impact, support to recon-
struction and development, support to landmine survivors, and the establishment of
a post-LIS monitoring system that will capture both humanitarian and development
mine action activities as well as incorporate new problems that may be identified to
use for measuring progress and impact, systematic planning and reporting to donors.
One of the concerns of all the partners involved in the LIS was to ensure that
it would be useful to actors outside as well as within the mine action community.
A separate tool to prioritize communities for mine risk education is already being
used. The LIS has identified specific communities in each province that suffer from
socioeconomic blockages that could impede sector development plans: blocked
irrigated land, primary schools, roads, health centers, bridges, housing, etc. This
information should be readily useable by other sectors to ensure their own plans
address the landmine problem when it would be an obstacle to their success; it
would be beneficial that CNIDAH bring such information proactively to the attention
of the other sectors.
A newly updated database, a more comprehensible description of the landmine
problem, and a national goal to resolve the landmine impact on high- and medium-
impact communities are some of the opportunities afforded Angola as a result of
the LIS. At the same time, careful planning to open or build new power lines, roads,
irrigation canals, schools and health posts can also move forward. An ongoing
monitoring process with regular visits to impacted communities would maintain the
accuracy and integrity of the LIS over the long term, protecting the initial invest-
ment in the LIS and ensuring that mine action actors have access to current, reliable
information for as long as the mine action program operates.
A monitoring system would also ensure that the database remains consistently
maintained, which in turn would allow CNIDAH to undertake regular analysis and
monitoring to ensure that its program is being targeted effectively. Priorities can be
updated on an ongoing basis to ensure that high-impact communities are kept at the
top of the agenda, including communities newly categorized as impacted owing to
recent victims or new blockages. By maintaining the critical two-year window of
information that drives community scoring, CNIDAH and the provincial authorities
would be able to base their annual and long-term planning on current and up-to-date
information. Maintaining the database will ensure a baseline for CNIDAH, donors
and the wider mine action community to measure progress by the mine action
program.
16
CONCLUSION
The LIS in Angola has produced three major findings: first, landmines impact 8
percent of the more than 23,000 communities in Angola; second, landmine contami-
nation is spread throughout the country, with mine-affected communities in all
provinces, but a limited number of provinces concentrate the majority of the high-
and medium-impact communities and recent victims; and third, systematic review
of all suspected contamination has better defined the magnitude of the landmine
problem in Angola and revealed it to be a problem that can be largely resolved within
a realistic planning horizon of one to two decades at current levels of effort, with a
properly focused program of technical survey, clearance, marking, fencing and MRE.
The survey also provides the national authorities, the United Nations and donors
geo-referenced data that will improve their planning and form the basis of their
priority settings, which should significantly reduce the roughly 1,300 square kilome-
ters of suspected hazardous areas logged in the CNIDAH database at the end of
the survey.
The data from the LIS provides a tool to use for national and provincial planning.
This report is not a substitute for a national plan. The survey data can be used to
set priorities at the national, provincial, municipal and community level. Whether
the priority or particular interest of a donor, government ministry, NGO or the
United Nations is improving agriculture; ensuring access to water; clearing roads;
conducting mine risk education; building schools and health clinics; or assisting
landmine survivors, widows and other vulnerable groups, the data from the LIS
have transformed the unknown in these areas into information and knowledge. The
challenge now is to use this knowledge to bring about positive, constructive action to
the development of Angola and to end the threat of landmines to its people.
FUNDING
The final cost estimate for the impact survey in Angola was US$6.8 million. The
governments of the United States, Canada and Germany, through SAC; the govern-
ment of Italy and the European Commission (EC), through UNDP; the government
of Norway to NPA; the government of the United States, through HALO Trust and
MAG; the government of Ireland through HALO Trust; and the government of
Liechtenstein, through the United Nations Mine Action Service Voluntary Trust Fund
for Mine Action provided funding.
NOTE
The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the Survey Action
Center and CNIDAH and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the
position of the United Nations or the governments of the United States, the European
Community, Liechtenstein, Norway, Italy, Ireland, Canada and/or Germany.

17
Background of the
Landmine Impact Survey Process
g
rowing out of the wide collaborative efforts that led to the International
Campaign to Ban Landmines and the Mine Ban Treaty, Landmine Impact
Surveys (LIS) are executed to meet the needs of the international humanitarian mine
action community, national authorities, donors, and mine action implementers.
The overall LIS vision is to facilitate the prioritizing of human, material, and
financial resources supporting humanitarian mine action at the national, regional,
and global levels. To fulfill this vision, Landmine Impact Surveys are executed
across the globe to meet the rigorous standard established by the Survey Working
Group (SWG).
There are two things that the LIS is not. First, it is not a sample the LIS is an
inventory of all known impacted communities, and all data is tied to clearly specified
geo-referenced locations. Second, it is not a listing of minefields rather, it is a record
of all known Suspected Hazard Areas (SHAs), as identified by the communities
under threat. The LIS provides for the first time a clear definition of the extent of the
problem: the number of impacted communities and the number of SHAs affecting
those communities. The LIS is the initial step in the identification of mine/ERW
areas. The next step is targeted area reduction and local cancellation work in the
impacted communities identified by the LIS.
Landmine Impact Surveys provide the three major partners of mine action
national authorities, donors, and implementing agencies with a common dataset
one which it is hoped will also prove to be of value to development agencies. This
data is different from pre-survey data in three significant ways. First, the unit of
measure for the landmine problem has been shifted from the number of mines or
square meters of contaminated territory, with the LIS taking as its unit of measure
communities impacted by landmines. Second, virtually all the information in the LIS
is primary information gathered at the community level from those who live with the
threat of landmines in their daily lives. Third, a methodology is employed with the
goal of the complete enumeration of every SHA in every impacted community.
With the conclusion of the Landmine Impact Survey in Angola, impact from
landmine contamination is now categorized from the province to the community
level. The data collected during the LIS includes the following:
18
DESCRIPTION OF KEy INFORMATION COLLECTED
By THE LANDMINE IMPACT SURVEy
Community Background
Unique ID of province, municipio, comuna, community
Community reference point and GPS coordinates
Name, gender, and age of participants in community interview
Type of settlement
Facilities: Transport, health, education, infrastructure
Current population
Main economic base of community
Past Mine Action
History of armed conflict in the community
Mine/UXO awareness provided in the last 24 months
Marking/survey carried out in the last 24 months
Clearance carried out in the last 24 months
Landmine Victims
Old victims: Number of people killed by mine/UXO before 24 months ago
Old victims: Number of people injured by mine/UXO before 24 months ago
Recent victims: Number of people killed by mine/UXO in the last 24 months
Recent victims: Number of people injured by mine/UXO in the last 24 months
Name, age at time of accident, and gender of each recent victim
Number of landmine/UXO survivors living in the community
Name, if any, and survey designation of SHA where accident happened
Killed or wounded?
Occupation at time of accident and current occupation, if living
Activity when the accident happened
Wounds received as a result of accident
Description of victim assistance given during the last 24 months
Suspected Hazard Area
Name, if any, and survey designation of SHA
Coordinates and estimated size of SHA
Digital photo of sketch map of SHA
Contamination type (mine and/or UXO)
Terrain: Vegetation type and landscape type
Socioeconomic blockages
1. Housing blocked
2. Roads blocked (various type of roads and paths)
3. Other infrastructure blocked (various types of infrastructure)
4. Fixed pasture blocked
5. Access to drinking water blocked
6. Access to other water blocked
7. Irrigated cropland blocked
8. Rain-fed cropland blocked
9. Nonagricultural land blocked (various types of rural land use)
19
This data, when analyzed, defines the landmine problem in terms of scale, type,
approximate location, hazard, infrastructure, and socioeconomic impact experienced
by local communities, fostering the development of national strategies and opera-
tional plans with well-defined immediate, intermediate, and end-state objectives.
Impact surveys improve the quality of information available, supporting manage-
ment decision making at all levels. The findings and information presented in this
report, stored in the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA)
database held in Luanda at the CNIDAH headquarters, are intended to be descrip-
tive in nature, providing a comprehensive picture of the nature of the mine and UXO
threat experienced by communities in Angola.
The data from the LIS provides a tool for national and provincial planning. This
report is not a substitute for a national plan. It does not relieve national authorities
or mine action professionals of their collective responsibility to gain a full under-
standing of the survey results and information from other sources such as national
development plans, and to use these results to set priorities, mobilize funding, and
allocate mine action resources in the most effective and rational manner.
The survey data can be used to set priorities at the national, provincial, munic-
ipal, and community level. Whether the priority or particular interest of a donor, a
government ministry, a nongovernmental organization (NGO), or the United Nations
is improving agriculture, ensuring access to water, clearing roads, conducting mine
risk education (MRE), building schools and health clinics, or assisting landmine survi-
vors, widows, and other vulnerable groups, the data from the LIS has transformed
the unknown in these areas into information and knowledge. The challenge now is to
use this knowledge to bring about positive, constructive action in the development of
Angola and to end the threat of landmines to its people.
In-Country Mine Action NGOs as Survey Implementing Partners
p
rior to October 2002, when the LIS began planning, all surveys had been conducted
by organizations that were not previously operating in the country. This approach
was an attempt to minimize possible conflict of interest and bias based on previous expe-
rience in the country. When the LIS was being planned, SAC sought the input and expres-
sions of interest among the mine action operators regarding cooperation in implementing
the LIS. The idea was to build on existing capacities and knowledge of the landmine
situation in the provinces where these mine action operators worked. From the beginning
the five international NGOs and the Angolan National Demining Institute (INAD) were
actively engaged in the survey process, and over the five-year period of the survey their
interest and enthusiasm never waned. They brought considerable knowledge of how to
operate in the country, they made immediate use of the LIS results for their own activities,
and they remained in the country and able to continue the survey even when the core
survey funding was unexpectedly cut short
20
As a global initiative with a stated goal of standardizing information across
countries, Landmine Impact Surveys make a concentrated effort to ensure confor-
mity of methods, procedures, and processes. These are based on best practices in
the fields of social science research and mine action. All Landmine Impact Surveys
measure and score the impact on communities in a uniform manner. The question-
naire developed for use in Angola was a collective effort of CNIDAH, the Survey
Action Center, and the six implementing partners. To ensure confidence in the
results, impact surveys are supported by both internal and external quality-control
mechanisms. The true value and nature of the impacts, however, cannot be ascer-
tained by a quick tallying of colored dots on a map; instead, readers and end users
of the data should make a concentrated effort to comprehend all aspects of the
landmine problem and then develop plans to address the problem..
MAp 3
overview oF aNgoLa
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23
Scope of the Landmine Problem
NUMBER OF COMMUNITIES IMPACTED
The LIS identified 1,988 communities in all 18 provinces as having been impacted by
landmines. Using the Survey Working Group Protocol Eight: Impact Scoring, adopted
by CNIDAH as the basis to categorize impacted communities, Table 1 below shows
that the LIS categorized 40 communities (2 percent) as high-impact, 455 (23 percent)
as medium-impact, and 1,493 (75 percent) as low-impact. There are 3,293 SHAs
associated with the impacted communities. It should be noted that although the
medium-impact communities represent 23 percent of all impacted communities, they
contain 33 percent of all SHAs. The LIS estimates that 2,376,068 people are living in
the impacted communities. This represents between 15 and 20 percent of the people
in Angola. Map 4
on next page shows
the communities
surveyed and the
impact identified.
All 18 provinces
in Angola are
impacted by
landmines, but not
all have the same
levels of impact.
As Table 2 (page
25) shows, Moxico and Bi provinces experience greater
impact than the other provinces. Moxico and Bi, with
a combined 572 impacted communities, represent 30
percent of all impacted communities, and the 183 high-
and medium-impact communities in the two provinces
represent 38 percent of all high- and medium-impact
communities in the country. They are followed by Kuando
Kubango, Uge, Kwanza Sul, and Huambo, each with
roughly the same number of impacted communities
(approximately 150170), with Kwanza Sul having slightly
more high- and medium-impact communities than the
others. In the next grouping, Benguela and Kunene each have the same number of
impacted communities (126 and 127), although Benguela has three times more high-
and medium-impact communities than Kunene.
The Angolan National Mine Action Strategic Plan 20062011 has established
that high- and medium-impact communities are a priority. Table 3 (page 25) which
provinces have the most high- and medium-impact communities, and the percentage
Npa CoNdUCTiNg
CoMMUNiTy iNTerview
iN KwaNZa SUL
TAble 1
iMpaCTed CoMMUNiTieS, popULaTioNS, aNd SHas, By iMpaCT CaTegory
Communities SHAs Population
Impact Category Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
High 40 2% 86 3% 59,742 3%
Medium 455 23% 1,087 33% 598,717 25%
Low 1,493 75% 2,120 64% 1,717,609 72%
Total 1,988 100% 3,293 100% 2,376,068 100%
24
R e p u b l i c o f A n g o l A S U R V E Y R E S U LT S A N D F I N D I N G S
MAp 4
CoMMUNiTieS SUrveyed
aNd iMpaCT ideNTiFied
in each compared to the total number of impacted communities. In this regard,
Malanje has the highest percentage of high- and medium-impact communities,
with more than 48 percent of
impacted communities in the
province categorized as high or
medium. Lunda Sul and Moxico
also have more than 40 percent
of their impacted communities as
high or medium. Kwanza Norte
HaLo TrUST
CoMMUNiTy
iNTerview iN
KUaNdo KUBaNgo
25
TAble 2
iMpaCTed CoMMUNiTieS aNd popULaTioNS, By proviNCe
Province Total High Medium Low Population
Moxico 290 15 107 168 170,700
Bi 282 1 60 221 322,970
Kuando Kubango 171 1 33 137 393,728
Uge 171 0 29 142 134,030
Kwanza Sul 169 6 33 130 177,858
Huambo 153 2 35 116 267,373
Benguela 127 4 17 106 139,736
Kunene 126 0 7 119 211,358
Malanje 88 4 38 46 114,872
Bengo 74 0 15 59 80,833
Lunda Sul 73 1 31 41 66,388
Hula 72 1 9 62 81,521
Zaire 66 0 12 54 48,968
Kwanza Norte 64 3 22 39 108,052
Lunda Norte 30 2 5 23 30,888
Cabinda 27 0 0 27 11,696
Namibe 3 0 1 2 6,560
Luanda 2 0 1 1 8,537
Total 1,988 40 455 1,493 2,376,068
Percentage of Total 100% 2% 23% 75%
TAble 3
NUMBer oF HigH- aNd MediUM-iMpaCT CoMMUNiTieS, By proviNCe
High and Medium High/Medium Impact
Province Total Impact as Percentage of Total
Moxico 290 122 42%
Bi 282 61 22%
Malanje 88 42 48%
Kwanza Sul 169 39 23%
Huambo 153 37 24%
Kuando Kubango 171 34 20%
Lunda Sul 73 32 44%
Uge 171 29 17%
Kwanza Norte 64 25 39%
Benguela 127 21 17%
Bengo 74 15 20%
Zaire 66 12 18%
Hula 72 10 14%
Kunene 126 7 6%
Lunda Norte 30 7 23%
Luanda 2 1 50%
Namibe 3 1 33%
Cabinda 27 0 0%
Total 1,988 495 25%
26
follows with 39 percent. These four provinces exceed
the average for Angola, which is 25 percent.
Impacted communities are located throughout the
national territory, in all 18 provinces and in 388, or 69
percent, of the 556 comunas (the smallest territorial
administrative unit above the community).
1
The 1,988
impacted communities represent 8 percent of the total
number of communities nationally, as described in
Table 4 above.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF IMPACTED COMMUNITIES
Of the 40 high-impact communities, 15 (38 percent) are located in Moxico; a total of
17 are located in the four provinces of Kwanza Sul, Benguela, Malanje, and Kwanza
Norte; and the remaining eight are located in the six provinces of Huambo, Lunda
Norte, Lunda Sul, Bi, Kuando Kubango, and Hula. The other nine provinces do not
TAble 4
iMpaCTed CoMUNaS aNd CoMMUNiTieS, By proviNCe
Comuna
Communities
Percentage of
Province Total number Impacted Impact-free Impacted Total number Impacted Comm. impacted
Bi 39 37 2 0 2,825 282 10%
Uge 48 37 13 1 2,208 171 8%
Malanje 55 32 12 8 1,868 88 5%
Benguela 36 30 6 0 1,807 127 7%
Huambo 37 29 8 0 2,938 153 5%
Kwanza Sul 36 29 7 0 1,997 169 8%
Kuando Kubango 31 28 3 1 886 171 19%
Moxico 30 26 3 1 1,676 290 17%
Kwanza Norte 31 21 10 0 815 64 8%
Bengo 33 20 13 1 540 74 14%
Hula 37 19 18 0 1,863 72 4%
Kunene 20 19 1 0 426 126 30%
Zaire 24 19 5 0 741 66 9%
Lunda Norte 26 17 6 6 1,059 30 3%
Lunda Sul 14 12 2 0 735 73 10%
Cabinda 12 8 4 0 394 27 15%
Namibe 14 3 11 1 420 3 1%
Luanda 33 2 31 0 291 2 1%
Total 556 388 155 13 23,489 1,988 8%
a viLLage iN
KwaNZa SUL
1 The actual number of comunas with impacted communities is probably slightly higher, since 19 comunas
(equal to 3.4 percent of all comunas and 5 percent of impacted comunas) were inaccessible to the LIS
survey teams.
27
have any high-impact communities. All provinces have medium-impact communities
with the exception of Cabinda, with the greatest number in Moxico (107) and Bi (60),
followed by the five provinces of Malanje, Kwanza Sul, Kuando Kubango, Huambo,
and Lunda Sul, each with between 31 and 38 medium-impact communities. Figure
1 above and Map 5 on page 28 show the distribution of impacted communities in
Angola. More detail is provided in the Province Profiles section.
figuRe 1
iMpaCTed CoMMUNiTieS, By proviNCe
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TAble 5
iMpaCTed CoMMUNiTieS aNd popULaTioNS, By SeTTLeMeNT Type
Impacted Mean
Settlement Type Communities Population Population
Compact community 1,185 991,515 837
Dispersed Community 343 272,392 794
Suburban 298 564,775 1,895
Urban 100 505,498 5,055
Temporary Community 22 9,549 434
Other 18 14,287 794
Unknown 15 11,002 733
IDP 6 6,593 1,099
Refugee Camp 1 457 457
Total 1,988 2,376,068 1,195
28
Angola comprises more than 23,000 communities. Of these, 1,988, or 8 percent,
are impacted by landmines. Table 5 on page 27 illustrates the variety of settlements
impacted by landmines. An estimated 2,376,068 people live in the impacted commu-
nities, resulting in an average of 1,195 people per impacted community. Seven of the
impacted communities were identified as internally displaced person (IDP) or
refugee camps.
SUSPECTED HAZARD AREAS (SHAs)
The LIS identified 3,293 SHAs in the 1,988 impacted communities in the 18 provinces
of Angola. Map 6 on next page illustrates the distribution and location of the SHAs
in impacted communities. Table 6 on page 30 shows that Moxico and Bi have a
combined 965 SHAs, or 30 percent of all SHAs in the country. When the number of
SHAs in Uge and Kuando Kubango are added to the totals from Moxico and Bi,
these four provinces contain one-half of the SHAs in Angola.
MAp 5
29
MAp 6
LoCaTioN oF SHas aNd
reCeNT viCTiMS iN
figuRe 2
NUMBer oF SHas per iMpaCTed CoMMUNiTy
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30
Figure 2 and Table 7 show the number of SHAs per
impacted community, ranging from one to ten, with 59
percent, or 1,169 communities, reporting only one SHA. The
average number of SHAs per impacted community is 1.66,
which is consistent with the global norm determined by
other Landmine Impact Surveys.
Further investigation is required in the 40 impacted
communities with five or more SHAs (Table 7) to better
understand the impact of this situation.
TAble 6
NUMBer oF iMpaCTed CoMMUNiTieS aNd SHas, By proviNCe
Impacted Communities SHAs
Province Number Percentage Number Percentage
Moxico 290 15% 522 16%
Bi 282 14% 443 13%
Kuando Kubango 171 9% 325 10%
Uge 171 9% 312 9%
Kwanza Sul 169 9% 269 8%
Huambo 153 8% 206 6%
Benguela 127 6% 190 6%
Kunene 126 6% 160 5%
Malanje 88 4% 165 5%
Bengo 74 4% 116 4%
Lunda Sul 73 4% 151 5%
Hula 72 4% 108 3%
Zaire 66 3% 106 3%
Kwanza Norte 64 3% 125 4%
Lunda Norte 30 1.5% 45 1.4%
Cabinda 27 1.4% 37 1.1%
Namibe 3 0.2% 11 0.3%
Luanda 2 0.1% 2 0.1%
Total 1,988 100% 3,293 100%
TAble 7
NUMBer oF SHas per CoMMUNiTy, By LeveL oF iMpaCT
Number of SHAs in Each Community
Impact Category 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total
High 16 14 3 4 1 2 0 0 0 0 40
Medium 116 160 112 43 12 6 3 2 0 1 455
Low 1,037 348 66 29 6 6 1 0 0 0 1,493
Total 1,169 522 181 76 19 14 4 2 0 1 1,988
Percent of Total 59% 26% 9% 4% 1% 0.7% 0.2% 0.1% 0% 0.05% 100%
a ppM2 ap
MiNe iN
aN SHa iN
HUaMBo
proviNCe
31
Extent of Suspect Area
Many factors and data elements are considered during the planning process, along
with where and how to allocate resources, whether they be funds, equipment, or
teams. One of the most common metrics used in planning is the amount of mine-
affected area, although the quantity of suspected land cleared or remaining does
not measure the impact removed or remaining. The LIS in Angola, through a very
rigorous visual verification methodology applied by HALO Trust, has resulted in
smaller area estimates for SHAs.
LIS survey teams usually estimate
the extent of contaminated area of the
SHAs. Such estimates were made in about
80 percent of the cases in Angola. Table
8 provides a summary of the information
collected for each category of impacted
community.
Rigorous Visual Inspection
The Survey Working Group LIS Protocols
require that during the community interview SHAs identified by the
community should be verified through a visual inspection from a
safe viewing point, and an estimate of the size of the SHA should be
determined. In some Landmine Impact Surveys prior to the one in
Angola, the area estimates of the SHAs have provided results that led
to disagreements over the actual extent of the landmine problem in
terms of the suspected hazard area.
Because of this problem, in November 2004 the SWG adopted
a revised and more stringent protocol for visual inspection of SHAs.
As the revised protocol was adopted after the beginning of the LIS,
HALO Trust volunteered to test the new protocol in Angola, providing
its survey staff with appropriate training and equipment, while the
remaining implementing partners conducted their work under the
old protocol. The end result was a significant improvement in the LIS
process, providing Angola with a more accurate picture of the mine-
contaminated area in the HALO Trustsurveyed provinces. Table 9 indicates the
results. The average SHA size measured by the more precise HALO Trust measure-
ments was about one-sixth of the overall average size, and about one-ninth of the
other partners average sizes.
2

While the LIS was underway, the UNMAS Quality Assurance Monitor wrote the
following: HALOs decision to apply additional effort in determining the size of SHAs
has provided these four provinces (Benguela, Huambo, Bi, and Kuando Kubango)
2 Since HALO Trust accounts for one-third of all SHAs, one might suspect that it subdivided larger SHAs
into multiple smaller ones. However, review of the LIS data indicates that the average number of SHAs
per community identified by HALO Trust does not differ significantly from those of the other imple-
menting partners, which suggests that it did not identify multiple SHAs where other partners would have
reported only one.
TAble 8
SHas wiTH aNd wiTHoUT area eSTiMaTeS
With Area Estimate Without Area Estimate Total SHAs
High 76 10 86
Medium 883 204 1,087
Low 1,657 483 2,120
Total 2,617 (79%) 699 (21%) 3,293
HaLo TrUST CoNdUCTiNg
viSUaL iNSpeCTioN
32
with very accurate data
with which to plan and
conduct clearance and
follow-on activities. The
accuracy of the SHA sizes
is demonstrated by the
relatively small SHAs in
the HALO provinces an
average of 46,000m
2

(0.05 sq km) compared to
433,000 m
2
(0.43 sq km)
across the country as a
whole.
CNIDAH, UNDP, and SAC have used this reduction (85 percent) to more
accurately estimate a realistic size of the problem nationally. This reduced figure
has been key to the realistic planning described in Angolas National Strategic Mine
Action Plan.
Table 10 presents
the extrapolation of the
LIS-estimated SHA area,
based on the revised
visual inspection protocol
as conducted by HALO
Trust and applying a more
conservative reduction
to only one-fifth of the
original estimate. The
results of the more precise
SHA survey provide an
upper estimate of current
suspect hazardous
area and a realistic estimate of the area to be treated. These figures suggest that,
following the systematic and more precise estimation of each SHAs area at the
beginning of operational
planning for each task,
the total area remaining
for further area reduc-
tion and clearance or
other treatment will be
TAble 9
average SHa area deTerMiNed By eaCH SUrvey parTNer
Operator SHA Average Area (sq km)
INAD 81 0.23
MAG 676 0.31
INTERSOS 119 0.44
NPA 977 0.49
SBF 276 0.62
Subtotal 2,129 0.44
HALO Trust 1,164 0.05
Total 3,293 0.3
TAble 10
eSTiMaTed ToTaL area aNd area redUCTioN
wiTH viSUaL iNSpeCTioN
Community Estimated Total Estimated Area on Basis of
Impact Level SHA Area (sq km) Revised Protocol VI (sq km)
High 40 8
Medium 388 78
Low 811 162
Total 1,239 248
HaLo TrUST SUrvey
oFFiCer MappiNg
iN KUiTo
33
approximately 250 square kilometers, including less than 10 square kilometers for
high-impact communities, and 86 square kilometers for high- and medium-impact
communities combined.
Lessons Learned for LIS: Importance of Rigorous Visual Inspection
Referring to the use of the revised visual inspection protocol, HALO Trust says that the new
SWG protocol is probably the most significant improvement to the LIS output. Previous
Landmine Impact Survey estimates of the size of the affected area have significantly
inflated the size of the problem. This is unfortunate since the size of the suspected mine-
affected areas is one of the most important pieces of information required for planning
future activities. From the outset of the survey HALO made the decision to dedicate
experienced mine clearance surveyors to the survey. HALO firmly believed that by tap-
ping their additional skills greater value would be added to the end product. In particu-
lar, concurrent to conducting the normal LIS community survey, the more experienced
HALO teams were tasked to conduct precise visual inspection and report the results on
the IMSMA Level 2 survey forms. The fear that this extra requirement would slow down
the progress of the survey never materialized. This was mainly because community visits
were arranged for early morning when most villagers were at home (i.e., before they had
dispersed to attend to daily chores such as plowing fields and tending to crops, cutting
firewood, watching over cattle, or, in the case of children, going to school). During the
morning session it was then possible to ascertain which individuals had best knowledge
of the SHA, and they were asked to accompany the surveyors for a closer reconnaissance
later in the day. Thus the HALO surveyors were able to use much of the remaining day
to confirm many more technical details normally required by mine clearance operators
before clearance operation can commence. Of greatest significance was the ability to
more accurately map and record the physical boundaries of the SHAs by using modern
equipment such as GPS, prismatic compasses, and laser range finders to draw polygon
maps. The equipment needed is relatively inexpensive, and being light and portable it
did little to hinder the survey or the teams. Importantly, whilst the use of compass and
measuring tape is not difficult or new to technical surveying, the use of laser range finders
makes the process far easier and quicker and safer. On return to base locations, resultant
polygon maps can be checked using simple software such as Map Maker (www.map-
maker.com), which then very accurately calculates the actual area within the boundaries
of the recorded SHA.
34
GROUND PROFILE AND ORDNANCE CLASS OF CONTAMINATED LAND
Ground Profle in Impacted Communities
The LIS provides information on the profile of the suspected contaminated land in
impacted communities. As indicated in Table 11, nearly three-fourths of the known
contaminated land is
flat and covered with
low growth.
Contaminated Land
by Ordnance Class
The LIS results
indicate that 58
percent of impacted
communities (and
62 percent of SHAs)
have only a single
type of ordnance, as
reflected in Table 12.
The number of SHAs
reported to have AT
mines is 952 and the
number reported to
have AP mines is 2,723.
oNe oF MaNy TM57
aT MiNeS iN CUiTo
CUaNavaLe, KUaNdo
KUBaNgo proviNCe
TAble 11
SHas, By groUNd proFiLe
SHAs Vegetation Type
Ground Profle Number Percentage Trees Tall Grass Short Grass Bushes Other
Gully 8 0.25% 0 4 4 0 0
Hills 303 9% 5 173 115 4 6
Other 297 9% 3 128 133 1 32
Mountainous 359 11% 10 179 166 2 2
Flat 2,326 71% 58 916 1,293 22 37
Total 3,293 100% 76 1,400 1,711 29 77
TAble 12
iMpaCTed CoMMUNiTieS aNd SHas, By MUNiTioNS Type
Ordnance Type Number of Communities Number of SHAs Percent of Estimated Area
Mixed AP & AT 310 455 9%
AP & UXO 288 424 22%
AP, AT, UXO 108 144 7%
AT & UXO 47 64 4%
Subtotal 753 1,087 42%
Unmixed AP Only 968 1,700 48%
AT Only 172 289 1%
UXO Only 20 39 1%
Subtotal 1,160 2,028 50%
Unknown 75 178 8%
Total 1,988 3,293 100%
ied oN Trip wire, gaNda,
BeNgUeLa proviNCe
35
Victims and Survivors
VICTIMS OF MINE INCIDENTS
Figure 3 below shows that of the 341 casualties, 232, or 68 percent, were male and
79, or 23 percent, were female; the gender is unknown among 9 percent of the recent
victims. The fatality rate for the female and male casualties was essentially the same.
When discarding the unknown fate of 14 of the recent victims, the number of injured
and the number killed are the same. The survivor rate of 50 percent is lower than
in most other mine-affected countries, where the rate is closer to 60 percent and
sometimes as high as 70 percent.
Map 7 shows the geographical distribution of the recent victims identified
during the LIS. More recent victims were identified in Moxico than in any other
province.
figuRe 3
MiNe viCTiMS, By geNder
U|||ov| U|||ov|
U|||ov| Su|vvo|s
U|||ov| |u|u||os
|ouu|o U|||ov|
|ouu|o Su|vvo|s
|ouu|o |u|u||os
/u|o U|||ov|
/u|o Su|vvo|s
/u|o |u|u||os
0o, o.
', o^'
', '
o^, 0
o., 0'
o, 2o
22, c'
., 2
, 0o
36
As Map 7 and Table 13 indicate, one-third of the recent victims identified during
the LIS are in Moxico province. Seventeen percent of the recent victims are in Bi,
meaning that one-half of the casualties have occurred in just two provinces. Kwanza
Sul, Malanje, Lunda Norte, and Benguela have between 20 and 30 recent victims.
These six provinces contain 80 percent of the recent victims identified in the LIS.
Despite a relatively large number of impacted communities and SHAs in Uge, only
two recent victims were reported. This low number of recent victims in Uge repre-
sents the trend in recent victims throughout Angola, and is also a reflection of the
surveys timing. In 2002 Uge was reporting more casualties from landmine accidents
MAp 7
geograpHiCaL
diSTriBUTioN oF
reCeNT viCTiMS
37
than all but two other provinces. Five
years later Uge is on the opposite end,
with nearly the least casualties of the
provinces reporting recent victims. The
four provinces of Namibe, Cabinda,
Luanda, and Zaire recorded no recent
victims in the two years prior to the
survey being conducted in the province.
DEMOGRAPHy OF RECENT VICTIMS
The age and gender breakdown of
recent victims as identified by the LIS
is close to the global norm for landmine
casualties. Figure 4 below shows that 39
of the recent victims, or 11 percent, were
between 5 and 14 years of age, and
more than three-quarters of the recent
victims were aged 1544. Compared
with other countries, a higher portion
of the recent victims aged 3044 are
women.
Table 14 details the activities that
victims were engaged in at the time
of their landmine incident. The most
common activity at the time of the
incident was traveling, as is the case in 30 percent of the incidents. The next most
common activities were collecting firewood and water and farming. The fact that
these activities are usually performed by women may largely account for why the
casualty rate among females aged 3044 is 35 percent.
TAble 13
reCeNT viCTiMS By proviNCe
Recent Victims
Province Number Percentage
Moxico 111 33%
Bi 58 17%
Kwanza Sul 30 9%
Malanje 26 8%
Lunda Norte 25 7%
Benguela 20 6%
Kwanza Norte 18 5%
Huambo 15 4%
Hula 13 4%
Lunda Sul 7 2%
Kunene 7 2%
Kuando Kubango 7 2%
Bengo 2 1%
Uge 2 1%
Luanda 0 0%
Cabinda 0 0%
Zaire 0 0%
Namibe 0 0%
Total 341 100%
38
TAble 14
aCTiviTy oF viCTiMS aT TiMe oF iNCideNT
Activity Male Female Unknown Total Percentage
Traveling 59 17 25 101 30%
Collection 36 24 0 60 17%
Farming 21 16 0 37 11%
Other 30 4 0 34 10%
Unknown 21 3 1 25 7%
Household Work 6 10 0 16 5%
Hunting 15 1 0 16 5%
Unofficial Demining 12 0 4 16 5%
Playing 10 4 0 14 4%
Herding 11 0 0 11 3%
Tampering 7 0 0 7 2%
Fishing 4 0 0 4 1%
Total 232 79 30 341 100%
Figure 5 shows that amputations are the most common injury, suffered by a
majority of mine incident survivors both men and women.
Table 15 indicates the occupation, by gender, of mine victims. The largest single
category among men is military, followed closely by unknown and farmers. For
women, the most common occupation is farmer, for more than 50 percent of female
mine victims.
figuRe 4
reCeNT viCTiMS, By age aNd geNder
|
u
u
|
o
|

o
|

\
c
|
u
s
\c|us /go
0
20
^0
c0
o0
00
20
U|||ov| c0 u|u ovo| o0^^ '2' '^ 0^
/u|o 2o2
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U|||ov| o0
0 0 0 0
20
'
'.
0
^
20
c
oo
0
.
.o
0
^
39
TAble 15
reCeNT viCTiMS, By geNder aNd oCCUpaTioN
Occupation Male Female Unknown Total Percentage
Farmer 41 42 0 83 24%
Unknown 30 7 27 64 19%
Soldier 48 1 3 52 15%
Student 33 4 0 37 11%
Household Worker 14 14 0 28 8%
Other 16 1 0 17 5%
Unemployed 16 0 0 16 5%
Hunter 14 1 0 15 4%
Trader 7 7 0 14 4%
Herder 6 0 0 6 2%
Office Worker 4 0 0 4 1%
Artisan 1 2 0 3 1%
Fisherman 2 0 0 2 1%
Grand Total 232 79 30 341 100%
Table 16 shows the change in job status among the landmine survivors. Before
the incidents among the survivors there were 37 farmers. After the incident there are
only 14 farmers among the 37. While this denotes a movement away from farming
as a result of their injuries it is interesting to note that 18 others became farmers
after the incidents. It is also worth noting that 12 of the 18 survivors who were in the
military at the time of the incident are still in the military. Although the data is not
figuRe 5
Type oF woUNdS SUFFered By MiNe iNCideNT SUrvivorS, By geNder
|
u
u
|
o
|

o
|

S
u
|
v
v
o
|
s
,po o| \ou|u
0
0
20
o0
^0
'0
c0
.0
o0
|oss o| Sg|| C||o| ||,u|, /upu|u|o|
/u|o
|ouu|o
U|||ov|
2o
^2
0
. .
^
.0
0
0
40
complete in this area as many of the occupations of the survivors was not known at
the time of interview the data is indicative that landmine injuries cause major shifts
in employment status.
TAble 16
poST-iNCideNT oCCUpaTioN oF MiNe iNCideNT SUrvivorS, By geNder
Occupation
Before
Occupation After the Incident

the Incident Artisan Farmer Fisherman Herder House Worker Hunter Soldier Offce Worker Student Trader Other Unknown Total
Artisan 2 2
Farmer 2 14 1 4 1 1 1 13 37
Fisherman 1 1
Herder 1 1
House Worker 5 4 2 11
Hunter 2 2 1 5
Soldier 3 11 1 3 18
Office Worker 1 1 1 3
Student 1 1 12 1 4 19
Trader 1 1 1 3
Other 2 4 1 7
Unknown 2 2 14 18
TOTAL 2 32 2 1 11 2 12 2 14 2 6 39 125
TAble 17
FreqUeNCy oF reCeNT viCTiMS iN iMpaCTed CoMMUNiTieS
Number Number of Communities Percentage
of Recent Victims of Recent Victims of All Impacted
in the Community with This Number Communities
0 1,819 91.5%
1 108 5.4%
2 28 1.4%
3 15 0.75%
4 5 0.25%
5 5 0.25%
6 2 0.10%
9 1 0.05%
11 3 0.15%
16 1 0.05%
17 1 0.05%
Total 1,988 100.00%
41
RECENT VICTIMS PER SHA
The number of recent victims is an important measure of the impact of landmines on
the community, and largely determines which communities have high-impact. The
number of recent victims ranges from zero in the vast majority of cases to as high
as 17 in one case. Ninety-one percent of impacted communities reported no recent
victims. The full distribution is shown in Map 8 and Table 17 above.
The LIS recorded a total of 341 recent victims in 173 SHAs in a total of 169
communities. In 98 percent of communities with victims, a single SHA produced
the victims. Since the LIS fieldwork occurred over a three-year period, and since the
LIS considers as recent victims those casualties of mine incidents within two years
of the respective interview, the LIS includes individual casualties from different
times during the period of years 2002 to 2007. The number of victims is consistent
with annual records compiled by CNIDAH, which indicate there were roughly 100
MAp 8
diSTriBUTioN oF
reCeNT viCTiMS iN
iMpaCTed areaS
42
new mine victims in 2005 and 125 in 2006. There were recent victims in 15 of the 18
provinces, as shown in Table 18, with Moxico and Bi combined accounting for 50
percent of the total. Malanje, Kwanza Sul, and Huambo have 1214 SHAs with recent
victims, and the remaining provinces have fewer than ten.
TAble 18
SHas wiTH viCTiMS, By proviNCe
SHAs with Victims Recent Victims
Province Number Percentage Number Percentage
Moxico 51 29% 111 33%
Bi 37 21% 58 17%
Malanje 14 8% 26 7%
Huambo 12 7% 15 4%
Kwanza Sul 12 7% 30 9%
Benguela 8 5% 20 6%
Kuando Kubango 7 4% 7 2%
Hula 6 3% 13 4%
Lunda Norte 6 3% 25 7%
Lunda Sul 6 3% 7 2%
Kunene 5 3% 7 2%
Kwanza Norte 5 3% 18 5%
Bengo 2 1% 2 1%
Uge 2 1% 2 1%
Luanda 0 0% 0 0%
Cabinda 0 0% 0 0%
Namibe 0 0% 0 0%
Total 173 100% 341 100%
The number of recent incidents is another important indicator of the impact and
continuing threat of landmines in specific communities. The vast majority of low- and
medium-impact communities have had no recent incidents, while seven out of 40
high-impact communities had no recent incidents, and one high-impact community
had 23. Table 19 presents the distribution of recent incidents by impact category.
43
TAble 19
CoMMUNiTieS, By NUMBer oF reCeNT iNCideNTS aNd iMpaCT CaTegory
Impact
Communities, by Number of Recent Incidents
Category 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 10 23 Total
High 7 10 6 5 4 4 1 1 1 1 40
Medium 339 88 19 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 455
Low 1,461 28 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,493
Grand Total 1,807 126 28 11 6 6 1 1 1 1 1,988
Furthermore, the LIS indicates that victims of UXO incidents are more strongly
associated with medium-impact communities, while victims who encountered anti-
vehicle mines are most strongly associated with high-impact communities.
PROXIMITy AND RISK
As the LIS was being carried out, there was rich discussion among the survey-imple-
menting partners regarding the meaning of the impact score. One question raised
was whether other dimensions of risk should be considered when assessing impact.
Specifically, it was suggested that SHAs in the immediate proximity of a community
create higher risk of incident, injury, and death. While this is an intuitively sensible
conclusion, it is also possible that members of a community would know well those
SHAs in the immediate proximity and therefore would have adopted behaviors that
reduce risk caused by such environmental hazards. The LIS indicates that SHAs
in close proximity to a community generally are not more likely to result in victims,
as indicated in Table 20. Instead, the LIS clearly shows that the risk at any distance
depends primarily on the impact category of the community and that those SHAs
more than one kilometer from the community appear to cause the greatest risk.
This is consistent with the results of a similar analysis conducted on the basis of
the Afghanistan LIS. While there may be good reasons to clear minefields in close
proximity to settlements, greater risk to the inhabitants does not seem to be one of
them.
TAble 20
proxiMiTy oF SHas To THe CoMMUNiTy aNd FreqUeNCy oF viCTiMS
High Medium Low Total Total
Distance SHA Victim SHA Victim SHA Victim SHA Victim
Less than 50m 6 5 30 3 64 1 100 9
50100m 0 0 31 1 50 2 81 3
100500m 27 48 262 32 464 3 753 83
5001000m 16 27 242 27 444 4 702 58
More than 1000m 36 98 509 84 1,078 5 1,623 187
Unknown 1 0 13 1 20 0 34 1
Total 86 178 1087 148 2,120 15 3,293 341
44
45
Impact on Communities
L
andmines and UXOs adversely impact communities in a variety of ways. The
LIS identifies and categorizes the impact and assigns each surveyed community
an impact score indicating relative severity. This score is based on three important
factors:
-
The number of recent victims (within 24 months preceding the survey)
-
The number of different types of socioeconomic and institutional blockages
-
The nature of the munitions (landmines and/or UXOs) present
Impact scores are used to classify communities impacts as low, medium, or
high, using a framework common
to all Landmine Impact Surveys
(05 points = low impact; 610
points = medium impact; and 11
or more points = high impact).
Table 21 shows that 40
impacted communities (2 percent)
were categorized as high-impact,
455 (23 percent) as medium-
impact, and 1,493 (75 percent) as
low-impact.
RANGE OF IMPACT
ON COMMUNITIES
Community impact
scores in Angola
range from 1 to 38.
Figure 6 presents
the distribution of
low-, medium-, and
high-impact scores,
indicating the number
of impacted commu-
nities and SHAs
associated with each
community impact
score. The most
frequent community
impact score was 4,
followed by scores of
TAble 21
iMpaCT CaTegory SUMMary
Impact Communities
Category Number Percentage
High 40 2%
Medium 455 23%
Low 1,493 75%
Total 1,988 100%
figuRe 6
diSTriBUTioN oF iMpaCT SCoreS
0
00
200
o00
^00
'00
c00
.00
o00
oo o. oc o' o^ oo o2 o o0 2' 2o 2. 2c 2' 2^ 2o 22 2 20 ' o . c ' ^ o 2 0 ' o . c ' ^ o 2
Couuu||, upuc| sco|o
|
u
u
|
o
|

o
|

u
p
u
c
|
o
u

c
o
u
u
u
|
o
s
0
2
^
c
o
0
2
oo o. oc o' o^ oo o2 o o0 2' 2o 2. 2c 2' 2^ 2o 22 2 20 ' o . c ' ^ o 2 '
Sco|os |||u oo
|xpu|uou \ov
|ov |upuc|
/ou |upuc|
Hg| |upuc|
46
3 and then 5. There were 689, 381, and
380 communities, respectively, with
these three scores, for a combined total
of 1,450, which includes 73 percent
of all impacted communities. These
are all low impact scores. A score of
3 or 4 is most frequently the result of
having one or two SHAs producing two
socioeconomic blockages to community
activities. The figure shows that 12
impacted communities had scores of
16 to 38. The modal score (i.e., the score
most often received) was 4. The mean
score is 4.88.
Overall, there were a total of 318
incidents reported during the two
years preceding the LIS, as show in
Table 22 and illustrated in Figure 7.
These incidents occurred in 173 SHAs
associated with 170 communities and
produced 341 recent victims. The table
shows several communities with many
incidents and recent victims as well as
communities with few incidents but
with a high number of victims. All of
these communities are categorized as
high impact. Most notably, the commu-
nity with the highest impact score 38
has had 23 incidents over a 24-month
period resulting in 17 recent victims.
This community has only one SHA. The
community is in Lunda Norte where little mine action has occurred. This community
should be high priority for further investigation. Other communities reported only
one or two incidents but with at least six recent victims. At the same time 16 commu-
nities with a score of 4 the most frequently reported score reported 15 incidents
without victims. The LIS recorded more than 30 mine incidents in which there were
no injuries or fatalities.
TAble 22
iMpaCT SCore aNd CLaSSiFiCaTioN
oF aLL iMpaCTed CoMMUNiTieS
Impact Recent Recent
Score Incident Victim
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 3 0
4 16 1
5 18 14
6 44 36
7 38 39
8 43 37
9 18 19
10 16 17
11 16 20
12 14 21
13 10 13
14 9 9
15 4 8
16 11 15
17 1 6
18 11 11
22 9 9
26 2 11
27 10 11
28 1 11
37 1 16
38 23 17
Total 318 341
47
COMMUNITy IMPACT SCORES WITH AND WITHOUT RECENT VICTIMS
Since victims are such an important part of the LIS impact score, it is worthwhile
to consider the scores that would exist without victims. The range of impact scores
without considering recent victims is from 1 to 13, with only four communities having
scores of 11 or higher (high-impact) without victims, as shown in Table 23. The modal
score for low-impact communities without victims is 4; for medium-impact it is 6;
and for high-impact communities without victims it is 5. Arguably, in Angola, what
distinguishes a high-impact community from a medium- and even some low-impact
communities is the number of recent victims. The 50 medium-impact communi-
ties with impact scores of 9 or 10 are one incident away from being categorized as
high-impact. The number and extent of socioeconomic blockages are very similar
in high- and medium-impact communities, and are much greater than those in
low-impact communities. The narrow distinction between high and medium impact
figuRe 7
CoMMUNiTieS wiTH reCeNT iNCideNTS aNd viCTiMS, By iMpaCT
Couuu||, |upuc| Sco|o
|
o
c
o
|
|

|
|
c
u
o
|
|
s

u
|
u

\
c
|
u
s
0
'
0
'
20
2'
o0
o'
^0
^'
'0
oo o. 2o 2. 2c 22 o . c ' ^ o 2 0 ' o . c ' ^ o 2
|oco|| ||cuo||
|oco|| \c|u
TAble 23
iMpaCT By BLoCKage (wiTHoUT viCTiMS)
Impact Score (Without Victims)
Impact 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total
High 0 0 0 5 11 10 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 40
Medium 0 1 7 44 32 200 92 50 18 11 0 0 0 455
Low 1 43 395 688 366 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,493
Total 1 44 402 737 409 210 95 52 21 13 2 1 1 1,988
48
is one of the reasons why the National Mine Action Strategic
Plan 20062011 prioritizes all cases of high- and medium-impact
communities to be resolved and why this report combines the two
categories for the purpose of analysis. More analysis regarding
the number of recent victims and SHAs causing accidents can be
found in the Consequences for Mine Action section under Priority
to SHAs with Recent Victims.
INACCESSIBLE COMMUNITIES
The LIS identified 1,988 communities as having been impacted by
landmines. A limited number of communities suspected of being
impacted were not covered by the LIS because the survey teams
could not reach them or because the survey team was unable to
find local inhabitants to interview. (In addition, new communities
formed since the LIS are not necessarily included in the original
dataset.) Inaccessibility was the product of several causes, mainly
lack of roads, lack of bridges, and in some cases landmine contami-
nation. The exact number of inaccessible communities is unknown.
They are located in 19 of the nations 557 comunas, listed by
province in Table 24 below. Of the 19 inaccessible comunas, 14 are
in Lunda Norte and Malanje. They should be surveyed and added
to the national mine action database when conditions permit.
Based on LIS experience in Angola, no more and probably much
less than 50 percent of the inaccessible communities may have
been impacted.
ECONOMIC BLOCKAGE IMPACTS
Key informants in the impacted communities pointed to five major types of resources
to which landmines and UXOs were blocking access:
-
Rain-fed cropland
-
Nonagricultural rural land
-
Pasture
-
Roads
-
Infrastructure
The core insight underlying the landmine impact survey is that the landmine
problem should be understood according to the impact on communities whose
normal social and economic activities are blocked. Thus the LIS seeks to determine
the social and economic resources with access blocked by landmines. Blockages
may be of many forms, but the most commonly identified are blockage of economic
activity (farming, gathering, herding, trading), blockage of access to basic services
(water, schools, health centers, housing), and blockage of transit to other locations
(roads, paths). Table 25 below ranks resource type by the percentage of communi-
TAble 24
iNaCCeSSiBLe CoMUNaS
Total Inaccessible
Province Comunas Comunas
Bengo 33 1
Benguela 36 0
Bi 39 0
Cabinda 12 0
Huambo 37 0
Hula 37 0
Kuando Kubango 31 1
Kunene 20 0
Kwanza Norte 31 0
Kwanza Sul 36 0
Luanda 33 0
Lunda Norte 26 6
Lunda Sul 14 0
Malanje 55 8
Moxico 30 1
Namibe 14 1
Uge 48 1
Zaire 25 0
Total 557 19
49
ties that reported blocked access to them. The most commonly reported economic
blockage in impacted communities is rain-fed agriculture, with 61 percent of the
impacted communities reporting such a blockage. Similarly, more than 53 percent
of the SHAs are blocking rain-fed agriculture. Nonagricultural land was the second
most frequently reported blockage, and pasture was third with 35 percent. Blockages
of access to water, housing, irrigated agricultural land, and ways/paths were each
reported in less than 10 percent of the SHAs.
TAble 25
perCeNTage oF CoMMUNiTieS reporTiNg BLoCKed aCCeSS
Impacted Communities SHAs
Types of Blockage No. % Population No. %
Rain-Fed Agriculture 1,216 61% 1,655,272 1,748 53%
Nonagricultural Land 840 42% 1,094,283 1,203 37%
Pasture 696 35% 964,954 945 29%
Roads 465 23% 429,595 529 16%
Infrastructure 323 16% 331,448 396 12%
Other Water 155 8% 173,948 216 7%
Housing 151 8% 183,186 188 6%
Drinking Water 133 7% 152,585 176 5%
Irrigated Agriculture 105 5% 154,112 139 4%
The three most frequent blockages are to access of rain-fed agriculture,
nonagricultural rural activities (e.g., gathering fuel and food), and pasture. Angola
is an agricultural country, with the majority of the population living in rural areas,
and these blockages affect the daily activities of the rural population. The next
most frequent blockage affects roads. Transportation and movement were greatly
restricted during the long period of conflict, and the continuing legacy of blocked
transit routes interferes with the recovery and development of the country. There is a
significant although smaller number of blockages related to drinking water, housing,
and public services. Although the number of such blockages is smaller, each of these
resources typically serves many more people and their significance is much greater
than the comparison of frequency might suggest.
The importance of the different blockages varies among the provinces, as shown
in Table 26. Many communities report more than one type of blockage (as a result
of which the individual blockages add up to more than the number of communities
and SHAs, and surpass 100 percent). Agricultural resources are blocked throughout
the country, while blocked roads are a problem especially in the interior, and blocked
irrigated land is a problem primarily in Moxico, Kuando Kubango, Lunda Sul, and
Uge. Blocked drinking water is a problem nationwide but is particularly concen-
trated in Moxico, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Kwanza Sul, and Kwanza Norte. Blocked roads
are similarly a problem nationwide but are concentrated especially in Moxico, Bi,
and Huambo provinces.
50
Agriculture in Angola
Prior to the 40-year conflict,
Angola was self-sufficient in
food production and exported
coffee, maize, and beans. Since
the spread of peace in 2002,
Angola has struggled to regain
its self-sufficiency in food produc-
tion, and globalization has
created more competitive export
markets requiring new strategies
and investments that have yet to materialize. In the LIS, agricultural land (rain-fed
and irrigated) was the most cited socioeconomic blockage, with 66 percent of the
impacted communities reporting blockage to agricultural land. In a 2005 study,
Right to Land and Livelihood, Norwegian Peoples Aid (NPA) found that landmines
paSTUre aNd
agriCULTUraL LaNd
iN KwaNZa SUL
TAble 26
CoMMUNiTieS reporTiNg BLoCKageS, By BLoCKage Type
Rain- Non-
Irrigated Fed agricultural Other Drinking
Province Land Land Land Pasture Roads Housing Infrastructure Water Water Total
Moxico 30 164 210 79 71 39 93 30 29 745
Bi 1 190 75 85 105 10 31 2 2 501
Kuando Kubango 21 108 70 95 36 12 21 9 7 379
Kwanza Sul 4 109 98 55 16 7 20 11 14 334
Uge 10 93 57 23 66 25 28 9 9 320
Huambo 2 95 62 58 53 1 29 4 1 305
Benguela 3 79 65 75 19 5 8 1 1 256
Malanje 2 56 33 30 38 10 21 24 16 230
Lunda Sul 18 50 51 30 9 12 14 19 18 221
Kwanza Norte 0 45 44 17 4 4 15 15 13 157
Kunene 2 56 5 76 12 2 1 2 1 157
Hula 5 28 15 46 8 6 17 6 4 135
Zaire 1 48 33 10 11 8 5 4 4 124
Bengo 3 49 15 7 12 5 8 11 9 119
Lunda Norte 0 20 3 4 2 2 11 7 4 53
Cabinda 2 25 2 3 2 3 0 0 0 37
Luanda 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 6
Namibe 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 5
Total 105 1,216 840 696 465 151 323 155 133 4,084
51
hindered the expansion of land under communal use.
3
The study concluded with
the question of whether mine action can lead to more access to agricultural land
and improved access to land a complex social, historical, and political issue that is
beyond the scope of this report. However, landmines are only one of several factors
when considering food security and agricultural production. What investments are
being planned for fertilizers, roads, irrigation systems, energy, transportation, and
markets? Equally important is the land tenure law and assessing ownership of the
land. Small farmers have traditionally been the backbone of agricultural production
in Angola. A program that includes clearing agricultural land should also include
support to small farmers in the form of credit, tools, fertilizer, technical assistance,
and training. The LIS only
identified agricultural land as a
socioeconomic blockage; it did not
identify the owners of the land or
its potential use.
Roads in Angola
The lost ability to safely travel
and transport goods has been one
of the lasting effects of the long
conflict in Angola. Blockage of
roads and paths remains a major
problem, interfering with local and
national recovery as well as plans for
elections and future development.
While the LIS is not designed as a
road survey, it can identify many
roads and road segments that are
blocked. Map 9 shows the SHAs that
are within 25 meters of a road.
3 Paulo Filipe, The Right to Land and Livelihood: The Dynamics of Land Tenure Systems in Conda,
Amboim, and Sumbe Municipios, NPA, 2005; page 9.
road iN BeNgUeLa
THe Npa SUrvey
TeaM driviNg
oN THe NaTioNaL
HigHway iN Uge
52
MAp 9
roadS aNd SUSpeCTed
HaZard areaS
road iN MaLaNje
53
Mine Action Activities
HISTORy OF LANDMINES IN ANGOLA
Angola was mired in conflict for more than 40 years, beginning in 1961 while the
country was under Portuguese rule. The conflict continued after independence
in November 1975, until all hostilities ceased in 2002. Landmines were used by all
parties, including the various foreign interests involved when Cold War politics
played a role in the conflict. The full extent of landmine contamination in the country
has never really been known, although estimates have placed Angola as one of the
most mine-affected countries in the world. Without accurate data, no one was sure
what this meant in comparison to other mine-impacted countries. Nevertheless, there
was substantial evidence that thousands of people were being injured and killed by
landmines, based on the number of beneficiaries in the major orthopedic centers
in the country and anecdotally supported by the numbers of amputees seen on the
streets of Luanda and in the villages of rural Angola. Road accidents and general
surveys by NPA from 1995 to 1998 were other indicators that the people of Angola
were severely impacted by landmines. In 1994, after the Lusaka Protocol was signed,
the international community and the United Nations launched a major program to
minimize the landmine problem in Angola and to develop a national capacity for
addressing the landmine problem in the long term.
SUMMARy OF PAST MINE ACTION
International NGOs were the first major mine action operators in Angola. Norwegian
Peoples Aid, HALO Trust, and Mines Advisory Group established mine action
programs in Malanje, Huambo, and Moxico, respectively, in 1994. Three more interna-
tional NGOs established mine action programs in subsequent years MgM in 1996,
Santa Barbara in 1997, and INTERSOS in 1999.
In 1995, in the framework of its peacekeeping mission (UNAVEM III), the UN
supported the establishment of the Central Mine Action Office (CMAO) and the
Demining Training Centre (ETAM). Subsequently the UN supported the establish-
ment of Angolas national mine action center, the National Institute for the Removal
of Explosive Devices (INAROEE).
In November 2003 INAROEE was dissolved and transformed into a mine
clearance organization, the Angolan National Demining Institute (INAD). CNIDAH
assumed the lead role in planning, policy making, and coordination functions, and
INAD assumed an operational function. Since 2004, these institutions have evolved
54
and matured. CNIDAH is now focused on strategic coordination and planning, policy
creation, information management, and quality assurance, and INAD is responsible
for demining operations and management of the mine clearance school.
Also in 2003, UNDP began its activities in support of the present-day institutions
for mine action. The first phase of this support has been the implementation of an
ongoing project in support of CNIDAH at the central level. The second phase has
been the development of a capacity for mine action coordination, planning, and
resources mobilization at the provincial level.
The Executive Commission for Demining (CED) was established in 2005 to
coordinate the new national demining capability, to be developed in the Armed
Forces (FAA), INAD, and the National Reconstruction Office (GRN). Attached as
Annex I are the roles and responsibilities of each institution involved with the LIS.
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) began a victims assistance
program in Kuito and Huambo in the 1980s and from 1999 in Luanda, where they
also produced orthopedic parts for making prosthesis. Starting in 1994, Handicap
International established rehabilitation centers and mine risk education work in
Huambo, Hula, Benguela, and Luanda provinces, and the Vietnam Veterans of
America Foundation (VVAF) followed in 1995 with the provision of orthopedic
services to landmine survivors and people with disabilities in Moxico province. In
2004 and 2006 Handicap International and VVAF (now Veterans for America) handed
the programs over to provincial and national authorities. ICRC continues to provide
orthopedic components to organizations that produce prostheses.
UNICEF has led programming in mine risk education (MRE) through local and
international implementing partners.
In 2007 the mine action program in Angola is robust and mature, with both
significant national and international support and a national strategic plan with
priorities guiding implementers and donors.
LIS-REPORTED MINE ACTION IN IMPACTED COMMUNITIES
From April 2004 to May 2007 the LIS gathered information about the nature of mine
action activities MRE, marking, fencing, mine clearance, and mine victim assis-
tance that have already taken place in impacted communities. These activities,
whether implemented by outside agencies or initiated locally, are the foundation for
future mine action programs. These activities also reveal the magnitude of potential
needs not yet met.
As Table 27 shows, the LIS reported that a large amount of mine action activity
occurred in the impacted communities. MRE was the most commonly reported
activity, with 37 percent of communities reporting it, including 25 of the 40 high-
impact communities, or 62 percent. Mine clearance was reported to have occurred
in 20 of the 40 high-impact communities. Together with MRE this indicates that the
mine action operators have targeted more than one-half of the high-impact communi-
ties, although the majority of mine action efforts in all categories have been directed
at low-impact communities. The LIS is intended to ensure that attention is focused
55
as much as possible on where it will have the greatest result in relieving impact on
communities, which will normally prioritize response to high- and medium-impact
communities, as already reflected in the National Mine Action Strategy of Angola.
TAble 27
MiNe aCTioN aCTiviTieS iN iMpaCTed CoMMUNiTieS
Mine Action High Medium Low Total
Activities (n=40) (n=455) (n=1,493) (n=1,988) Percent
MRE 25 217 494 736 37%
Survey 11 141 242 394 20%
Official Clearance 20 136 257 413 21%
Informal Village Demining 1 58 95 154 8%
Uxo SiTe
56
57
Consequences for Mine Action
MINE ACTION STRATEGy
One of the most important uses the LIS serves is as a tool to inform the development
of a meaningful and achievable national mine action strategy. In the case of Angola,
the Council of Ministers adopted just such a strategy on 6 September 2006, based on
the preliminary results of the LIS in 15 provinces. The goals of the Angolan National
Mine Action Strategic Plan are in the box below, and the complete goals and objec-
tives are in Annex IV of this report.
The LIS provides a clear quantitative baseline and measures for the first goal:
Significantly reduce the risk to impacted communities and at-risk groups by 2011.
The objectives for this goal include:
-
Reduce the number of high-impact communities to zero
-
Reduce the number of medium-impact communities by 50 percent
-
Mark all remaining SHAs, using community-based and mine action operator
resources
-
Reduce number of victims to virtually zero by 2011
-
Refocus MRE on impacted communities and at-risk groups as identified in the
LIS and accident data
The LIS also provides important data to support Goals 2 and 3.
National Mine Action Strategic Plan 20062011 Goals
Goal 1 Significantly reduce the risk to impacted communities and at-risk groups by
2011
Goal 2 Landmine/ERW survivors and persons with disabilities receive medical care
within the national health system and have access to assistance in reintegrating
into community life
Goal 3 The Angola mine action program supports national infrastructure investment and
reconstruction
Goal 4 Fully establish a national mine action capability that is sustainable by national
resources after the end of major international assistance
Goal 5 Establish a world-class mine action program in Angola
58
Based on the combined estimate of SHAs by all implementing partners,
reduced according to the results of the application of the revised visual inspection
protocol as conducted by HALO Trust (described above), the overall concept of the
Angola National Mine Action Strategy 20062011 appears to be quite reasonable.
The national authorities estimate the size of the SHAs in high- and medium-impact
communities to be about 90 square kilometers. Further surveys will reduce further
the amount of land that actually requires physical clearance. If annual combined
clearance of all operators is maintained at 10 square kilometers per year, focused
clearance of high- and medium-impact communities would require less than 10 years
to complete, and under these assumptions the elimination of the entire contamina-
tion would require less than 25 years. This is far below the one to two centuries often
cited in the past as required to finish the job.
USE OF LIS FOR MINE ACTION PLANNING
Development of a strategic plan produces goals and the requisite activities to
achieve them. Numerous factors determine the final priorities. In the case of Angola,
the LIS impact categories were major criteria in determining the priorities of the
National Strategic Mine Action Plan 20062011.
Impact and Priority
The LIS produces an impact ranking high, medium, or low for each mine-affected
community. The LIS classified 40 communities as high-impact, 455 as medium-
impact, and 1,493 as low-impact. This is not a ranking of priority, but is an important
element to be considered in setting mine action priorities, which may also take into
consideration many other factors known locally to be important, including particular
plans for development of the area or region.
The LIS identified 2 percent of impacted communities as high-impact and 23
percent as medium-impact. However, primarily the difference in Angola between
high- and medium-impact communities is whether or not the community had victims
because a majority of the communities have the same number of blockages. In fact,
if the recent victims were removed from the scoring system, only four communities
would remain with a high-impact score. This is consistent with the argument that
international support for national mine action should continue at least until the
resolution of conditions in all high- and medium-impact communities.
Operations for the National Mine Action Strategy
Impact does not necessarily imply priority for mine clearance, although according to
the National Mine Action Strategy of Angola it does imply priority for further inves-
tigation. The National Mine Action Strategy 20062011 sets a goal of resolving all
high-impact communities, resolving 50 percent of medium-impact communities, and
marking all low-impact communities. This implies that:
59
-
All high-impact communities should be included in provincial operations plans
at a rate that will resolve them all by the end of the period of the Strategic Plan.
However, it does not necessarily mean they should be listed for mine clearance.
Rather, it means that each should be visited by a survey team to reconfirm the
impact and the SHA data, and to determine what treatment is necessary to
resolve the problem. In some cases that will likely include mine clearance, and
in most cases it will involve area reduction, although in some cases it may only
be the systematic confirmation that the problem originally identified no longer
exists. In order for all mine danger in such communities to be resolved over a
five-year period, roughly 20 percent should be resolved each year. The selection
of which communities to address each year should be made according to provin-
cial prioritization; since all provinces except Moxico (15) and Kwanza Sul (6) have
fewer than five high-impact communities, a good practice guideline could be to
resolve the problem in a least one community per year.
-
Medium-impact communities should receive a similar treatment. If 50 percent of
the medium-impact communities are to be resolved over a five-year period, this
implies that about 10 percent should be resolved each year. Which communities
will be included in this 10 percent should be determined according to provincial
prioritization and available resources.
-
Low-impact communities receive a different treatment, normally not including
mine clearance but rather focusing on marking and risk reduction through mine
risk education, following the National Mine Action Strategy. According to the
National Strategy, all low-impact communities should be surveyed and marked
over the period of the National Strategy. This should be done with return visits to
confirm blockages, with a trained visual verification team properly equipped to
determine the minimum polygon for the suspect area and to mark the resulting
SHA. This also implies the need to establish marking teams considerably beyond
the current numbers.
It is of course possible that a community classified as low-impact by the LIS may
represent a higher priority for the provincial authorities and may require clearance
because of resources for development of that community or the communitys relation
to other development plans. However, the National Strategy indicates that such
cases should have a strong justification. Basing priorities on socioeconomic block-
ages rather than impact categories is discussed in more detail later in this section.
Once a community has been selected for action, a team should return to recon-
firm the key information collected by the LIS regarding blockages and SHAs, and
should supplement this with an assessment of the development potential of the
community and the availability of necessary resources. A methodology such as the
NPA Task Impact Assessment or the more community-oriented Task Assessment
Planning approach adapted as the Community-based Integrated Mine Action
Planning (CIMAP) in Bosnia and Herzegovina could be used.
60
Monitoring and Surveillance to Maintain the National Mine Action Database
The LIS systematically collected information about the impact of landmines on
communities. The resulting database provided a fresh starting point for the national
mine action database. In the case of Angola, the LIS considered and rechecked infor-
mation in existing databases while also reaching many communities that previously
were not in the mine action database. This has provided CNIDAH with an update
and a very comprehensive database.
In order for the CNIDAH database to remain fully useful, it needs to be continu-
ously updated with information as work advances or situations change. Specifically,
it must continue to receive and incorporate new information, particularly information
reflecting the progress of mine action activities, previously unrecorded impacted
communities, and new victims. Changes overall are relatively slow, but for each
specific place that is freed of blockages or suffers an accident, the change is sudden
and significant. Maintaining the flow of this information is essential in order to keep
the quality of the CNIDAH database as the central reference point for mine action,
to enable the database to measure progress against the goals of the national mine
action strategy, and to provide updated information to potential end users.
There are multiple possible channels through which to obtain this information;
for some, CNIDAH is responsible, while others will have to establish an appropriate
quality-assurance mechanism.
Information regarding the conduct of mine action activities should be prepared
by the respective operator on the corresponding CNIDAH/IMSMA form and deliv-
ered to the CNIDAH Provincial Operations Room for follow-up by the Provincial
Quality Assurance team (conducting such surveys is part of their role), while also
being sent to CNIDAH HQ. This is also the basis for issuance of minefield completion
and acceptance reports.
Information regarding previously unknown mine-affected communities and
hazards should be reported to the Provincial Operations Room (whether by the
individual concerned, police, or others), which will send or request a survey team
to follow up and complete the respective LIS form, which will then be forwarded to
CNIDAH for entry in the database.
In cases where a mine action operator identifies a previously unrecorded
impacted community, one of the operators qualified survey teams may complete the
LIS forms and forward them to the Provincial Operations Room and CNIDAH HQ.
Information regarding new mine incidents should be checked and incorporated
into the database promptly. This new information may alter the impact scores of the
respective communities, in which case the communities should receive the response
appropriate to the higher level of impact.
In addition to updating the LIS information, it is important to recognize that
the CNIDAH database, as the national mine action database, requires information
regarding other hazardous areas that may be identified without regard to their
impact on local communities. For example, this might include railroads, bridges, or
isolated SHAs. Such information may be relevant in the future, especially for national
development projects such as electricity or road expansion as well as for new
61
settlements. Even during the LIS survey process, SHAs were sometimes identified
that were distant from any population center. In such cases they were assigned to a
community in order to integrate the data into the system.
Operational Considerations for Provincial Priorities and National Strategic Goals
The tasks below represent some of the ways to identify and meet local priorities and
national strategic goals. To ensure realism and greater chance of success, each task
should include a quantifiable indicator (e.g., number or percentage coverage per
year; examples indicated below by xx percent with percentage to be determined
at provincial level). Implications regarding the number of teams and the amount of
budgets should also be assessed and translated into realistic resource mobilization
and growth plans, as appropriate, since the current assets are likely to be insufficient
for responding to all these factors as promptly as would be preferred. These tasks
should be allocated as part of the annual provincial planning process.
Survey: Deploy specialized survey teams to determine more precise boundaries
and area of SHAs, with priority to high- and medium-impact communities. In
other countries, this area-reduction process has canceled from 50 percent to
95 percent of the initially reported SHAs. Confirm blockage of community or
development activity caused by SHAs and identify for clearance the portion of
each SHA causing the blockage. Identify blocked roads, bridges, and access
CNIDAH Preliminary Guidelines for Use of LIS Results for
Provincial Planning, in the Framework of the National
Mine Action Strategic Plan (Summary in Annex IV)
IdentifyallLIShigh-impactcommunitiesintheprovinceandincludethemintheannual
and medium-term plans in order to eliminate all impact and minimize further risk in all
high-impact communities within two to three years.
IdentifyallLISmedium-impactcommunitiesintheprovinceandincludetheminthean-
nual and medium-term plans in order to eliminate all impact and minimize further risk in
at least 50 percent of medium-impact communities within three to five years.
Identifyallhigh-andmedium-impactcommunitiesintheprovinceandrefocusannual
and medium-term plans to address risk according to impact, particularly by conducting
MRE to reduce risky behavior of population and by reconfirming blockages. This should
include prompt response to all new incidents with victims.
Reportallprogress,changesinsituation,andactionstakentoCNIDAHProvincial
Operations Room and CNIDAH HQ for incorporation into the CNIDAH database.
62
routes, and plan to open xx percent within two years, with priority to those
routes without viable alternatives. Identify all blocked water sources and clear
xx percent blockages within one year. Identify all blocked community facilities
(schools, health posts, markets) and remove xx percent blockages through area
reduction or clearance within one year. Identify blockages interfering with
national development projects (road network, irrigation, power distribution) and
clear blockages as part of each respective project.
MRE: Deploy MRE teams to all high- and medium-impact communities with
an appropriate frequency in order to reduce risky behavior and reconfirm
blockages.
Clearance: Clear portions of SHAs blocking community or development
activities.
Marking: Mark portions of SHAs not blocking community or development activi-
ties (but clear small remaining areas and areas within 25 meters of a settlement).
Priority Setting: Give greater priority to clear blockages affecting more than one
community. Give greater priority to clear blockages of resources without reason-
able alternative. Give greater priority to clear blockages when the resources
necessary to fully utilize the previously blocked activity are readily available (and
lower priority to clear those blockages where significant additional resources
must be obtained to reactivate the activity).
Budgeting: Consider logistical costs and address other blockages clustered
in the same area. Reconcile the available mine action resources (clearance,
marking, MRE) with the requirements identified, and consider the development
of additional or different resources as may be appropriate.
Reporting: Ensure CNIDAH has accurate information reflecting changes in
circumstances and mine action work completed since the LIS was carried out.
Investigate and provide updated reports to CNIDAH on all new mine incidents,
newly identified mine-affected communities or SHAs, and changes to previous
information since the LIS. Submit quarterly progress reports and task completion
reports to CNIDAH.
MRE Tasking Tool
CNIDAH and its MRE partners in Angola have developed a tool based on the LIS
database to establish priorities for allocation of MRE tasks. With a methodology
analogous to that used for LIS impact scoring, the tool assigns points in order to
arrive at a community score considering the following factors:
-
Size of population
-
Level of impact according to the LIS
-
SHAs marked or not
-
Number of SHAs
-
Number of socioeconomic blockages
63
-
Recent victims (in the last two years)
-
Old victims (prior to the last two years)
-
Type of explosive devices
Applying the MRE tool to the LIS database classifies the impacted communities
into MRE-High, MRE-Medium, and MRE-Low priority communities, which overlap to
some extent with the community impact scores of the LIS, as reflected in Table 28. It
is to be expected that the two approaches produce somewhat different results, since
the LIS impact score is related to attention to resolution of socioeconomic blockages,
while the MRE priority score is related to attention to modification of behavior in
risky settings. More information on this tool is available from CNIDAH.
TAble 28
Mre prioriTy raNKiNgS By Mre TaSKiNg TooL, By proviNCe
Province MRE-High MRE-Medium MRE-Low Total
Moxico 118 111 61 290
Bi 59 126 97 282
Uge 26 94 52 172
Kwanza Sul 30 75 64 169
Huambo 37 64 52 153
Benguela 27 47 53 127
Kunene 20 81 25 126
Malanje 22 38 27 87
Bengo 6 29 39 74
Hula 12 36 24 72
Zaire 14 35 17 66
Cabinda 1 16 10 27
Namibe 1 2 0 3
Luanda 1 0 1 2
Grand Total 461 918 609 1,988
SUPPORT TO ALTERNATIVE PRIORITIZATIONS
Blocked Resources as Pilot Indicators to High-/Medium-Impact Communities
Even without specific sector policies, the provincial authorities or donors could target
certain types of blockages which would focus resources into high- and medium-
impact communities. Overall, high- and medium-impact communities represent 25
percent of the total, so random selection of a task from the full list of communities
would result one-fourth of the time in a high- or medium-impact community. A strong
64
pilot indicator should increase the likelihood of working in a high- or medium-impact
community to at least 50 percent, and a very strong indicator would increase it to
75 percent or more. The association of blockage of major resource categories with
high- and medium-impact communities is shown in Table 29, and the implication of
task selection focused on three such blockages is illustrated below. Thus, if tasking
were based on some blockage types rather than on level of impact, depending on
provincial priorities, clearance resources would still be effectively focused primarily
on high- and medium-impact communities.
TAble 29
iNdividUaL reSoUrCe BLoCKageS To prioriTiZe iMpaCTed CoMMUNiTieS
Communities Reporting High & Medium-Impact Low-Impact
Blockage Category this Blockage Community Community
Rain-fed Agricultural 1,216 35% 65%
Non Agriculture 840 42% 58%
Pasture 696 42% 58%
Roads and Paths 465 35% 65%
Infrastructure 323 53% 47%
Housing 151 56% 44%
Drinking Water 133 80% 20%
Irrigated Land 105 55% 45%
A strategy focused on resolution of drinking water problems, when checked
against the LIS database, would identify a total of 133 communities nationwide for
attention, and fully 82 percent of these are high- or medium-impact communities,
distributed throughout the provinces as indicated in Table 30.
A strategy focused on removing blockages to housing, when checked against
the LIS database, would identify a total of 151 communities for attention, and 57
percent of these are high- or medium-impact communities (twice the average rate),
distributed throughout the provinces as indicated in Table 31.
On the other hand, a strategy focused on removing blockages to agricultural
land, when checked against the LIS database, would identify a total of 1,216
communities for attention, only 39 percent of which are high- or medium-impact
communities.
Exact updated information, including precise listing of the localities affected
and sketch maps of the SHAs, is available from CNIDAH centrally or through the
Provincial Mine Action Operations Room, and is available in both electronic and
paper format.
65
Priority to Communities with Multiple Recent Victims
In addition to the individual and social needs of the victims, mine deaths and injuries
present trauma to the community that is not simply hypothetical. When a significant
portion of a population is disabled, widowed, orphaned, or in need of special social
protection services, the community impact of landmines and conflict can be exten-
sive and should receive priority when needs are assessed. In this regard provincial
or national authorities might wish to prioritize those communities that have had
multiple recent victims. Table 32 indicates the number of impacted communities in
each province that would be prioritized under a policy to resolve first those communi-
ties with at least three or at least six recent victims.
Prioritizing communities with greater numbers of victims indirectly focuses
greater attention on high-impact communities, given the distribution of victims by
impact category, as shown in Table 33.
TAble 30
CoMMUNiTieS wiTH BLoCKage oF
driNKiNg waTer, By proviNCe
Communities with Blockage
Province of Drinking Water
Moxico 29
Lunda Sul 18
Malanje 16
Kwanza Sul 14
Kwanza Norte 13
Bengo 9
Uge 9
Kuando Kubango 7
Hula 4
Lunda Norte 4
Zaire 4
Bi 2
Benguela 1
Huambo 1
Kunene 1
Luanda 1
Cabinda 0
Namibe 0
Total 133
TAble 31
CoMMUNiTieS wiTH BLoCKage
oF HoUSiNg, By proviNCe
Communities with
Province Blockage of Housing
Moxico 39
Uge 25
Kuando Kubango 12
Lunda Sul 12
Bi 10
Malanje 10
Zaire 8
Kwanza Sul 7
Hula 6
Bengo 5
Benguela 5
Kwanza Norte 4
Cabinda 3
Kunene 2
Lunda Norte 2
Huambo 1
Luanda 0
Namibe 0
Grand Total 151
66
TAble 33
NUMBer oF reCeNT viCTiMS per CoMMUNiTy, By iMpaCT LeveL
Recent Victims High Medium Low Total
0 4 337 1,478 1,819
1 2 91 15 108
2 4 24 0 28
3 12 3 0 15
4 5 0 0 5
5 5 0 0 5
6 2 0 0 2
9 1 0 0 1
11 3 0 0 3
16 1 0 0 1
17 1 0 0 1
Total 40 455 1,493 1,988
TAble 32
CoMMUNiTieS wiTH More THaN THree or Six reCeNT viCTiMS
Three or More Six or More
Province Recent Victims Recent Victims No Recent Victims Total
Moxico 46 4 240 290
Bi 35 1 246 282
Uge 2 0 170 172
Kwanza Sul 11 1 157 169
Huambo 12 0 141 153
Benguela 8 0 119 127
Kunene 5 0 121 126
Malanje 12 0 75 87
Bengo 2 0 72 74
Lunda Sul 6 0 67 73
Hula 6 0 66 72
Zaire 0 0 66 66
Cabinda 0 0 27 27
Namibe 0 0 3 3
Luanda 0 0 2 2
Total 161 8 1,819 1,988
67
Priority to Communities with Multiple Mine Incidents
Provincial authorities might wish to give priority to resolution of problems in those
communities that have had multiple mine incidents. Table 34 indicates the number
of impacted communities in each province that would be prioritized by a policy to
resolve first those communities with at least two or at least four mine incidents.
TAble 34
CoMMUNiTieS wiTH aT LeaST Two or aT LeaST FoUr MiNe iNCideNTS
Two or More Four or More
Province Incidents Incidents No Incidents Total
Moxico 42 6 242 290
Bi 34 1 247 282
Uge 0 0 171 171
Kwanza Sul 16 2 151 169
Huambo 12 1 140 153
Benguela 10 0 117 127
Kunene 7 0 119 126
Malanje 9 4 75 88
Bengo 0 0 74 74
Hula 7 0 65 72
Zaire 0 0 66 66
Cabinda 0 0 27 27
Namibe 0 0 3 3
Luanda 0 0 2 2
Total 165 16 1,807 1,988
Priority to SHAs with Recent Victims
The LIS indicates that only 173 SHAs, or 5 percent, have produced recent victims
overall, although there are major differences among impact categories, with less than
1 percent of SHAs in low-impact communities having produced victims, compare to
11 percent of SHAs in medium-impact communities and nearly 45 percent of SHAs in
high-impact communities, as shown in Table 35.
68
TAble 35
SHas wiTH viCTiMS
Percentage of SHAs
Community SHAs with Recent with Recent Victims
Impact Category Victims Victims in Impact Category
High 38 178 44%
Medium 120 148 11%
Low 15 15 1%
Total 173 341 5%
Use of LIS Data to Support Programs of Other Sectors
The LIS results can be a powerful tool in support of planning activities for most
sectors that are responsible for developing activities throughout the national terri-
tory. The national mine action database can be used to produced special reports
targeted at different end users. A few examples follow, indicating how the LIS data
could be used.
The Ministry of Social Affairs and Reintegration (MINARS) may wish to identify
land for possible resettlement of displaced population. In order to avoid settling
people in or near SHAs, MINARS could develop a long list of possible resettlement
locations, and then cross-check the LIS for whether the specific terrains it is consid-
ering have been identified as mine-affected and whether the resettled population
will have to cross SHAs for access to water, town market, etc. If the land were highly
valued for housing, then perhaps it could be prioritized for future clearance.
If the agriculture sector planned to reactivate all irrigated farmland, the agricul-
ture ministrys provincial departments could compile a list of all known irrigated
farmland for example, by requesting that provincial or municipal agricultural
officers submit a list of irrigated farmland that is not being used and could check it
against the LIS list of all irrigated land with landmine blockages. The LIS indicates a
total of 105 communities with blockage of irrigated land throughout the country but
mainly concentrated in the provinces of Moxico, Kuando Kubango, Lunda Sul, and
Uge, as shown in Table 36. The irrigation reactivation program should incorporate
the additional cost required for resolving any landmine blockages.
The health sector may consider a program for reactivating all health posts in the
country. Through the network of provincial and local health workers, the ministry is
able to determine how many health posts are inactive and establish a budget based
on the average cost of repair and operation. The LIS can provide a list of the health
posts that are blocked by landmines. The LIS indicates a total of 25 communities
with blockage of health facilities, distributed widely among provinces as indicated
in Table 37. The health sectors local health services reactivation plan should incor-
porate the added cost of mine action to resolve these blockages, or should seek an
alternative, mine-free site for a new health facility.
The education sector could initiate a program to redevelop primary schools
around the country. The LIS database could provide a list of the primary schools that
69
are blocked by landmines. The database
indicates a total of 47 communities with
blockage of local schools, distributed
among provinces as indicated in Table
38. The education sectors primary
education reactivation program should
incorporate the cost of mine action to
resolve these blockages. In addition,
provincial education department
proposals of locations for new schools
should be cross-checked with the LIS
to ensure that the specific sites are
neither on contaminated land nor require
children to walk through hazardous
areas, or should include the funds neces-
sary to resolve those issues.
The electric energy sector may have
a program for the reactivation or exten-
sion of the power grid. The old power
pylons were often mined for protection,
TAble 36
BLoCKed irrigaTioN, By proviNCe
Communities with
Province Blocked Irrigation
Moxico 30
Kuando Kubango 21
Lunda Sul 18
Uge 10
Hula 5
Kwanza Sul 4
Bengo 3
Benguela 3
Cabinda 2
Huambo 2
Kunene 2
Malanje 2
Bi 1
Luanda 1
Zaire 1
Kwanza Norte 0
Lunda Norte 0
Namibe 0
Total 105 TAble 37
BLoCKed HeaLTH FaCiLiTieS, By proviNCe
Communities with
Province Blocked Health Facilities
Moxico 6
Malanje 4
Kwanza Norte 3
Uge 3
Hula 2
Kuando Kubango 2
Bengo 1
Benguela 1
Bi 1
Huambo 1
Kwanza Sul 1
Cabinda 0
Kunene 0
Luanda 0
Lunda Norte 0
Lunda Sul 0
Namibe 0
Zaire 0
Grand Total 25
TAble 38
BLoCKed edUCaTioN FaCiLiTieS, By proviNCe
Communities with
Province Blocked Education Facilities
Moxico 13
Malanje 8
Uge 7
Bengo 2
Benguela 2
Huambo 2
Hula 2
Kuando Kubango 2
Kwanza Sul 2
Lunda Norte 2
Zaire 2
Bi 1
Kwanza Norte 1
Lunda Sul 1
Total 47
70
and the lines typically follow roadways and passes through areas that may have
also been mined. During the early planning stages, when approximate routes are
under consideration, proposed routes should be compared to contamination maps in
order to begin planning for mine action and perhaps even to inform the selection of
routes, as illustrated in Map 10. The LIS can indicate where specific routes will cross
hazardous areas, and the planning should incorporate measures to reduce the need
for mine action but also to budget for the costs of mine action required to resolve
hazards along the power line route.
The health sector could develop a program to provide prostheses to all those
requiring them, including survivors of landmine accidents. The LIS database can
indicate where landmine victims live in relation to the location of orthopedic service
centers in order to inform the decision about where to expand services and how to
alleviate difficulty of access, as illustrated in Map 11.
National elections are planned for 2008 and 2009. Thousands of polling places
will be established throughout the country. The electoral commission might plan to
provide sufficient polling places so that no voter needs to travel more than 5 kilome-
ters to vote. The LIS database can help identify those communities that are more
than 5 kilometers from a polling station due to landmine-caused blockage of the more
direct access roads as illustrated in Map 12. The electoral commission could check
MAp 10
HypoTHeTiCaL eLeCTriC
grid aNd SHas
71
whether the proposed polling sites are being inadvertently located in contaminated
areas, or whether people would be required to cross contaminated areas to access
these sites. In such cases, the electoral commission may seek prioritization of clear-
ance of the respective areas, or may consider different or additional locations for
polling stations.
While the above examples illustrate how individual sectors might use the LIS to
identify possible problems and ensure greater success of their plans, in general the
provincial authorities can use the LIS as a baseline to support comprehensive provin-
cial development plans as well as sector planning efforts. They can use the LIS to
determine whether communities or areas included in provincial development plans
are on the list of impacted communities. CNIDAH can facilitate this by providing
reports tailored to different end users. With this information, the provincial and sector
authorities can plan for the necessary effort of removing particular obstacles.
MAp 11
LoCaTioNS oF
LaNdMiNe viCTiMS
aNd orTHopediC
CeNTerS
72
MAp 12
HypoTHeTiCaL
poLLiNg pLaCeS
73
Community Prioritization of Landmine Problem
i
n parallel with the LIS, SAC contracted with Development Workshop (DW), a develop-
ment NGO working in Angola since 1981 to conduct assessments of the landmine
problem in relation to other concerns of the community. In 2004, community planning
assessments were conducted in 14 high- and medium-impact communities of Huambo
Province. The assessment consisted of semi-structured interviews with the local administra-
tion, traditional and religious leaders, and professionals including teachers and nurses.
More in-depth assessments were conducted in four of the communities, including focus
group meetings and mapping and drawing exercises for further elaboration on the views
held by the participants. The priorities in the 14 communities based on the DW assess-
ment are the following (in descending order):
1. Agricultural inputs
2. Basic food needs
3. Mine risk education
4. Water wells
5. School buildings
6. Health posts
7. Mine clearance
The priorities can be summarized as food, water, health, education, and protection from
landmines. Although demining is at the bottom of the list, the results of the assessment are
unclear about how much demining may be required to achieve the other priorities or if,
over time, the communities have adjusted to living near mine-affected locations and have
made the necessary adjustments. Further work by DW has led to the conclusion that resi-
dents of mine-affected communities may conceive of landmines as essentially one more
environmental hazard they must face in their daily activities.
74
75
Update of National Mine
Action Database (May 2007)
T
he LIS reports the data collected on the day that each community was visited
and interviewed. Throughout the 3-year time-span of LIS data collection,
clearance and technical surveys were underway and sometimes conducted in
communities after the LIS data was collected. As of May 2007, clearance or technical
survey activities have taken place in 164 (or 8%) of the 1,988 LIS-identified impacted
communities. Of the 164 communities receiving mine action after the LIS, 41 received
technical survey and marking, 41 had ongoing clearance projects as of May 2007, and
41 received mine clearance that has rendered them impact free. The national mine
action database is presented in Table 39 with updates as of May 2007.
The database at CNIDAH is continually being updated as mine action continues.
The table below will change monthly and should be updated and distributed on a
regular basis in order to provide as accurate a picture as possible of the number of
impacted communities in Angola. Hence, the LIS provides the baseline from which
progress can be measured.
TAble 39
UpdaTe oF iMpaCTed CoMMUNiTieS, aS oF May 2007
Province Original LIS Findings Progress Since LIS (Impact Free*) Update as of May 2007
Moxico 290 1 289
Bi 282 8 274
Kuando Kubango 171 1 170
Uge 171 0 171
Kwanza Sul 169 0 169
Huambo 153 65 88
Benguela 127 5 122
Kunene 126 1 125
Malanje 88 0 88
Bengo 74 0 74
Lunda Sul 73 0 73
Hula 72 0 72
Zaire 66 0 66
Kwanza Norte 64 0 64
Lunda Norte 30 1 29
Cabinda 7 0 7
Namibe 3 0 3
Luanda 2 0 2
Total 1,988 82 1,886
* Note: Impact Free means all SHAs in the community have been cleared.
76
One illustration of the threat reduction since the LIS can be found in the compar-
ison of Maps 13 and 14 in Huambo Province, where HALO Trust has been operating
since 1996. Since the LIS was conducted in Huambo in 2004, 65 communities are
now impact free through clearance activities.
MAp 13
iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS
iN HUaMBo
proviNCe, 2004
Results of Implementing the LIS Refections of an
Operational Partner (Mines Advisory Group)
o
ver the course of the LIS, MAG Angola surveyed 363 localities in Moxico and Lunda
Sul. This brought MAG Angola into contact with 27,606 families and 170,700
individuals.
While the survey process helped create a platform against which a baseline set of data
can operate, more importantly it gave MAG Angola a platform on which to build a con-
77
MAp 14
iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS iN
HUaMBo proviNCe,
May 2007
stituency that helped us process, remove, neutralize, and destroy thousands of munitions
and hundreds of landmines. The true benefit of the LIS beyond the organization of data
and information is that it brought us into contact with hundreds of communities that had
never before been given any kind of humanitarian mine action service.
Because of data extrapolated from the LIS, MAG Angola was able to process these items
last year in 2006:
Areacleared:237,361(allinhigh/mediumLISpriorityareas)
APminesremoved:687
ATminesremoved:45
UXO/AXOremoved:49,459
78
Refections On The Survey, By An LIS
Operational Partner (Intersos)
T
he desert of Iona is unmistakably a desert. It is vast and empty with an occasional
wandering animal. You hope you never really meet any of the starving antelopes
running around. There are no markings of any kind - it is not even clear where exactly
the roads lie - and those who were contacted in the preliminary opinion collection (POC)
could not say for certain where the mined areas are exactly.
It is September 2004 and the Intersos teams are performing POC and interviews in
Namibe. One supervisor and a driver make the first contact with the comuna of Iona in
the municipio of Tomba. They confirm the presence of suspected hazard areas and then
schedule a time and day to conduct the interview. But bad luck interferes and we experi-
ence two flat tires and a broken radio. We are cut off from communication and face an
overwhelming hot sun. The supervisor decides to walk in search of humans and communi-
cations to the outside world. After ten kilometers he succeeds and eventually everyone is
rescued. A few days later a larger group we try again and this time, better supplied with
tires and water, we return to Iona on the same road to conduct the survey.
Just after dark we reach our destination: the top of a beautiful hill covered by thousands
of tiny imbundero plants. A sharp peak of a high, mountain-shaped rock defines one of
the two sides of the saddle-like village area. We can see that maybe there are only 15
households in Iona, or maybe only 10, or is it eight. Whatever, tomorrow will be quick,
says one of us. We all agree and begin to write down our observations on the question-
naire; This place is isolated and landmines cannot make that much difference and
so on.
A local administrator makes available for us a newly reconstructed house. We talk with
him about arranging the interviews for the next day. Yes, interviews as in more than
one. We already know from our other work in the area that we would have to meet not
only the community living in Iona, but also nomads from the area. This sounds exciting
to us. But the official has bad news for us. There is a funeral in the nomadic community,
so he doesnt think it is appropriate to schedule an interview on the same day, or at least
not in the morning of the funeral. We are told the oldest and richest chief of his group
has passed away, so there is no chance to complete our job tomorrow. But the good
news is that a large group of Himbas, the tribe of the dead chief, are gathering for the
event. They are coming from Namibia and from the neighboring province of Kunene. This
means that a much larger representative group of Himbas will be here in just a few hours.
The Himbas are the famous indigenous nomadic people with skin the color of mud or
red dirt, who used to populate the Kaokoland, the area defined disregarding political
boundaries by the south of Angola and the north of Namibia.
The next day the official, who is also acting as our translator, tells us that the Himba will
welcome us, and talk about their experience with landmines. But we will have to wait
until after the funeral, which will last the whole day. We agree to meet them. We are then
79
invited to join the funeral and make plans to attend. As we are preparing to go we hear
an animal cry from the bush. We see the men stand up with hands on their mouths, and
running towards the animals while at the same time answering the animal cries with a
similar song. But it wasnt animals they were greeting. They were greeting other people
from their tribe who were arriving for the funeral. Each time more people arrive we hear
more unfamiliar cries.
The funeral is unexpectedly short and suddenly we are scrambling to prepare for the
interview. We wait in silence for our contact and the border police, who speak the Himba
language, to arrive. We do not wait long. With the help of the policeman, we speak with
the son of the dead chief. Even though the Himba are gathering for a funeral they do not
seem annoyed that on the same day somebody wants to talk with them about landmines.
We seem to be treated as an unexpected and new delegation of some sort which adds to
the solemnity of the occasion. Our contact organizes the interview and we begin.
They say there is landmine contamination everywhere they walk in Iona but also further
down close to the border with Namibia, too. The map they draw in the sand looks to
us like an abstract juxtaposition, like a mental simplification that does not really fit the
intriguing reality of high and low scattered bushes, few hills, and the small ponds all
around us. There is no clear reference point available. We dont know what to make of
it. The map is odd. It is unlike any other map a community has drawn during the survey.
But the more they talk and draw
signs on the ground and use
gestures, the more we adopt a
different sensitivity towards the
surroundings. Slowly, we begin
seeing the area differently than
when we arrived. They point
in different directions, guided
by different trees and bushes,
with a clear vision of the space
in which they move with their
cattle. Things soon begin to look
distinct for us as well, and the
space takes on a sense of reality as well as a sense of danger. We need to know the
locations of the landmines and the Himba agree to take us there.
We go to an area where they tell us a landmine accident has occurred. The SHA is
unusual. The Himba know the contours, but how can we draw a polygon when it is dif-
ficult to recognize any reference point? It is not only a matter of an accurate estimation of
the length and width, but really more of trying to understand the location of the line they
probably see when looking in the direction they are pointing. While we walk to the SHA,
I sense we are all thinking of the recommendation from the protocol on visual verification:
(Continued on next page)
deSerT wiTH aNTeLope Near ioNa iN NaMiBe
80
stay behind the guide, do not follow too close. But how do we know if the guide is really
stepping in safe spots if every step he takes seems the same as every other one?
Of course, neither mine risk education nor any organized mine clearance has ever taken
place here. Sometimes they just do it themselves not expecting anybody to come back to
pick up the trash from a war they had not wished to fight in the first place.
We can definitely classify some of the blockages they face mostly land for pasture and
roads. But shouldnt we also include housing, we wonder? And agriculture doesnt fit for
those whose livelihood is based on wandering. And roads are blocked too, but do their
travels take them along roads? We do not see any. Do blocked roads even matter for the
Himba? The main problem for them as far as I can tell is their habit of roaming the desert.
When they move the cattle while looking for water, how do they know one of the animals
will not step on a landmine? They try to avoid the places where they have found mines,
but the information is so minimal, the place so vast, the people so few, and the sandy
ground so prone to change with winds that.
As we get in the car to leave early the next morning, we think about what we have seen.
What donor or government would assume the cost of clearing mines from the desert
so the Himba can safely move each season in order to find food and water and raise
their cattle? If it were even possible to count the direct beneficiaries, what would the per
capita cost be? We talk among ourselves about building a Park of Peace, in which the
traditional inhabitants move around in safe corridors and are involved in a sustainable
tourism initiative to bring in the money that would make the effort of a selective clearance
program worthwhile. This could present an interesting demining scenario for sustainable
development, even worthy of a multiyear integrated program, I think. Would the Himba
just be happy to migrate along cattle-snake-shaped-paths in that beautiful forgotten
area, eliminating borders and creating unlimited paths to the horizon?
The more I think about our encounter with the Himba, the more it is clear that a program
in this area would not only be about a national mine action and developmental strategy,
but would also be about the rights of minorities in a delicate, post-conflict developing
democracy. The number of people is definitely small compared to the areas which might
be contaminated by landmines, but protecting minorities, especially those who have lived
outside the logic of the long civil war, may be the most important criterion for making this
area a priority for intervention.
P
r
o
f
l
e
s
B
y
P
r
o
v
i
n
c
e
P
r
o
f
l
e
s
B
y
P
r
o
v
i
n
c
e
83

B
e
n
g
o
Bengo
TAble 40
NUMBer oF iMpaCTed CoMMUNiTieS aNd THeir popULaTioNS, By LeveL oF iMpaCT
Impact Category Number of Communities Percentage Population Impacted
High 0 0% 0
Medium 14 19% 12,690
Low 59 81% 67,493
Total 73 100% 80,183
PROVINCE SUMMARy
i
n Bengo the LIS identified 73 mine-impacted communities with 115 associated SHAs.
Fourteen of the 73 impacted communities, or 19 percent, are medium-impact. There
are no high-impact communities in Bengo, and 11 of the 33 comunas, or 33 percent,
are mine-free. The population living in these impacted communities is 80,173. The map
below shows the mine-impacted communities to be in the northern half of the province.
The six tables below provide a general description of the landmine problem in Bengo.
Only two communities reported any landmine incidents, resulting in two recent victims.
Both recent victims were engaged in farming at the time of the incidents.
Of the 73 impacted communities, 40, or 55 percent, are located in the three municipios
of Dembos, Dande, and Nambuangongo. The most heavily impacted comuna is Kibaxe,
with 13 impacted communities and 18 SHAs. Agricultural land, nonagricultural land,
economic infrastructure, and water are the socioeconomic blockages in Kibaxe. In Bengo,
agricultural land accounts for one-half of the socioeconomic blockages reported overall in
the 73 impacted communities.
Over half of the impacted communities reported MRE activities occurred in the community,
and nine reported that mine clearance had taken place.
84
R e p u b l i c o f A n g o l A P R O F I L E S B Y P R O V I N C E
TAble 41
diSTriBUTioN oF reCeNT viCTiMS, iNCideNTS, aNd SHas wiTH viCTiMS, By LeveL oF iMpaCT
Impact Category Recent Victims Incidents Communities with Victims SHAs with Victims
High 0 0 0 0
Medium 2 1 2 2
Low 0 0 0 0
Total 2 1 2 2
TAble 42
aCTiviTy aT THe TiMe oF iNCideNT, By geNder
Activity Female Male Unknown Total
Tampering 0 0 0 0
Collecting Water 0 0 0 0
Traveling 0 0 0 0
Other 0 0 0 0
Playing 0 0 0 0
Farming 1 1 0 2
Household Work 0 0 0 0
Unknown 0 0 0 0
Total 1 1 0 2
MAp 15
MiNe-iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS iN BeNgo
85

B
e
n
g
o
MAp 16
LoCaTioN oF
SHaS aNd reCeNT
viCTiMS iN BeNgo
TAble 43
NUMBer oF SHas, By SoCioeCoNoMiC BLoCKage aNd LeveL oF iMpaCT
Roads Non-
Impact and Ways Cultivated agricultural Local
Category & Paths Land Pasture Land Water Housing Services Infrastructure
High 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medium 3 13 2 8 9 1 1 6
Low 7 47 8 12 6 4 1 2
Total 10 60 10 20 15 5 2 8
TAble 44
NUMBer oF iMpaCTed CoMMUNiTieS wiTH MiNe aCTioN aCTiviTieS, By LeveL oF iMpaCT
Impact Number of Offcial Marking Village Victim
Category Communities Clearance and Survey Demining MRE Assistance
High 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medium 14 2 2 1 7 2
Low 59 9 4 0 31 0
Total 73 11 6 1 38 2
Muxima
Catete
Ambriz
Quibaxe
Muxaluando
Bula Atu
Pango Aluquem
UGE
KWANZA NORTE
LUANDA
ZAIRE
KWANZA SUL
KISSAMA
DANDE
AMBRIZ
NAMBUANGONGO
ICOLO E BENGO
DEMBOS
PANGO-ALUQUEM
Caxito
Bengo
A t l a n t i c
O c e a n
1:2,500,000
0 10 20
Kilometers
Legend
Municipio capital
Province capital
Railway
Primary road
Other road
Municipio boundary
Province boundary
Country boundary
SHA Location
SHA with recent victims
SHA without recent victims
Survey Status
Impacted Comuna
Non-Impacted Comuna
Inaccessible Comuna
86
TAble 45
NUMBer oF iMpaCTed CoMMUNiTieS, SHas, reCeNT viCTiMS, aNd BLoCKageS, By CoMUNa
Non-
Impacted Recent Cultivated agricultural Local Economic
Municipio Comuna Communities SHAs Victims Roads Land Pasture Land Water Housing Services Infrastructure
Ambriz Ambriz 2 2 0 X X
Ambriz Bela Vista 2 3 0 X X X
Ambriz Tabi 2 2 1 X X
Bula Atumba Bula Atumba 2 4 0 X X X
Bula Atumba Kiaje 0 0 0
Dande Barra do Dande 4 6 0 X X X X
Dande Caxito 0 0 0
Dande Kikabo 9 14 1 X X X X X X X
Dande Mabubas 8 12 0 X X X X X X
Dande Ucua 5 6 0 X X X
Dembos Kibaxe 13 18 0 X X X X
Dembos Koxe 0 0 0
Dembos Paredes 3 4 0 X X
Dembos Piri 0 0 0
Icolo e Bengo Bom Jesus 2 11 0 X X X
Icolo e Bengo Catete 2 2 0 X
Icolo e Bengo Kabiri 0 0 0
Icolo e Bengo Kakulo-Kahango 0 0 0
Icolo e Bengo Kassoneka 1 1 0 X
Kissama Cabo Ledo 1 2 0 X
Kissama Demba Chio 0 0 0
Kissama Kixinje 0 0 0
Kissama Mumbondo 0 0 0
Kissama Muxima 0 0 0
Nambuangongo Gombe 3 6 0 X X X X X X
Nambuangongo Kaje 1 1 0 X
Nambuangongo Kanakassala 5 7 0 X X
Nambuangongo Kikunzo 0 0 0
Nambuangongo Kixico 1 1 0 X
Nambuangongo Muxaluando 5 10 0 X X X X X
Nambuangongo Zala 0 0 0
Pango-Aluqum Kazua 0 0 0
Pango-Aluqum Pango-Aluqum 3 3 0 X
Total 74 115 2 4 18 5 10 9 4 2 6
87

B
e
n
g
u
e
l
a
Benguela
TAble 46
High 4 3.1% 2,525
Medium 17 13.4% 28,645
Low 106 83.5% 108,566
Total 127 100% 139,736
TAble 47
High 15 3 4 4
Medium 5 7 4 4
Low 0 1 0 0
Total 20 11 8 8
PROVINCE SUMMARy
i
n Benguela the LIS identified 127 mine-impacted communities, with a population of
139,736 living in these communities. The 17 percent of high- and medium-impact
communities is below the national average of 25 percent. Although 84 percent of the
impacted communities are categorized as lowimpact, the landmine contamination is
widespread in Benguela as all 10 municipios have impacted communities and 30 of the
36 comunas are impacted. The majority of the impacted communities, 57 percent, are
located in Bocoio, Ganda, Lobito, and Balombo Bailundo.
Socioeconomic blockages of agriculture or pasture are reported in all but two of the 190
SHAs. Additionally, 11 percent of the SHAs are blocking roads and paths.
Of the 20 recent victims in Benguela, 12 were located in Ganda. Based on the com-
munity interviews, several mine action activities have occurred in the 127 impacted com-
munities, with 41 percent reporting official clearance and MRE.
88
TAble 48
Tampering 0 5 4 9
Traveling 0 3 0 3
Other 0 1 0 1
Playing 0 1 0 1
Farming 0 0 0 0
Unknown 0 0 0 0
Total 1 15 4 20
MAp 17
MiNe-iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS
iN BeNgUeLa
89

B
e
n
g
u
e
l
a
TAble 49
Roads Non-
High 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0
Medium 5 23 28 41 2 4 0 11
Low 16 77 69 56 0 7 1 22
Total 21 106 103 97 2 11 1 33
TAble 50
High 4 3 1 0 1 4
Medium 17 8 4 5 9 2
Low 106 10 29 5 22 1
Total 127 21 34 10 32 7
MAp 18
LoCaTioN oF SHaS
aNd reCeNT viCTiMS
iN BeNgUeLa
90
TAble 51
Non-
Baa Farta Baa Farta 0 0 0
Baa Farta Dombe Grande 0 0 0
Baa Farta Ekimina 1 2 0 X
Baa Farta Kalahanga 0 0 0
Balombo Balombo 3 5 0 X X
Balombo Chigongo 3 3 0 X X X
Balombo Chindumbo 6 9 0 X X X X
Balombo Maka Mombolo 3 3 0 X X X
Benguela Benguela 2 2 0 X X X
Bocoio Bocoio 6 6 1 X X X X
Bocoio Chila 2 5 0 X X X X X X
Bocoio Cubal do Lumbo 4 9 0 X X X X X X X
Bocoio Monte Belo 2 3 0 X X
Bocoio Passe 5 10 0 X X X X X
Chongori Bolonguela 0 0 0
Chongori Chongori 10 15 3 X X X X
Chongori Kamuine 1 1 0 X
Cubal Cubal 8 11 3 X X X X
Cubal Iambala 1 1 0
Cubal Kapupa 1 1 0
Cubal Tumbulo 2 3 0 X X X X
Ganda Babaera 11 14 9 X X X X X
Ganda Chikuma 4 5 3 X X X
Ganda Ebanga 1 1 0 X X X
Ganda Ganda 14 21 0 X X X X
Ganda Kaseke 1 2 0 X X
Kaimbambo Kaiave 3 6 0 X X X
Kaimbambo Kaibambo 6 13 0 X X X X X
Kaimbambo Kanhamela 1 1 0 X X
Kaimbambo Katengue 4 8 1 X X X X X
Kaimbambo Wyiagombe 0 0 0
Lobito Bipio 11 12 0 X X
Lobito Egito Praia 0 0 0
Lobito Kanjala 6 8 0 X X X
Lobito Katumbela 2 2 0 X X X
Lobito Lobito 3 8 0 X X X
Total 127 190 20 8 23 25 25 2 5 3 5
91

B
i
Bi
TAble 52
High 1 0.4% 3,500
Medium 56 19.9% 75,218
Low 225 79.8% 244,252
Total 282 100% 322,970
PROVINCE SUMMARy
B
i contains 282 mine-impacted communities, of which 20 percent are high- or
medium-impact, with a population of 322,970 living in these communities. All
nine municipios have impacted communities. With the exception of Chinguar with 11
impacted communities and Andale with 62, the number of impacted communities in the
remaining seven municipios ranges from 23 to 41, indicating a wide use of landmines
throughout the province.
Although 80 percent of the communities are categorized as low-impact, the LIS identified
443 SHAs, or 1.5 per community, representing a significant level of socioeconomic block-
age to agriculture, pasture, and roads and paths. Development, crop yields, and agricul-
tural input, as well as land tenure laws, are important factors that warrant further research
before determining priorities regarding the resolution of blocked agricultural land.
Based on the community interviews several types of mine action activities have occurred
in Bi, with MRE and survey and marking being the most common. Twelve percent of the
impacted communities report clearance activities.
Katakana and Kuito report the highest number of recent victims, even though they have
fewer impacted communities than other municipios. One incident in Kuito resulted in 16
victims, which accounts for all but 10 of the recent victims in Kuito.
92
TAble 53
High 16 1 1 1
Medium 37 38 30 31
Low 5 5 5 5
Total 58 44 36 37
TAble 54
Tampering 1 2 16 19
Traveling 5 5 0 10
Other 1 9 0 10
Playing 1 1 0 2
Farming 1 0 0 1
Unknown 0 0 0 0
Total 15 27 16 58
MAp 19
MiNe-iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS iN Bi
93

B
i
TAble 55
Roads Non-
High 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2
Medium 27 84 41 41 0 4 2 4
Low 72 188 72 56 2 1 1 0
Total 100 273 113 89 2 5 3 6
TAble 56
High 1 0 1 0 1 0
Medium 56 14 18 4 21 19
Low 225 22 51 3 73 11
Total 282 36 70 7 95 30
MAp 20
LoCaTioN oF SHaS aNd
reCeNT viCTiMS iN Bi
94
TAble 57
Non-
Andale Andulo 30 40 1 X X X X X
Andulo Chivalo 12 25 2 X X X X X
Andulo Kalucinga 14 22 3 X X X X
Andulo Kassumbe 6 8 1 X X X X
Chinguar Chinguar 4 4 0 X X
Chinguar Kangote 5 5 0 X X
Chinguar Kutato 2 2 0 X
Chitembo Chitembo 15 22 0 X X X X X X
Chitembo Kachingues 2 3 0 X X
Chitembo Malengue 1 1 0 X X
Chitembo Mumbu 9 13 1 X X X X
Chitembo Mutumbo 2 2 0 X X
Chitembo Soma Kwanza 4 6 1 X X
Kamakupa Kamakupa 16 20 8 X X X X
Kamakupa Kwanza 5 8 2 X X X X X
Kamakupa Ringoma 4 5 0 X X X X X
Kamakupa Sto Antnio 3 4 0 X X X X
da Muinha
Kamakupa Umpulo 3 4 0 X X
Katabola Chipeta 3 3 0 X X
Katabola Chiuca 7 10 0 X X X X
Katabola Kaiuera 0 0 0
Katabola Katabola 10 15 1 X X X X
Katabola Sande 5 7 1 X X X
Kuemba Kuemba 12 24 4 X X X X X X
Kuemba Luando 4 6 0 X X X X
Kuemba Munhango 7 9 5 X X X X X
Kuemba Sachinemuna 0 0 0
Kuito Cambndua 6 14 1 X X X X
Kuito Chicala 2 6 1 X X X
Kuito Kuito 16 26 21 X X X X X
Kuito Kunje 11 28 1 X X X X X
Kuito Trumba 7 20 2 X X X
Kunhinga Belo Horizonte 5 6 0 X X X X X
Kunhinga Kunhinga 22 42 1 X X X X
Nharea Dando 2 2 0 X X
Nharea Gamba 1 2 0 X X X X
Nharea Kaiei 6 6 0 X X X X
Nharea Lbia 3 4 0 X X X X
Nharea Nharea 16 19 1 X X X X
Total 282 443 58 27 34 24 27 2 8 1 13
95

C
a
b
i
n
d
a
Cabinda
PROVINCE SUMMARy
i
n Cabinda the LIS identified 27 mine impacted communities in 8 comunas covering
a population of 11,696. All 27 communities are categorized as low impact and no
recent victims were identified. In the 27 communities a total of 37 SHAs were identified.
Cultivated land was the primary socio-economic blockage. No mine clearance or MRE
were reported to have occurred in Cabinda.
MAp 21
MiNe-iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS
iN CaBiNda
96
TAble 58
High 0 0% 0
Medium 0 0% 0
Low 27 100% 11,696
Total 27 100% 11,696
No recent victims were identified by the LIS in the province of Cabinda
TAble 59
Roads Non-
High 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Low 2 25 3 2 0 3 0 0
Total 2 25 3 2 0 3 0 0
TAble 60
High 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medium 0 0 0 0 0 0
Low 27 0 2 1 0 4
Total 27 0 2 1 0 4
97

C
a
b
i
n
d
a
MAp 22
LoCaTioN oF SHaS
aNd reCeNT viCTiMS
iN CaBiNda
TAble 61
Non-
Cabinda Cabinda 5 6 0 X X X
Malembo 4 5 0 X X X
Tando Zinze 5 8 0 X X
Belize Belize 2 2 0 X X
Minkonje 1 2 0 X X X
Buco Zau Nekuto 2 2 0 X X
Lndana Kakongo 4 6 0 X
Massabi 4 6 0 X X
Total 27 37 0 2 25 3 2 0 3 0 0
98
99

H
u
a
m
b
o Huambo
TAble 62
High 2 1.3% 3,171
Medium 33 21.6% 74,823
Low 118 77.1% 189,379
Total 153 100% 267,373
PROVINCE SUMMARy
i
n Huambo province the LIS identified 153 mine-impacted communities, of which 35
are categorized as high- and medium-impact. All 11 comunas have impacted com-
munities, resulting in an impacted population of 267,373. However, 51 percent of the
impacted municipios are located in Bailundo, Huambo, and Thicala-Thilohanga. All of the
15recentvictimsarelocatedin12communitiesinHuambo,Kaala,Ukuma,andThicala-
Thilohanga.
There are 206 SHAs in Huambo. Socioeconomic blockages of agriculture and pasture
are reported in 95 percent of the SHAs. Additionally, 28 percent of the SHAs are block-
ing roads and paths, the highest percentage of all provinces in Angola for roads and
paths.
Based on the community interviews, several types of mine action activities have occurred
in the 153 impacted communities, with a reported 33 percent receiving MRE. Clearance
and marking and survey were reported in 49 percent of the communities.
Since the LIS was conducted in Huambo from April to August 2004, HALO Trust has
addressed SHAs in 65 communities, greatly reducing the overall threat risk and impact
in the province. A map showing an update of impact in Huambo has been previously
presented on page 77. When the LIS was conducted in 2004, Huambo was considered
one of the most impacted provinces in Angola. Three years later in 2007 the impact has
been greatly reduced and the people of Huambo are now living with much less risk than
in recent memory.
100
TAble 63
High 5 3 2 2
Medium 9 15 9 9
Low 1 2 1 1
Total 15 20 12 12
TAble 64
Tampering 1 6 0 7
Traveling 1 1 0 2
Other 0 1 0 1
Playing 0 0 0 0
Farming 0 0 0 0
Unknown 0 0 0 0
Total 2 13 0 15
MAp 23
MiNe-iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS
iN HUaMBo
101
MAp 24
LoCaTioN oF SHaS
aNd reCeNT viCTiMS
iN HUaMBo
TAble 65
Roads Non-
High 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 1
Medium 10 49 39 38 2 1 0 15
Low 46 74 33 35 3 0 2 16
Total 57 125 74 75 5 1 2 32
TAble 66
High 2 0 0 0 1 2
Medium 33 15 18 5 17 8
Low 118 20 22 12 33 1
Total 153 35 40 17 51 11

H
u
a
m
b
o
102
TAble 67
Non-
Bailundo Bailundo 2 3 0 X X X
Bailundo Bimbe 7 10 0 X X X X
Bailundo Hengue 0 0 0
Bailundo Lunge 11 11 0 X
Bailundo Luvemba 0 0 0
Chinjenje Chiaca 1 1 0 X
Chinjenje Chinjenje 5 9 0 X X X X
Ekunha Ekunha 0 0 0
Ekunha Tchipeio 3 3 0 X X X
Huambo Chipipa 8 9 1 X X X X X
Huambo Huambo 19 25 5 X X X X X X
Huambo Kalima 8 10 0 X X X X
Kala Kala 2 2 0 X X X
Kala Kalenga 1 1 3 X X X
Kala Katata 2 3 0 X X X
Kala Kuima 10 15 1 X X X X X
Kachiungo Chinhama 6 7 0 X X X X
Kachiungo Chiumbo 6 7 0 X X X X X X
Kachiungo Kachiungo 5 8 0 X X X X X
Londuimbali Alto Uama 1 1 0 X X X
Londuimbali Galanga 0 0 0
Londuimbali Kumbila 0 0 0
Londuimbali Londuimbali 2 2 0 X X X
Londuimbali Ussoke 2 3 0 X X X
Longonjo Chilata 0 0 0
Longonjo Katabola 2 2 0 X X X
Longonjo Lpi 10 11 0 X X X X X
Longonjo Longonjo 2 5 0 X X X X X
Mungo Kambuengo 3 3 0 X
Mungo Mungo 5 6 0 X X X
Thicala-Thilohanga Hungulo 0 0 0
Thicala-Thilohanga Mbave 9 9 0 X X X
Thicala-Thilohanga Sambo 4 10 0 X X X X
Thicala-Thilohanga Thicala Yhilohanga 10 17 3 X X X X X
Ukuma Kakoma 1 1 0 X
Ukuma Mundundo 0 0 0
Ukuma Ukuma 6 12 2 X X X X
Total 153 206 15 12 26 22 23 3 1 2 14
103

H
u
l
a
Hula
TAble 68
High 1 1.4% 180
Medium 9 12.3% 13,565
Low 63 86.3% 67,858
Total 73 100% 81,603
PROVINCE SUMMARy
i
n Hula province the LIS identified 73 mine-impacted communities, with 13.7 percent
categorized as high- and medium-impact. Approximately 81,603 people live in the
impacted communities.
Of the 73 impacted communities there is just one categorized as high-impact, with a
population of 180. The designation of this single high-impact community is the result of
one incident with five recent victims. The main blockages involve agriculture and pasture.
The landmine problem in Hula is centered on the two municipios of Jamba and Kuvango,
where there are 34 impacted communities, or 47 percent of the total mine-impacted com-
munities in Hula.
The 13 recent victims are located in four municipios.
104
TAble 69
High 5 1 1 1
Medium 7 6 4 4
Low 1 4 1 1
Total 13 11 6 6
TAble 70
Tampering 1 5 0 6
Traveling 3 0 0 3
Other 0 1 0 1
Playing 0 0 0 0
Farming 0 0 0 0
Unknown 0 0 0 0
Total 4 9 0 13
MAp 25
MiNe-iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS iN HULa
105

H
u
l
a
TAble 71
Roads Non-
High 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0
Medium 3 8 15 1 6 0 0 7
Low 5 30 45 14 4 7 2 14
Total 8 38 63 15 12 7 2 21
TAble 72
High 1 1 0 0 1 0
Medium 9 4 4 0 5 2
Low 63 23 22 3 35 5
Total 73 28 26 3 41 7
MAp 26
LoCaTioN oF
SHaS aNd reCeNT
viCTiMS iN HULa
106
TAble 73
Non-
Chibia Chibia 0 0 0
Chibia Jau 0 0 0
Chibia Kapunda Kavilongo 0 0 0
Chibia Kihita 0 0 0
Chicomba Chicomba 4 8 0 X X X X
Chicomba Kutenda 1 2 0 X X X
Chipindo Bambi 0 0 0
Chipindo Chipindo 5 8 0 X X X X
Gambos Chiange 0 0 0
Gambos Chimbemba 0 0 0
Humpata Humpata 0 0 0
Jamba Dongo 6 7 4 X X X
Jamba Jamba 1 1 0 X X
Jamba Kassinga 11 15 0 X X X X X
Kakonda Gungue 1 1 0 X
Kakonda Kakonda 2 3 0 X X X
Kakonda Kusse 1 1 1 X X
Kakonda Uaba 1 3 0 X X X
Kalukembe Kalpi 1 1 0 X X
Kalukembe Kalukembe 1 1 0 X X
Kalukembe Ngola 3 4 0 X X X X
Kilengue Dinde 0 0 0
Kilengue Impulo 0 0 0
Kilengue Kilengue 5 6 0 X X X X X
Kuvango Galangue 3 3 0 X X X
Kuvango Kuvango 13 26 6 X X X X X X X
Kuvango Vikungo 0 0 0
Lubango Arimba 0 0 0
Lubango Cacula 3 3 0 X X
Lubango Hoque 0 0 0
Lubango Hula 0 0 0
Lubango Kilemba 0 0 0
Lubango Lubango 1 2 0 X
Matala Kapelongo 0 0 0
Matala Matala 8 11 0 X X X X
Matala Mulondo 0 0 0
Tchipungo Tchipungo 2 3 2 X X X X
Total 73 109 13 3 15 17 8 4 5 2 10
107

K
u
a
n
d
o

K
u
b
a
n
g
o
Kuando Kubango
TAble 74
High 0 0% 0
Medium 30 18% 87,727
Low 141 82% 306,001
Total 171 100% 393,728
PROVINCE SUMMARy
T
he LIS identified 171 mine-impacted communities in Kuando Kubango, of which
18 percent are categorized as high- and medium-impact. Associated with these
impacted communities are 325 SHAs more than any other province with the exception
of Moxico and Bi. Approximately 393,000 people live in these communities. Six recent
victims were identified in six different impacted communities.
The landmine problem is concentrated in the municipios of Mavinga, Menongue, and
Kuito Kuanavale. There are eight comunas with more than 10 impacted communities, and
11 comunas with more than 10 SHAs. The comuna of Menongue alone has 36 impacted
communities and 56 SHAs. However, despite this highly concentrated number of im-
pacted communities and associated SHAs, the people living in the communities reported
only one recent victim in the two-year period covering the survey in the province. All but
one of the recent victims were in comunas with few impacted communities and SHAs.
The most reported socioeconomic blockages involved agricultural and pasture land. Even
though Kuando Kubango is an isolated and distant province, some mine action activi-
ties were reported during the LIS. Forty-six impacted communities reported MRE and 20
reported clearance.
108
TAble 75
High 0 0 0 0
Medium 5 5 5 5
Low 1 1 1 1
Total 6 6 6 6
TAble 76
Tampering 1 3 0 4
Traveling 0 1 0 1
Other 0 0 0 0
Playing 0 0 0 0
Farming 0 0 0 0
Unknown 0 0 0 0
Total 1 5 0 6
MAp 27
MiNe-iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS iN
KUaNdo KUBaNgo
109

K
u
a
n
d
o

K
u
b
a
n
g
o
TAble 77
Roads Non-
High 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medium 15 58 53 38 4 0 0 7
Low 15 142 102 72 6 7 2 14
Total 30 200 155 110 10 7 2 21
TAble 78
High 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medium 30 8 11 1 10 6
Low 141 12 39 4 36 6
Total 171 20 50 5 46 12
MAp 28
LoCaTioN oF
reCeNT viCTiMS iN
KUaNdo KUBaNgo
110
TAble 79
Non-
Cuangar Bondo 1 2 0 X X X
Cuangar Cuangar 3 5 2 X X
Cuangar Savate 4 7 0 X X X X
Dirico Dirico 3 6 1 X X X X
Dirico Mucusso 2 4 0 X X X X
Dirico Xamavera 3 5 0 X X X
Kalai Kalai 3 4 0 X X X X
Kalai Maue 1 1 0 X X
Kalai Mavengue 3 5 0 X X X X
Kuchi Chinguanja 3 3 0 X X X X
Kuchi Kuchi 11 14 0 X X X X X
Kuchi Kutato 9 14 0 X X X X
Kuchi Vissati 5 5 0 X
Kuito Kuanavale Baixo Longa 3 7 0 X X X
Kuito Kuanavale Kuito Kuanavale 6 14 0 X X X X
Kuito Kuanavale Longa 11 26 1 X X X X X
Kuito Kuanavale Lupiri 0 0 0
Mavinga Kunjamba/ Dima 0 0 0
Mavinga Kutuile 4 12 0 X X
Mavinga Luengue 9 26 0 X X X X X X
Mavinga Mavinga 10 26 0 X X X
Menongue Kaiundo 13 35 0 X X X X X
Menongue Kueio 4 7 0 X X X X X X X
Menongue Menongue 38 56 1 X X X X X X X
Menongue Missombo 4 6 0 X X X
Nancova Nancova 3 3 0 X X X
Nancova Rito 1 2 0 X
Rivungo Chipundo 0 0 0
Rivungo Luiana 5 12 0 X X X X
Rivungo Neriquinha 6 14 1 X X X X X X X
Rivungo Rivungo 3 4 0 X X X X
Total 171 325 6 15 25 24 19 4 5 3 13
111

K
u
n
e
n
e
Kunene
TAble 80
High 0 0% 0
Medium 7 6% 13,156
Low 119 94% 198,202
Total 126 100% 211,358
PROVINCE SUMMARy
K
unene has 126 mine-impacted communities with only seven, or 6 percent, cat-
egorized as high- and medium-impact. There are 211,358 people living in these
impacted communities.
As the map below indicates, the impacted communities are distributed throughout the
province. Although all municipios are impacted by landmines, the municipios of Kahama
and Kuroka have fewer than 10 impacted communities and 60 percent of the impacted
communities are located in Kuvalai and Kwanyama. Like most of the other provinces in
Angola, Kunene has few recent victims compared to the number of SHAs.
Although agricultural land and pasture are affected by 95 percent of the 160 SHAs, the
actual impact on development and food production, while also considering land tenure
laws, warrants further research in order to determine future priorities. Roads and paths
are affected by 13 SHAs, or 8 percent of the total SHAs in Kunene.
112
TAble 81
High 0 0 0 0
Medium 7 4 5 5
Low 0 4 0 0
Total 7 8 5 5
TAble 82
Tampering 0 4 0 4
Traveling 0 1 0 1
Other 0 1 0 1
Playing 0 0 0 0
Farming 0 0 0 0
Unknown 0 0 0 0
Total 0 7 0 7
MAp 29
MiNe-iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS iN KUNeNe
113

K
u
n
e
n
e
MAp 30
LoCaTioN oF SHaS
aNd reCeNT viCTiMS
iN KUNeNe
TAble 83
Roads Non-
High 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Medium 3 8 8 0 0 4 2 4
Low 10 57 77 5 2 1 1 0
Total 13 65 85 5 2 5 3 6
TAble 84
High 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medium 7 2 0 3 2 3
Low 119 29 5 20 37 1
Total 126 31 5 23 39 4
114
TAble 85
Non-
Kahama Kahama 6 8 1 X X X
Kahama Otchinjau 0 0 0
Kuroka Chitado 6 7 0 X
Kuroka Onkokwa 0 0 0
Kuvelai Kalonga 9 10 0 X X X
Kuvelai Kuvati 5 6 0 X X
Kuvelai Kuvelai 11 12 1 X X
Kuvelai Mupa 11 15 0 X X X
Kwanyama Evale 6 7 0 X X
Kwanyama Kafima 13 15 0 X X X X X X
Kwanyama Mngua 5 7 0 X X
Kwanyama Ondjiva 6 6 0 X X X
Kwanyama Oximolo 9 10 1 X X X
Namakunde Namakunde 6 6 0 X X X
Namakunde Shiede 11 15 0 X X X X
Ombadja Humbe 1 1 0 X
Ombadja Mukope 1 1 0 X
Ombadja Naulila 10 16 0 X X X X
Ombadja Ombala yo Mungu 4 5 0 X X
Ombadja Xangongo 6 13 4 X X X
Total 126 160 7 8 15 16 4 2 1 0 2
115
Kwanza Norte
TAble 86
High 3 4.7% 685
Medium 22 34.4% 17,293
Low 39 60.9% 90,074
Total 64 100% 108,052
PROVINCE SUMMARy
i
n Kwanza Norte the LIS identified 64 mine-impacted communities, with 39 percent
categorized as high- and medium-impact. This is above the national average of 25
percent. There are 108,052 people living in these communities, but only 17 percent of
the population living in the impacted communities resides in the high- and medium-impact
communities.
The LIS identified 18 recent victims in five impacted communities. Of the 18 recent vic-
tims, 11 were female and were either tampering with ordnances or collecting water at the
time of the mine accidents.
There are 125 SHAs in Kwanza Norte, with 61, or almost 50 percent, in the high- and
medium-impact communities. Socioeconomic blockages of agricultural and pasture land
are the most reported types of blockage.

K
w
a
n
z
a

N
o
r
t
e

116
TAble 87
High 16 5 3 3
Medium 2 3 2 2
Low 0 1 0 0
Total 18 9 5 5
TAble 88
Tampering 7 2 0 9
Traveling 0 3 0 3
Other 0 1 0 1
Playing 0 1 0 1
Farming 0 0 0 0
Unknown 0 0 0 0
Total 11 7 0 18
MAp 31
MiNe-iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS iN
KwaNZa NorTe
117
MAp 32
LoCaTioN oF SHaS
aNd reCeNT viCTiMS
iN KwaNZa NorTe
TAble 89
Roads Non-
High 0 6 6 4 0 0 0 2
Medium 5 23 28 28 0 4 2 4
Low 16 77 69 57 2 1 1 0
Total 21 106 103 89 2 5 3 6
TAble 90
High 3 1 1 0 2 2
Medium 22 8 1 3 14 1
Low 39 5 3 4 25 1
Total 64 14 5 7 41 4

K
w
a
n
z
a

N
o
r
t
e
118
TAble 91
Non-
Ambaca Bindo 0 0 0
Ambaca kamabatela 2 2 0 X X X X X
Ambaca Luinga 1 1 0 X
Ambaca Maa 1 2 0 X X X
Ambaca Tango 1 1 0 X X
Banga Aldeia Nova 1 1 3 X X
Banga Banga 1 1 0 X
Banga Kakulo Kabassa 0 0 0
Banga Kariamba 0 0 0
Bolongongo Bolongongo 0 0 0
Bolongongo Kikiemba 0 0 0
Bolongongo Terreiro 0 0 0
Golungo Alto Cerca 0 0 0
Golungo Alto Golungo Alto 4 6 0 X X X X X X
Golungo Alto Kambondo 1 4 0 X X X X
Golungo Alto Kiluanje 0 0 0
Kambambe Danje ia Menha 4 8 0 X X X X
Kambambe Dondo 5 6 0 X X X X
Kambambe Massangano 4 15 0 X X X
Kambambe S_ Pedro da Kilemba 2 5 0 X X X
Kambambe Zenza do Itombe 5 19 0 X X X X X X
Kazengo Kanhoca 2 7 0 X X X X X
Kazengo Ndalatando 14 24 14 X X X X X X X
Kiculungo Kiculungo 2 2 0 X X X
Lukala Kiangombe 1 2 0 X X
Lukala Lukala 4 5 1 X X X X X
Ngomguembo Camame 0 0 0
Ngomguembo Cavunga 0 0 0
Ngomguembo Kilombo dos Dembos 3 3 0 X X X
Samba Caj Samba Caj 5 10 0 X X X X X
Samba Caj Samba Lukala 1 1 0 X
Total 64 125 18 3 16 9 18 10 3 4 12
119
Kwanza Sul
MAp 33
MiNe-iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS iN
KwaNZa SUL

K
w
a
n
z
a

S
u
l
PROVINCE SUMMARy
i
n Kwanza Sul province the LIS identified 169 mine-impacted communities, of which
39, or 23 percent, are categorized as high- or medium-impact. There are approxi-
mately 177,000 living in these communities.
There are 269 SHAs in Kwanza Sul. Only four other provinces have more SHAs. The
map below shows that most of the landmine problem is in the eastern half of the province.
Almost three-quarters of the SHAs can be found in just 10 of the comunas. The main socio-
economic blockages involve agriculture and pasture land. However, like other provinces
in Angola with landmines blocking agricultural land, more in-depth research on owner-
ship, land tenure laws, and future use of the land is required before setting priorities.
Five SHAs in five comunas are responsible for the 18 recent victims. Each of these victims
is from a high-impact community, and eight incidents indicate a high threat environment
for the high-impact communities.
120
TAble 92
High 4 2.4% 13,100
Medium 35 20.7% 40,845
Low 130 76.9% 123,913
Total 169 100% 177,858
TAble 93
High 16 5 3 3
Medium 2 3 2 2
Low 0 1 0 0
Total 18 9 5 5
TAble 94
Tampering 0 2 9 11
Traveling 1 3 1 5
Other 0 3 0 3
Playing 1 1 0 2
Farming 0 1 0 1
Unknown 0 0 0 0
Total 3 17 10 30
TAble 95
Roads Non-
High 0 8 5 6 0 0 0 1
Medium 9 47 24 40 15 7 1 11
Low 8 93 38 88 4 3 4 8
Total 17 148 67 134 19 10 5 20
121

K
w
a
n
z
a

S
u
l
TAble 96
High 4 3 1 0 3 4
Medium 35 5 7 4 11 4
Low 130 22 19 8 34 3
Total 169 30 27 12 48 11
MAp 34
LoCaTioN oF SHaS
aNd reCeNT viCTiMS
iN KwaNZa SUL
122
TAble 97
Non-
Amboim Assango 8 12 0 X X X X X
Amboim Gabela 12 15 6 X X X X
Ebo Cond 9 18 2 X X X X X
Ebo Ebo 17 28 1 X X X X X X
Ebo Kassanje 4 4 0 X X
Kassongue Atme 0 0 0
Kassongue Dumbi 2 2 0 X X
Kassongue Kassongue 6 7 1 X X X
Kassongue Pambangala 4 6 3 X X X X
Kibala Kariango 4 5 0 X X X X
Kibala Kibala 13 28 11 X X X X X X
Kibala Lonhe 0 0 0
Kibala Ndala Kachibo 1 1 0
Kilenda Kilenda 21 28 0 X X X X X X
Kilenda Kirimbo 0 0 0
Konda Konda 3 11 0 X X X X X X
Konda Kunjo 2 4 0 X X X X
Libolo Kabuta 1 1 0 X
Libolo Kalulo 7 8 0 X X X
Libolo Kissongo 4 4 0 X X X X
Libolo Munenga 3 3 0 X X
Mussende Kienha 1 1 0
Mussende Mussende 4 8 0 X X X X X X X
Mussende Sao Lucas 1 2 0 X X
Porto Amboim Kapolo 1 2 0 X X X
Porto Amboim Porto Amboim 0 0 0
Seles Amboiva 0 0 0
Seles Botera 1 1 0 X X
Seles Ucu Seles 5 11 0 X X X
Sumbe Gangula 1 1 0 X X
Sumbe Gungo 0 0 0
Sumbe Kikombo 4 6 0 X X X
Sumbe Sumbe 0 0 0
Waco Kungo Kissanga Kungo 22 35 4 X X X X X X X
Waco Kungo Sanga 3 5 0 X X X X X
Waco Kungo Waco Cungo 5 12 2 X X X X X
Total 169 269 30 8 26 20 22 10 6 4 10
123
Luanda
MAp 35
MiNe-iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS iN LUaNda

L
u
a
n
d
a
PROVINCE SUMMARy
T
he province of Luanda contains almost one-third of the population of Angola. The
landmine problem, however, is very small, with only two impacted communities;
each community has one SHA. The mine-impacted communities are in the municipios of
Cacuaco and Viana. The socioeconomic blockages involve agricultural land and water.
According to the people in the communities, some surveys and marking have occurred
but no other mine action activities were reported.
124
TAble 98
High 0 0% 0
Medium 1 50.0% 8,077
Low 1 50.0% 460
Total 2 100% 8,537
No recent victims were identified by the LIS in the province of Luanda.
TAble 99
Roads Non-
High 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medium 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Low 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
TAble 100
High 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medium 1 0 1 0 0 0
Low 1 0 1 0 0 0
Total 2 0 2 0 0 0
125

L
u
a
n
d
a
MAp 36
LoCaTioN oF SHaS
aNd reCeNT viCTiMS
iN LUaNda
126
TAble 101
Non-
Cacuaco Cacuaco 1 1 0 X X X X
Cacuaco Funda 0 0 0
Cacuaco Kifangondo 0 0 0
Cacuaco Kikolo 0 0 0
Cazenga Cazenga 0 0 0
Cazenga Tala Hadi 0 0 0
Ingombota Ilha do Cabo 0 0 0
Ingombota Ingombota 0 0 0
Ingombota Kinanga 0 0 0
Ingombota Maculusso 0 0 0
Ingombota Patrice Lumumba 0 0 0
Kilamba Kyaxi Golfe 0 0 0
Kilamba Kyaxi Havemos de Voltar 0 0 0
Kilamba Kyaxi Kamama 0 0 0
Kilamba Kyaxi Neves Bendinha 0 0 0
Kilamba Kyaxi Palanca 0 0 0
Kilamba Kyaxi Vila do Estoril 0 0 0
Maianga Cassequel 0 0 0
Maianga Maianga 0 0 0
Maianga Prenda 0 0 0
Rangel Maral 0 0 0
Rangel Rangel 0 0 0
Rangel Terra Nova 0 0 0
Samba Benfica 0 0 0
Samba Futungo de Belas 0 0 0
Samba Mussulo 0 0 0
Samba Samba 0 0 0
Sambizanga Bairro Operrio 0 0 0
Sambizanga N`gola Kilwanji 0 0 0
Sambizanga Sambizanga 0 0 0
Viana Barra do Cuanza 1 1 0
Viana Calumbo 0 0 0
Viana Viana 0 0 0
Total 2 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
127
Lunda Norte
MAp 37
MiNe-iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS iN
LUNda NorTe

L
u
n
d
a

N
o
r
t
e
PROVINCE SUMMARy
i
n Lunda Norte province the LIS identified 28 mine-impacted communities, with seven,
or 25 percent, being categorized as high- or medium-impact. Approximately 30,600
people are living in the 28 impacted communities.
Almost two-thirds of the recent victims were traveling when the mine incident occurred,
and thus it is not surprising that the map below, showing the locations of accidents, clearly
indicates that most of them were on or near roads. The impacted communities, however,
did not report roads and paths as a blockage. Lunda Norte is the only province in which
roads and paths were not reported as a blockage. Instead, agricultural land and water are
the most reported blockages. Very little mine action activities have occurred in Lunda Norte
compared to the other provinces, with the exception of Luanda and Namibe. The priorities
for mine action need to be closely aligned with development plans for the province.
128
TAble 102
High 2 7.1% 4,120
Medium 5 17.9% 7,399
Low 21 75.0% 19,154
Total 28 100% 30,673
TAble 103
High 20 26 2 2
Medium 5 6 4 4
Low 0 0 0 0
Total 25 32 6 6
TAble 104
Tampering 0 16 0 16
Traveling 0 2 0 2
Other 1 1 0 2
Playing 0 1 0 1
Farming 0 0 0 0
Unknown 0 0 0 0
Total 1 24 0 25
TAble 105
Roads Non-
High 0 4 1 4 2 0 0 0
Medium 0 4 1 0 4 0 0 3
Low 0 15 2 3 3 2 7 6
Total 0 23 4 7 9 2 7 9
129

L
u
n
d
a

N
o
r
t
e
TAble 106
High 2 0 0 0 0 2
Medium 5 0 0 0 0 4
Low 21 4 0 1 3 0
Total 28 4 0 1 3 6
MAp 38
LoCaTioN oF SHaS
aNd reCeNT viCTiMS
iN LUNda NorTe
130
TAble 107
Non-
Chitato Chitato 0 0 0
Chitato Lvua 1 2 0 X X
Chitato Luachimo 1 1 0 X
Kambulo Kachimo 1 1 0 X
Kambulo Kambulo 1 4 3 X X X X
Kambulo Kanzar 1 5 0 X X X X
Kambulo Luia 2 3 0 X X
Kapenda Kapenda 3 4 2 X X
Kamulemba kamulemba
Kapenda Xinge 2 2 1 X X X
Kamulemba
Kaungula Kamaxilo 1 1 0 X
Kaungula Kaungula 3 4 1 X X X X X
Kuango Kuango 4 6 17 X X X X X
Kuango Luremo 1 1 0 X
Kuilo Kaluango 0 0 0
Kuilo Kuilo 0 0 0
Lubalo Luangue 0 0 0
Lubalo Lubalo 0 0 0
Lubalo Muvulage 0 0 0
Lukapa Kamissombo 1 1 0 X X X
Lukapa Kapaia 0 0 0
Lukapa Lukapa 0 0 0
Lukapa Xa Cassau 2 2 1 X X X
X Muteba Cassanje 0 0 0
X Muteba Iongo 1 2 0 X X
X Muteba Kitapa 0 0 0
X Muteba X Muteba 3 3 0 X X
Total 28 42 25 0 13 4 3 6 2 6 7
131
Lunda Sul
MAp 39
MiNe-iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS iN
LUNda SUL

L
u
n
d
a

S
u
l
PROVINCE SUMMARy
i
n Lunda Sul province the LIS identified 75 mine-impacted communities, of which, 30, or
40 percent, are high- or medium-impact. There is an estimated population of 28,360
living in these 30 communities. Much of the landmine contamination in the province is
near Saurimo or on the road leading to Saurimo from Lunda Norte.
Seven recent victims were recorded by the LIS. At the time of the landmine incidents, the
victims were either collecting water or farming. There are 155 SHAs in Lunda Sul.
Based on the community interviews, mine action activities have largely consisted of MRE
and victim assistance, with some clearance.
132
TAble 108
High 0 0% 0
Medium 30 40.0% 28,360
Low 45 60.0% 38,243
Total 75 100% 66,603
TAble 109
High 0 0 0 0
Medium 7 14 6 6
Low 0 2 0 0
Total 7 16 6 6
TAble 110
Tampering 0 3 0 3
Traveling 0 1 0 1
Other 1 0 0 1
Playing 0 0 0 0
Farming 0 0 0 0
Unknown 0 0 0 0
Total 1 6 0 7
TAble 111
Roads Non-
High 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medium 7 52 33 47 26 8 1 9
Low 3 32 14 33 2 7 0 6
Total 10 84 47 80 28 15 1 15
133
TAble 112
High 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medium 30 3 7 2 22 14
Low 45 4 5 4 23 9
Total 75 7 12 6 45 23
MAp 40
LoCaTioN oF SHaS
aNd reCeNT viCTiMS
iN LUNda SUL

L
u
n
d
a

S
u
l
134
TAble 113
Non-
Dala Dala 4 13 1 X X X X X
Dala Kazage 0 0 0
Dala Luma-Kassai 0 0 0
Kakolo Alto-Chikapa 2 2 0 X X X
Kakolo Kakolo 10 22 1 X X X X X X
Kakolo Kukumbi 2 4 0 X X X X X
Kakolo Xassengue 2 4 0 X X X
Mukonda Chiluage 3 5 0 X X X X X
Mukonda Kassai-Sul 4 12 0 X X X X X X
Mukonda Mukonda 7 12 0 X X X X X X X
Mukonda Murieje 7 14 0 X X X X X X
Saurimo Mona-Kimbundo 7 15 0 X X X X X X X
Saurimo Saurimo 24 48 5 X X X X X X X
Saurimo Sombo 3 4 0 X X X X
Total 75 155 7 5 11 8 12 8 9 1 10
135
Malanje
PROVINCE SUMMARy
i
n Malanje province the LIS identified 87 mine-impacted communities, of which 40, or
46 percent, were either high- or medium-impact. The 46 percent of high- and medium-
impact communities represents the highest ratio for one province in Angola. There is an
estimated population of 115,000 living in the impacted communities.
The LIS recorded 26 victims between 2002 and 2004. Eleven, or 42 percent, of the
recent victims were female.
A majority of the impacted communities are in the southern part of the province in the
vicinity of Malanje. The Malanje comuna is the most impacted, with 24 impacted commu-
nities. This is followed by Kangandala with 14 impacted communities. The two comunas
together comprise 44 percent of all impacted communities in the province. There are 164
SHAs in Malanje. Major socioeconomic blockages were reported for roads and paths, as
well as agricultural land and water.
Based on the community interviews, mine action activities have largely consisted of MRE
and clearance.
MAp 41
MiNe-iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS
iN MaLaNje

M
a
l
a
n
j
e
136
TAble 114
High 4 4.6% 18,670
Medium 36 41.4% 63,770
Low 47 54.0% 32,202
Total 87 100% 114,642
TAble 115
High 15 18 4 6
Medium 8 8 5 5
Low 3 5 3 3
Total 26 31 12 14
TAble 116
Tampering 7 1 0 8
Traveling 1 5 0 6
Other 0 4 0 4
Playing 0 1 0 1
Farming 0 1 0 1
Unknown 0 0 0 0
Total 11 15 0 26
TAble 117
Roads Non-
High 1 10 0 3 2 0 0 2
Medium 28 53 37 28 31 9 11 11
Low 15 27 7 15 8 3 2 7
Total 44 90 44 46 41 12 13 20
137

M
a
l
a
n
j
e
TAble 118
High 4 0 0 0 3 3
Medium 36 14 13 3 12 2
Low 47 9 1 6 13 2
Total 87 23 14 9 28 7
MAp 42
LoCaTioN oF SHaS
aNd reCeNT viCTiMS
iN MaLaNje
TAble 119
Non-
Kahombo Banje Angola 0 0 0
Kahombo Kahombo 1 3 0 X X X X
Kahombo Kambo 3 8 0 X X X X X X X
Kahombo Micanda 0 0 0
Kakuso Kakuso 0 0 0
Kakuso Kizenga 2 3 0 X X X X
Kakuso Lombe 2 9 2 X X X X X
Kakuso Pungo-Andongo 0 0 0
Kakuso Sokeko 1 3 0 X X
Kalandula Kalandula 2 4 5 X X X X
Kalandula Kateco -Kangola 1 1 0 X X
138
Non-
Kalandula Kinje 0 0 0
Kalandula Kota 2 4 0 X X
Kalandula Kuale 0 0 0
Kambundi-Katembo Dumba Kabango 0 0 0
Kambundi-Katembo Kambumdi Katembo 0 0 0
Kambundi-Katembo Tala Mungongo 0 0 0
Kangandala Kalamagia 1 1 0 X
Kangandala Kangandala 12 17 3 X X X X X X X
Kangandala Karibo 1 2 0 X X X X X
Kangandala Mbembo 0 0 0
Kela Bangalas 0 0 0
Kela Kela 3 5 0 X X
Kela Moma 1 1 0 X
Kela Xandele 2 3 0 X X X X X
Kirima Karima 0 0 0
Kirima Sautari 0 0 0
Kiuaba-Nzoji Kiuaba-Nzoji 1 4 0 X X X
Kiuaba-Nzoji Mufuma 3 6 0 X X X X X
Kunda-i-Baze Kunda-i-Baze 1 1 0 X X
Kunda-i-Baze Lemba 0 0 0
Kunda-i-Baze Milando 2 2 1 X
Lukembo Dombo 0 0 0
Lukembo Kapunda 0 0 0
Lukembo Kimbango 0 0 0
Lukembo Kunga Palanca 0 0 0
Lukembo Lukembo 0 0 0
Lukembo Rimba 0 0 0
Malanje Kambaxe 4 7 0 X X X X X X X
Malanje Kambondo 2 6 0 X X X X
Malanje Kangando 3 7 0 X X X X X X X
Malanje Kimambamba 2 4 0 X X X
Malanje Kissele 4 6 0 X X X X
Malanje Malanje 15 24 10 X X X X X X X X
Malanje Ngola-Luije 4 9 1 X X X X X
Marimba Kabombo 0 0 0
Marimba Marimba 0 0 0
Marimba Tembo Aluma 2 4 0 X X X X X X
Massango Chihuhu 0 0 0
Massango Cinguengue 1 3 0 X
Massango Massango 1 1 0 X
Mukari Katala 0 0 0
Mukari Kaxinga 2 4 0 X X X X
Mukari Mikixi 3 6 0 X X X X X
Mukari Mukari 3 6 4 X X X X X
Total 87 164 26 14 23 18 21 18 8 8 13
139
Moxico
TAble 120
High 14 4.8% 8,421
Medium 105 36.2% 81,473
Low 171 59.0% 80,806
Total 290 100% 170,700
PROVINCE SUMMARy
T
he LIS identified 290 mine-impacted communities in Moxico province, of which 119,
or 41 percent, are either high- or medium-impact. There is an estimated population
of 170,000 living in the impacted communities, of which one-half are living in high- or
medium-impact communities. Luau and Luena are the most impacted comunas in Moxico.
They account for 89 impacted communities and 160 SHAs. Luau has more impacted com-
munities and SHAs than any other municipio in Moxico. Additionally, 18 percent of all
communities in Moxico are impacted by landmines; the rate for all of Angola is
8 percent.
The LIS recorded 111 recent victims in Moxico in 50 of the impacted communities, or 17
percent. Not surprisingly, Moxico and neighboring Lunda Sul reported the availability of
victim assistance more than any other province. This can be directly attributed to the or-
thopedic and rehabilitation center in Luena, which has been assisting landmine survivors
since 1997.
The most common socioeconomic blockages are of agriculture and pasture. Mine action
activities have consisted of relatively high numbers of interventions for mine clearance,
MRE, and victim assistance. The LIS data clearly indicates that Moxico is the most mine-af-
fected province in Angola.

M
o
x
i
c
o
140
TAble 121
High 61 53 12 12
Medium 45 40 33 34
Low 5 8 5 5
Total 111 101 50 51
TAble 122
Tampering 7 23 0 30
Collecting water 1 23 0 24
Traveling 9 11 0 20
Other 1 11 0 12
Playing 4 6 0 10
Farming 5 5 0 10
Unknown 0 0 0 0
Total 27 84 0 111
MAp 43
MiNe-iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS iN MoxiCo
141
MAp 44
LoCaTioN oF SHaS
aNd reCeNT viCTiMS
iN MoxiCo
TAble 123
Roads Non-
High 4 17 7 20 4 8 4 10
Medium 33 132 73 155 32 37 11 65
Low 43 109 26 137 6 8 2 34
Total 80 258 106 312 42 53 17 109
TAble 124
High 14 9 6 0 10 9
Medium 105 48 43 17 61 25
Low 171 75 34 19 95 11
Total 290 132 83 36 166 45

M
o
x
i
c
o
142
TAble 125
Non-
Alto Zambeze Alto Zambeze 20 34 3 X X X X X X X
Alto Zambeze Kaianda 11 19 0 X X X X X X X
Alto Zambeze Kalunda 8 12 1 X X X X X X
Alto Zambeze Kavungo 15 28 0 X X X X X X X
Alto Zambeze Lvua 1 1 0 X
Alto Zambeze Lumbala-Kakengue 15 34 0 X X X X X X X X
Alto Zambeze Macondo 1 1 0 X
Kamanongue Kamanongue 17 19 26 X X X X X X
Lua Lua 16 27 10 X X X X X X X
Lua Liangongo 22 39 12 X X X X X X X X
Luakano Lago-Dilolo 5 10 0 X X X X X X X
Luakano Luakano 5 7 4 X X X X X
Luau Luau 48 99 8 X X X X X X X X
Lumbala-Nguimbo Chiume 4 6 0 X X X
Lumbala-Nguimbo Lumbala-Nguimbo 9 11 0 X X X X X
Lumbala-Nguimbo Lutembo 4 4 1 X X X
Lumbala-Nguimbo Luvuei 0 0 0
Lumbala-Nguimbo Mussuma 5 6 0 X X X X
Lumbala-Nguimbo Ninda 2 4 0 X X X
Lumbala-Nguimbo Sessa 0 0 0
Lumeje Kameia Lumeje Kameia 5 10 15 X X X X X X
Luxazes Kangamba 6 8 1 X X X
Luxazes Kangumbe 3 6 0 X X X X X
Luxazes Kassamba 0 0 0
Luxazes Mui 0 0 0
Luxazes Tempu 1 3 1 X X
Moxico Kangumbe 13 29 3 X X X X X X X
Moxico Luena 41 61 20 X X X X X X X X
Moxico Lukusse 12 36 6 X X X X X X
Moxico Lutuai ou Muangai 1 8 0 X X X X
Total 290 522 111 16 24 20 25 12 14 8 18
143

N
a
m
i
b
e
Namibe
MAp 45
MiNe-iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS iN NaMiBe
PROVINCE SUMMARy
N
amibe province has a small landmine problem. It contains only three impacted com-
munities affecting 6,560 people. The LIS identified 11 SHAs, including one comuna
with seven SHAs, of which almost half are blocking roads and paths. The data indicates
that investigation into alternatives to the mined roads is required to determine mine action
priorities. The LIS reported no recent victims in Namibe.
144
TAble 126
High 0 0.0% 0
Medium 1 33.3% 3,500
Low 2 66.7% 3,060
Total 3 100% 6,560
No recent victims were identified by the LIS in the province of Namibe.
TAble 127
Roads Non-
High 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medium 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 2
Low 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Total 5 0 3 1 0 0 0 2
TAble 128
High 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medium 1 1 1 0 2 0
Low 2 0 4 5 8 1
Total 3 1 5 5 10 1
145
MAp 46
LoCaTioN oF SHaS
aNd reCeNT viCTiMS
iN NaMiBe

N
a
m
i
b
e
TAble 129
Non-
Bibala Bibala 0 0 0
Bibala Kaitou 0 0 0
Bibala Kapangombe 0 0 0
Bibala Lola 0 0 0
Kamukuio Chingo 0 0 0
Kamukuio Kamukuio 0 0 0
Kamukuio Mamu 0 0 0
Namibe Bentiaba 2 4 0 X X
Namibe Lucira 0 0 0
Namibe Namibe 0 0 0
Tmbua Baa dos Tigres 0 0 0
Tmbua Tmbua 1 7 0 X X X
Virei Kainde 0 0 0
Virei Virei 0 0 0
Total 3 11 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 1
146
147

U
g
e
Uge
TAble 130
High 0 0% 0
Medium 23 14% 14,604
Low 144 86% 112,989
Total 167 100% 127,593
PROVINCE SUMMARy
i
nUgeprovincetheLISidentified167mine-impactedcommunities,ofwhich23are
medium-impactand144arelow-impact.NocommunitiesinUgearecategorized
as high-impact. This is largely the result of the communities reporting only two recent
victims in 20052006, the two-year period for which recent victims were counted. The
14 percent of the combined high- and medium-impact communities is below the national
average of 25 percent.
However,the297SHAsidentifiedinUgeandthehighnumberofcommunitiesreport-
ing the need for orthopedic services indicates the true level of landmine contamination in
the province. Although the very low number of recent victims indicates that the people of
Ugeareatleastavoidingmineaccidents,in2002(priortotheLIS)Ugerecordedmore
victims than all but two other provinces in Angola. Comunas bordering the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Bengo, and Zaire are impact-free. The landmine problem is
largelyincentralUgenearthetownsofUgeandSanzaPombo.However,Bungo
comuna, in the municipiowiththesamenameimmediatelynortheastofthetownofUge,
contains more impacted communities than any other comuna in the province.
Agricultural land, nonagricultural land, and roads and paths represent 70 percent of all
reported socioeconomic blockages in the province.
ThelandmineprobleminUgeisdistributedunevenlyamongthecomunas. There are 11
comunas with no impact from landmines, and 8 of the 50 comunas contain 53 percent of
all impacted communities.
148
TAble 131
High 0 0 0 0
Medium 1 2 1 1
Low 0 6 0 0
Total 1 8 1 1
TAble 132
Tampering 0 0 0 0
Traveling 0 0 0 0
Other 0 0 0 0
Playing 0 0 0 0
Farming 0 0 0 0
Unknown 0 0 0 0
Total 1 0 0 1
MAp 47
MiNe-iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS iN Uge
149

U
g
e
MAp 48
reCeNT viCTiMS iN Uge
TAble 133
Roads Non-
High 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medium 9 43 10 23 11 12 5 8
Low 38 106 15 39 6 18 4 20
Total 47 149 25 62 17 30 9 28
TAble 134
High 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medium 23 1 5 4 11 1
Low 144 12 8 6 38 2
Total 167 13 13 10 49 3
150
TAble 135
Non-
Ambula Ambula 1 2 0 X
Ambula Kipedro 0 0 0
Bembe Bembe 5 8 0 X X X X
Bembe Lukunga 0 0 0
Bembe Mabaia 4 5 0 X X
Buengas Buengas 3 3 0 X X
Buengas Buengas do Sul 4 5 0 X X X
Buengas Kuilo Kambonzo 0 0 0
Bungo Bungo 18 36 1 X X X X
Damba Damba 8 13 0 X X X X
Damba Kamatambo 0 0 0
Damba Lemboa 0 0 0
Damba Pete-Cusso 2 2 0 X
Damba Sosso 3 7 0 X X X X
Kangola Bengo 2 2 0 X
Kangola Kaiongo 3 4 0 X
Kangola Kangola 10 19 0 X X X X X X X
Kimbele Alto Zaza 0 0 0
Kimbele Icoca 1 1 0 X X X
Kimbele Kimbele 4 7 0 X X X X X X
Kimbele Kuango 0 0 0
Kitexe Cambambe 2 2 0 X X
Kitexe Kifafa 4 5 0 X X
Kitexe Kitende 1 2 0 X X X
Kitexe Kitexe 8 16 0 X X X X X
Maquela do Zombo Beu 2 3 0 X X X
Maquela do Zombo Kibokolo 2 3 0 X X
Maquela do Zombo Kuilo Futa 1 2 0 X
Maquela do Zombo Maquela do Zombo 9 19 0 X X X X X X X
Maquela do Zombo Sakandika 1 2 0 X X
Milunga Makokola 5 8 0 X X X X
Milunga Makolu 2 2 0 X X X
Milunga Massau 1 1 0 X
Milunga Milunga 3 5 0 X X X
Mucaba Mucaba 3 4 0 X X X X X
Mucaba Uando 0 0 0
Negage Dimuka 3 6 0 X X
Negage Kisseke 3 10 0 X X
Negage Negage 2 5 0 X X X
Puri Puri 17 33 0 X X X X X X X
Sanza Pombo Alfndega 11 23 0 X X X X X
151

U
g
e
Non-
Sanza Pombo Cuilo 4 6 0 X
Sanza Pombo Pombo 0 0 0
Sanza Pombo Sanza Pombo 8 15 0 X X X X X
Sanza Pombo Uamba 0 0 0
Songo Kivuenga 0 0 0
Songo Songo 2 4 0 X X X X
Uge Uge 5 7 0 X X X X X
Total 167 297 1 7 32 13 22 9 16 6 15
152
153
Zaire

Z
a
i
r
e
MAp 49
MiNe-iMpaCTed
CoMMUNiTieS iN Zaire
PROVINCE SUMMARy
T
he LIS identified 65 mine-impacted communities in Zaire province, of which nine, or
14 percent, are medium-impact. There are no high-impact communities in Zaire. As
the map below shows, the impacted areas are in the northwest province of Soyo and the
northeast province of Mbanza Kongo. The estimated population living in the impacted
communities is 49,000. No recent victims were identified and very little mine action was
reported in the LIS.
The LIS identified 105 SHAs, with agriculture being the primary socioeconomic blockage.
Almost one-half of the SHAs are found in just five of the 20 comunas: Kelo, Soyo, Luvo,
Tomboco, and Noqui.
154
TAble 136
High 0 0% 0
Medium 9 13.8% 16,597
Low 56 86.2% 32,371
Total 65 100% 48,968
No recent victims were identified by the LIS in the province of Zaire.
TAble 137
Roads Non-
High 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medium 1 16 9 11 5 3 1 2
Low 3 58 3 29 1 5 1 2
Total 4 74 12 40 6 8 2 4
TAble 138
High 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medium 9 1 1 0 2 0
Low 57 5 4 5 8 1
Total 66 6 5 5 10 1
155

Z
a
i
r
e
MAp 50
reCeNT viCTiMS iN Zaire
156
TAble 139
Non-
Kuimba Kanda 2 2 0 X X
Kuimba Kuimba 3 4 0 X X
Kuimba Luvaka 0 0 0
Kuimba Mbuela 2 4 0 X X X
Mbanza Kongo Kaluka 0 0 0
Mbanza Kongo Kiende 1 3 0 X X X
Mbanza Kongo Luvu 6 9 0 X X X X X X X
Mbanza Kongo Madimba 0 0 0
Mbanza Kongo Mbanza Kongo 4 6 0 X X X X
Mbanza Kongo Nkalambata 2 4 0 X X X
Nqui Lufiko 0 0 0
Nqui Mpala 0 0 0
Nqui Nqui 4 7 0 X X X
Nzeto Kindeji 1 1 0 X X
Nzeto Loje-Kibala 3 3 0 X X
Nzeto Mussera 3 5 0 X X X
Nzeto Nzeto 2 5 0 X X X X
Soyo Kelo 8 16 0 X X
Soyo Mangue Grande 1 1 0 X
Soyo Pedra de Feitio 3 3 0 X X X
Soyo Soyo 8 12 0 X X X
Soyo Sumba 4 6 0 X X X
Tomboco Kinzau 2 2 0 X
Tomboco Kiximba 2 4 0 X X X X
Tomboco Tomboco 5 8 0 X X X X X
Total 66 105 0 3 19 9 14 4 6 2 3
A
n
n
e
x
e
s
A
n
n
e
x
e
s
159
Annex IKey Participants
T
he Landmine Impact Survey in Angola was the product of collaborative efforts
involving the participation of the following Angolan governmental agencies,
non-governmental organizations, and the United Nations.
-
The National intersectoral Commission on demining and Humanitarian assistance (CNidaH)
will utilize the data for planning and coordination purposes. The IMSMA data
base with the LIS module was lodged at CNIDAH offices. SAC trained the data
entry staff, supported interim distribution of provisional results for earlier use,
and initiated discussions on how the LIS information could be used.
-
The Survey action Center (SaC) was responsible for the technical oversight and
overall implementation of the Angola Landmine Impact Survey. SAC established
an office in Luanda in June 2003 to provide overall coordination, technical exper-
tise, training and guidance, and monitoring on the survey methodology in the
field, as well as to supervise operational implementation, conduct data analysis,
and brief stakeholders. It held regular monthly meetings with the implementing
partners. SAC was responsible for drafting this report.
SURVEy IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS
The key to Landmine Impact Survey success is the collection of socioeconomic
impact data directly from affected communities. The government mine action entity
the National Institute of Demining, along with the NGOs HALO Trust, INTERSOS,
Mines Advisory Group, Norwegian Peoples Aid, and the Santa Barbara Foundation,
conducted the fieldwork and in some cases applied co-funding to support the
fieldwork.
-
The Norwegian peoples aid (Npa) in Angola was established in response to a request
from the United Nations to help clear mines after the Lusaka Protocols were
signed in 1994. NPA responded quickly to the request and established its mine
action program in 1995. The NPA mine clearance activities developed from a
modest start in 1995 to a very complex and comprehensive program in 2007 with
a variety of capacities, such as manual demining, mechanical mine clearance,
mine detection dogs, explosive ordnance disposal, and survey. The building of
national capacity has been important for NPA since the start of the program, and
in 2007 human resources are NPAs strongest assets.
160
R e p u b l i c o f A n g o l A A N N E x E S
In July 2001, the government of Angola established the Intersectoral
Commission for Demining and Humanitarian Assistance (CNIDAH) to regulate
and coordinate humanitarian mine action. NPA is committed to working with
the government of Angola and CNIDAH to negotiate, plan, and implement
assistance in order to support the consolidation and expansion of a quality
national capability to take over from existing international entities. In addition,
all planning regarding the development of NPAs humanitarian mine action
strategy for the upcoming years will include activities related to the provision
of technical assistance to the government and the transfer of responsibility to
national authorities.
-
The Mines advisory group (Mag) has been working in Angola since 1994, clearing
landmines and unexploded ordnances (UXOs). The end of the war in 2002 and
the dramatic increase in access and security have allowed MAG to strengthen
its program.
MAG has 12 Mine Action Teams, 4 Rapid Response Units, 5 Community Liaison
Teams, and 4 Mechanical Support Units conducting vegetation clearance,
excavation, area reduction, and quality assurance. It also has a dedicated Road
Threat Risk Reduction Team. This range of operational units ensures that MAG is
able to adopt a variety of techniques and respond quickly and effectively to the
threat from these remnants of conflict in Moxico and Lunda Sul provinces. The
key beneficiaries of MAGs work include IDPs and refugees, as well as vulner-
able rural communities and other non-government organizations seeking to
implement wider humanitarian and development projects.
-
The HaLo Trust began its Angolan mine action program in Bi in 1994, in
support of the general humanitarian aid effort. In 1996 HALO Trust estab-
lished an operational base in Huambo and in 1998 in Benguela. Based on a
rapid assessment of the worst mine- and UXO-affected areas, high-priority
clearance sites were determined and operations began. From 1998 to 2002
the Planalto security situation deteriorated, resulting in a large increase in
the number of IDPs settling close to the cities of Kuito and Huambo. This is
where HALO concentrated its clearance efforts in minefields adjacent to the
IDP camps in order to reduce casualties from landmine incidents.
After the ceasefire in 2002 HALO underwent a major expansion of its program
and increased its staff from 300 to 1,000. New operational bases were estab-
lished in Mavinga and Menongue in Kuando Kubango province.
In 20052006 the priorities for HALO have been completing the LIS, opening
road access, and deploying large numbers of deminers in its four areas of opera-
tions. As of September 2006 HALO has the following assets:
161
62xmanualdeminingteams(7demininglaneseach)
8xmechanicalsupportunits
4xmechanicalRoadThreatReductionsystems(RTR)
8xcombinedteams(survey/roadassessment/marking/MRE/EOD)
-
The Santa Barbara Foundation (SBF) is based in Bonn, Germany, and has been
conducting mine action activities in central Angola since 1997 without interrup-
tion. The foundations activities have included MRE, survey, clearance, marking,
and EOD. It has focused on populated areas, farmland, roads, bridges, and air
strips. Accidents have been absent from SBF operations. SBFs representative
office in Angola is in Luanda.
-
iNTerSoS Mine Action in Angola began in 1999 and focused on serving the
needs of IDPs and returnees. Operational bases were first established in
Lubango and Matala, where large concentrations of displaced people had
congregated. The first project was to clear the MatalaDongo road (parallel
to the destroyed and mined railroad Camino de Mocamedes). In Micossi
the mined area surrounding schools was cleared and in Umpata (Lubango)
INTERSOS teams performed stockpile destruction. Activities then expanded
to Kuando Kubango in 2000, where clearance was undertaken in Marcolino
(Menongue).
INTERSOS also conducted MRE in partnership with Club de Jovens and
supported the creation in Kuando Kubango of the only center for prosthetics
and rehabilitation of landmine victims in the province. The Center funded with
grants from the EC and with Italian cooperation, as well as private contribu-
tions developed in partnership with the local NGO Mbwembwa. INTERSOS
trained local personnel for rehabilitation activities, prostheses production, and
vocational skills to facilitate the reintegration of people with disabilities into
productive activities. Capacity-building has been an integral part of its mine
action and humanitarian aid programs in Angola. In addition to supporting the
Club de Jovens and Mbwembwa, INTERSOS helped build the humanitarian
demining capacity of AJOSAPA (Associacao de Jovens Sapatores), a national
NGO based in Lubango.
INTERSOS closed its mine action program in Angola in 2006.
-
The National institute of demining (iNad), a public institute under the Council of
Ministers, is responsible for conducting studies related to mine action and for
preparing and conducting mine clearance projects, including post-clearance and
MRE. INAD also provides technical assistance and conducts evaluations. INADs
capacity expanded greatly during 2006, and it now has nearly 2,000 operational
staff located throughout the country.
162
UNITED NATIONS
-
The United Nations development program (UNdp) provides technical assistance to
enhance the establishment and structure of CNIDAH as the national body
responsible for policy making and coordination of a national mine action
program. UNDP served as the LIS main point of contact for the UN system. It
also provided capacity-building training to the database staff and facilitated the
funding for surveying Bengo and Cabinda provinces.
-
The United Nations Mine action Service (UNMaS) provided a quality assurance monitor
to observe all aspects of the survey process. In June 2007 UNMAS convened a
UN Certification Committee to review the entire survey process and provide UN
certification to the survey.
163
Annex IIMethodology
T
he LIS in Angola followed the same methodology as applied in all of the
Landmine Impact Surveys in other countries with surveys either completed or
ongoing since 1999. The survey is guided by 10 protocols established by the Survey
Working Group. The protocols are available on the Survey Action Center website at
www.sac-na.org.
ADVANCE SURVEy MISSION
SAC conducted an Advance Survey Mission (ASM) in October 2002. Two follow-up
visits were conducted; the first in December 2002 for meetings with the imple-
menting NGOs and the second in March 2003 to examine the issue of how many
communities in Angola might be affected by landmines and to begin the process of
signing the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with CNIDAH.
The ASM and follow-up visits came to the following conclusions:
-
The nature of the survey and of the country made it especially difficult to
estimate the scope, time, and cost of the survey.
-
The data from previous surveys conducted in Angola, such as the NPA general
survey conducted in 19951998, was not reliable for LIS purposes given the
different nature of the information and the changes in the country since that
time.
-
The question of IDPs and returning refugees and their level of knowledge of
their home areas would be problematic.
-
The rainy season would have a significant impact on the survey.
-
The mine action NGOs active in Angola would implement the survey if they
were adequately funded for the task.
-
The national transportation infrastructure, including road conditions and limited
travel by air, could cause logistical bottlenecks and, ultimately, delays.
-
The survey would take at least two years to complete.
-
The national mine action authority would provide support, although at the time
of the ASM it was unclear what government organization would take on this
responsibility. Soon after the mission, however, it became clear that CNIDAH
would fill this role.
-
Sufficient data sources were available to start the survey.
-
It was not possible to determine the potential number of mine-affected commu-
nities in the country by reviewing from the national level.
In June 2003 SAC established a survey coordination office in Luanda.
164
PHASES AND ACTIVITIES OF THE LIS
The LIS in Angola was divided into four phases.
Phase 1: Establish operational survey capacity.
SAC signs contracts with implementing partners (HALO
Trust, National Demining Institute [INAD], INTERSOS,
Mines Advisory Group [MAG], Norwegian Peoples Aid
[NPA], and Santa Barbara Foundation).
Implementing partners establish field offices and
recruit staff. SAC and NGOs purchase equipment. NGOs
collect preliminary information on suspected communi-
ties. SAC briefs key stakeholders.
Phase 2: Conduct training, pre-test, and pilot test.
SAC and NGOs develop questionnaire based on protocol for data requirements. SAC
and NGOs train senior staff and survey teams. SAC defines sample frame for false
negative sampling (FNS), based on the FNS protocol. NGOs conduct pilot test and
adjust operational plan as necessary.
Phase 3: Collect data.
Survey teams from each implementing partner conduct preliminary opinion collec-
tions to identify the communities suspected of being in the vicinity of landmines. All
communities on the suspected communities list are visited.
Survey teams at each community meeting ask if there are other communities in
the area that may be affected by landmines and are not yet on the survey team lists.
All additional communities identified are visited.
Survey teams use lists of SHAs recorded by
NPA surveys in 19951998 to ensure that all previ-
ously identified SHAs and nearby communities are
included in the LIS.
A representative sample of non-suspected
communities is visited, and when a mine-affected
community is found (a false negative), it is surveyed
along with all other communities within a range of
five kilometers.
When communities cannot be visited because
the road has been mined or the bridge has
been broken or for other reasons, the reason is
documented.
Survey supervisors carry out comprehensive quality control of all completed
questionnaires based on a quality control checklist, and when errors are found the
questionnaires are returned to the field for immediate correction.
CoMMUNiTy MappiNg
iN KwaNZa SUL
SorTiNg ForMS
165
Phase 4: Enter and analyze data, and produce, certify and publish report
Implementing partners send completed questionnaires to SAC (and, after June 2005,
to CNIDAH) for data entry. LIS database closes after quality assurance. SAC analyzes
data and drafts final report. Government of Angola reviews report. Government of
Angola requests UN certification of the survey.
FALSE NEGATIVE SAMPLING
The LIS is a census of all mine-impacted communities in the country where it is
conducted. False negative sampling (FNS) is carried out in regions that local infor-
mants claim are free from landmines. Communities are then chosen for FNS from the
pool of communities that are considered to have no impact, i.e., they are negative.
A false negative, therefore, is a community believed to be free of landmines/UXOs
that turns out to be contaminated. Wherever a false negative was discovered, all
other unsuspected communities within five kilometers of it were also visited. Any
of these communities that were discovered to be impacted were categorized as
impacted by landmines/UXOs, and the five-kilometer radius was extended from
the newly found impacted community. This process was continued until no new
impacted communities were found. Globally, less than five percent of the communi-
ties in the FNS pool were found to be impacted.
IMPLEMENTING PARTNER
OPERATIONAL AREAS
Map 51 shows the surveys operational
areas for the six implementing partners.
NPA: Kwanza Norte, Kwanza
Sul, Malanje, Uge, Zaire
INAD: Cabinda, Luanda,
Lunda Norte
MAG: Lunda Sul, Moxico
HALO Trust: Benguela, Bi, Huambo,
Kuando Kubango
INTERSOS: Namibe, Hula
SBF: Bengo, Kunene
MAp 51
area oF SUrvey
operaTioN oF
LiS parTNerS
166
ISSUES OF METHODOLOGy ADDRESSED
SHAs affecting more than one community
LIS teams in two different communities sometimes identified the same SHA as
having an impact on more than one community. This is a valid situation, for which
IMSMA does not provide
much flexibility. In such cases,
the SHA was assigned to a
unique community as required
by IMSMA, and the second
community was recorded in
the otherwise unused field in
the database. The SHA was
considered in the scoring of only
the one community to which it
was assigned. The procedure
was applied by some but not all
operators. However, when the
SHA was recorded, it was still possible to identify, for prioritization purposes, which
ones affect more than one community.
SHAs not claimed by any community
LIS teams sometimes learned of SHAs that were not claimed by any community. Due
to the inability of IMSMA to record SHAs not associated with communities, these
SHAs were assigned to a nearby community (although in some cases located many
kilometers away) in order not to lose the information. This is important because the
CNIDAH database is meant to support all mine action requirements that may arise,
and this information will become relevant at such time as there are development or
resettlement projects in that area.
Rigorous visual inspection of SHAs
The LIS implementing partners conducted visual inspection according to both
the old and new SWG protocols. HALO Trust demonstrated that application of
the revised visual inspection protocols effectively reduces the estimated size of
SHAs. While this requires additional equipment and training, the costs are not
high and there is no significant effect on the length of time required to survey each
community. The resulting SHAs are more accurately defined but will require further
technical survey and planning for appropriate treatment of the respective areas.
CoMMUNiTy iNTerview
iN MaLaNje
167
Annex IIIProject Timeline
OVERALL SURVEy TIMELINE
-
october 2002 to March 2003 Advance Survey Mission (three missions)
-
december 2002 to September 2003 Equipment procured
-
june to october 2003 SAC established office
-
September to october 2004 Task assessment planning (TAP), in Huambo province,
conducted by the Development Workshop (DW)
-
September 2004 Strategic planning intervention, conducted by
Cranfield University
-
april 2004 to May 2007 Data collection
-
july 2004 to july 2007 Data entry into IMSMA database
-
april to july 2007 SAC drafts LIS final report
-
june 2007 United Nations certifies survey
-
october 2007 CNIDAH/SAC finalize report
-
december 2007 Final report printed and distributed
IMPLEMENTING PARTNER TIMELINES
Halo Trust
-
august 2003 Signed contract with SAC
-
September 2003 Established field office
-
december 2003 Senior staff trained, pre-test given
-
February to March 2004 Interviewers trained
-
March to july 2004 Pilot test, instrument & ops plan revised
-
april to july 2004 Data collection in Huambo province
-
july 2004 to january 2005 Data collection in Benguela province
-
November 2004 to april 2005 Data collection in Bi province
-
june to august 2005 Data collection in Kuando Kubango province
Norwegian Peoples Aid
-
September 2003 Signed contract with SAC
-
September 2003 Established field office
-
december 2003 Senior staff trained, pre-test given
Npa CaMp iN MaLaNje
168
-
january to March 2004 Interviewers trained
-
april to july 2004 Pilot test, instrument & ops plan revised
-
june to october 2004 Data collection in Malanje province
-
october 2004 to january 2005 Data collection in Kwanza Sul province
-
january to March 2005 Data collection in Kwanza Norte province
-
February to May 2006 Data collection in Zaire province
-
May 2006 to February 2007 Data collection in Uge province
Mines Advisory Group
-
january 2004 Signed contract with SAC
-
april 2004 Established field office
-
april 2004 Senior staff trained, pre-test given
-
May 2004 Interviewers trained
-
june to july 2004 Pilot test, instrument & ops plan revised
-
june 2004 to February 2006 Data collection in Moxico province
-
april 2005 to March 2006 Data collection in Lunda Sul province
INTERSOS
-
-
-
-
-
june to july 2004 Pilot test, instrument & ops plan revised
-
june 2004 to March 2005 Data collection in Hula province
-
october 2004 to august 2005 Data collection in Namibe province
Santa Barbara
-
-
-
-
-
june 2004 Pilot test, instrument & ops plan revised
-
august 2004 to March 2005 Data collection in Kunene province
-
october 2006 to February 2007 Data collection in Bengo province
169
INAD
-
august 2004 Signed contract with SAC
-
august 2004 Established field office
-
july 2004 Senior staff trained, pre-test given
-
july 2004 Interviewers trained
-
july 2004 Pilot test, instrument & ops plan revised
-
September 2004 to May 2005 Data collection in Lunda Norte province
-
March to May 2005 Data collection in Luanda province
-
March to May 2007 Data collection in Cabinda province
TraNSporTiNg Spare
TireS To THe SUrvey
TeaMS iN Uge
CHaLLeNgiNg road
CoNdiTioNS dUriNg
THe raiNy SeaSoN
170
171
Annex IVNational Mine Action
Strategic Plan 20062011
T
he following extract contains the Goals and Objectives of the National Mine
Action Strategic Plan 20062011, adopted by the Council of Ministers on 6
September 2006.
Goal 1 Signifcantly reduce the risk to impacted
communities and at-risk groups by 2011
Objective 1.1 Reduce to zero the number of high-impact communities.
Objective 1.2 Reduce by 50 percent the number of medium-impact communities.
Objective 1.3 Mark all remaining SHAs, using community-based and operator
resources.
Objective 1.4 Reduce number of victims to virtually zero by 2011.
Objective 1.5 Refocus MRE on impacted communities and at-risk groups as identi-
fied in the LIS and accident data.
Goal 2 Landmine/ERW survivors and persons with disabilities receive
medical care within the national health system and have
access to assistance in reintegrating into community life
Objective 2.1 Strategic direction and coordination for victim assistance (medical
care and reintegration) is provided by the CNIDAH Subcommission
for Assistance and Social Reintegration.
Objective 2.2 Operational direction for medical care is undertaken by MINSA.
Objective 2.3 Operational direction for victim reintegration is undertaken by
MINARS.
Objective 2.4 Landmine/ERW survivors receive medical care within the national
health system as provided for persons with disabilities.
Objective 2.5 Landmine/ERW survivors receive assistance and reintegration
support from MINARS, MINSA, MAPESS, Ministry of Defense,
Ministry Antigos Combatantes, Veterans de Guerra, and Ministry of
Education.
Objective 2.6 CNIDAH establishes a national database of victims to support
planning and reporting.
Objective 2.7 Landmine/ERW survivors access to transport for victim assistance is
improved.
Objective 2.8 A landmine survivors network is established to empower individuals
and communities affected by landmines to recover from trauma,
reclaim their lives, and fulfill their rights;
172
Goal 3 The Angola mine action program supports national
infrastructure investment and reconstruction
Objective 3.1 All major national infrastructure investment and reconstruction
projects are assessed for mine action requirements.
Objective 3.2 Funding for mine action in support of national development projects
is included within the project by the responsible government ministry
and/or donor, on the advice of CNIDAH.
Objective 3.3 CNIDAH engages stakeholders in national infrastructure investment
and reconstruction in order to develop a list of priorities for mine
action support.
Objective 3.4 Roads needed for national reconstruction and rehabilitation will be
mine-safe.
Goal 4 Fully establish a national mine action capability
that is sustainable by national resources after
the end of major international assistance
Objective 4.1 By 2007, CNIDAH is fully executing its role as the national mine action
authority.
Objective 4.2 By 2007, CED is fully executing its responsibility to coordinate the
demining operations of INAD, FAA, and GRN.
Objective 4.3 By 2007, INAD, FAA, and GRN have been established and resourced
to undertake national demining operations.
Objective 4.4 By the end of 2006, CNIDAH establishes a national mine action
planning and reporting framework that supports national and provin-
cial requirements. The national planning and reporting framework
will be embedded in mine action in Angola by 2008.
Objective 4.5 Provincial mine action operations are effectively coordinated at the
provincial government level.
Goal 5 Establish a world-class mine action program in Angola
Objective 5.1 Angola has made significant progress in meeting its Ottawa Treaty
responsibilities (recognizing the size of the problem in Angola, the
funding available, and the level of international support).
Objective 5.2 LIS data guides mine action operations in Angola.
Objective 5.3 Area reduction procedures are used to minimize the size of SHAs and
to focus clearance operations on contaminated land.
Objective 5.4 The stockpile destruction project is complete.
Objective 5.5 National legislation for mine action has been approved by the govern-
ment of Angola.
Objective 5.6 Demining operations are conducted in accordance with humanitarian
mine clearance best practices.
173
Annex V
Scoring and Classifcation
S
coring and classifying mine-affected communities according to the severity of
impacts is a central element of the Landmine Impact Survey (LIS). A standard-
ized impact scoring mechanism has been developed in order to provide a general
assessment according to the severity of the impacts.
IMPACT SCORING ELEMENTS
The scoring system to categorize community impact takes into account the
following three characteristics of the community:
-
The types of ordnance reported
-
The types of livelihood and institutional areas to which mines are
blocking access
-
The number of recent victims (within prior two years)
WEIGHTS BUDGET
The indicators and weights for contamination types and recent victims are endorsed
by the Survey Working Group. The scoring weights for munitions are fixed. Two
impact points are awarded if the community reports the presence of mines in one or
more associated SHAs. The number of mines, the population, and the estimated area
(size) of the SHA are not factors. Another impact point is awarded if the community
reports the presence of widespread (battle-area) UXOs in one or more associated
SHAs. The amount of UXOs and the estimated area of the SHA are not factors;
however, the impact point is only awarded if there is significant UXO presence, and
not for small deposits or individual UXO items. Such cases requiring spot clearance
are reported to CNIDAH or removed by the implementing partner. They do not, on
their own, contribute to LIS impact scoring.
SAC and the implementing partners assessed the variety of socioeconomic
blockages in Angola, recognized the risks and threats that roads pose in rural
Angola, and assigned two points to roads and paths blocked by landmines. The eight
other socioeconomic blockages are assigned one point each, for a total of 10 points
for blockages. These weights are awarded only if the specific blockage exists in
one or more of the SHAsbut only once per community. The National Intersectoral
Commission for Demining and Humanitarian Assistance (CNIDAH) approved the
weights for calculating the impact scores for the LIS in Angola.
-
Roads and paths blocked (2 points)
-
Housing blocked (1 point)
174
-
Other infrastructure blocked (1 point)
-
Fixed pasture blocked (1 point)
-
Access to drinking water blocked (1 point)
-
Access to other water blocked (1 point)
-
Irrigated cropland blocked (1 point)
-
Rain-fed cropland blocked (1 point)
-
Nonagricultural land blocked (1 point)
The third scoring component involves points awarded if the community has had
recent victims, defined as people killed or injured by mines or UXOs in one of the
SHAs in the previous 24 months. Unlike the munitions and socioeconomic impact
blockage components, which provide either a fixed number of points or none, recent
victims award two points each, with no maximum. For example, if there are three
recent victims, six points will be awarded.
All data that contribute to the community score are collected at and linked to
SHAs. However, the community score is calculated for the collective community.
It is important to note that the score is indifferent to the population or territory
of the community and considers neither the number of distinct SHAs nor their
surface area nor their proximity to the center of the community. The indicators only
determine whether a certain type of livelihood or institutional area is blocked by
landmines (or contaminated with unexploded munitions). They do not indicate how
much of it is blocked or what affect the blockage has had on the community. For
example, the LIS determines what the socioeconomic blockages are in each commu-
nity but it does not assess exactly how the blocked area has affected the community.
This can be determined during post-survey follow-up in each community. In other
words, the existence of a problem is the criterion, not a threshold measured by size,
value, population directly affected, or number of alternatives. Similarly, in the area of
the scoring that deals with type of munitions, the scoring looks only at the presence
of generic landmines and of UXOs, not at numbers laid, subtype, age, or origin. The
Survey Working Group adopted this system for purposes of validity and reliability on
a consensus basis.
IMPACT CATEGORy BOUNDS AND CATEGORIZATION
The survey assigns four impact categories no known mine problem, low
impact, medium impact, and high impact to the following specified ranges of
impact score:
Impact Score Level of Impact
0 No known mine problem
15 Low
610 Medium
11 or more High
175
Annex VI
Estimation of Prevalence of
Mine-Affected Communities
Lawrence H. Moulton, Ph.D. / 13-September-2007
o
f the 4,384 communities suspected of being impacted by landmine/UXO during
preliminary opinion collection (POC), 1,755 were found by survey to have no
landmine/UXO contamination, 1,927 were impacted by landmine/UXO, and 702
communities were determined inaccessible, as presented in the Figura beBaixo.
A group of 19,120 communities were identified by POC as not being suspected
of having landmine/UXO contamination and from this group 2,389 (12.5%) were
selected for evaluation in accordance with predetermined false negative sampling
(FNS) procedures. If any sampled community was found to be affected, neighboring
communities were also investigated according to LIS protocol.
ESTIMATION 1
This estimation procedure assumes that the strategy of going to neighboring
communities is equivalent to the full procedure of investigating all communities in
an area in which a sampled not suspected community was found to be affected.
Alternatively stated, it is assumed that because of an expected strong spatial correla-
tion, this procedure would have found virtually all affected
communities because of the small chance of having isolated
affected communities being randomly (or even haphazardly)
distributed throughout a district.
There were 702 communities deemed inaccessible.
Under the assumption that the inaccessibility was due
to factors unrelated to mine prevalence, the estimated
proportion (prevalence) of affected communities among
the 23,504 communities in Angola is simply (1,927+61) /
(23,504-702)= 0.087, or 8.7%. If, however, the inaccessibility
was because these communities, or the routes leading to
them, were affected by landmines, the prevalence estimate
is (702+1,927+61)/23,504 = 0.114, or 11.4%. Under the above
assumptions and classical sampling theory, these estimates
have very little variance associated with them, as the only
uncertainty comes with imputation of a prevalence (either 0%
or 100%) to the 702 inaccessible communities.
SUMMary
Prevalence
Affected communities / all communities
Estimation 1: 8.7%
Inaccessible all impacted: 11.4%

Estimation 2: 9.7%
Identifcation rate
Detected/all impacted communities
Best estimate: 87.2%
176
ESTIMATION 2
This estimation approach is carried out under the much milder assumption that the
sampled, investigated communities were representative of the non-sampled (and
non-suspected) communities in the given district. This results in a worst-case
scenario, in which we apply the proportion of the sampled communities that are
affected to the number of non-sampled communities to estimate the total affected
communities in a district.
Let N

= SN
h
be the total number of non-suspected communities from which the
samples are drawn, with N
h
the number in the k
th
district. The proportion of affected
communities in a sample of n
h
in a district is given by p
h
= a
h
/ n
h
, and the proportion
of affected communities in all the districts, according to the classic formula for strati-
fied sampling (Cochran, Sampling Techniques, Thi rd Ed. , 1977; Wi l ey, New
York; p.107) is p
st
= N
-1
S
h
N
h
p
h
.
Applying the above formulae, we get p
st
= 0.0185, which we apply to the total
number of unsuspected communities, 19,120, to get an expected 354 affected
communities, of which 61 (17%) have been identified through the false negative
sampling and the subsequent search of neighboring communities. Since 61 of these
were found during the LIS, the expected number of non-identified impacted commu-
nities is 354 61 = 293.
The overall estimated prevalence of affected communities among the 23,504 is
therefore 100% x (1927+354)/23504=9.7%, or 100% x (1927+354+702)/23504=12.7% if
the inaccessible communities were impacted. For both of these calculations, we
have assumed these inaccessible communities to have been among the Suspected.
The identification rate of all impacted communities in Angola is estimated as 100%
x (1927+61)/(1927+354)=87.2% or 100% x (1927+61+702)/(1927+354+702) = 90.2%,
depending on whether the inaccessible communities are considered not impacted
or impacted, respectively...
COMMENTS
We have not calculated 95% confidence intervals for our prevalence and identifi-
cation estimates, as that would lend a perhaps false sense of accuracy to these
numbers. In fact, we have made certain assumptions regarding the nature of the
communities that may incur greater discrepancies than just the sampling error
inherent in the false negative sampling process. There was insufficient information
on the survey processes to be certain the inaccessible communities were among
the Suspected; some or all may have been among the Not Suspected, and then
possibly identified as inaccessible only during the clean-up phase around discovered
False Negative communities. In addition, those communities found during the
clean-up phase to be impacted may have been classified as True Positives, instead
of False Negatives. Thus, depending on the actual impact status of the inaccessible
communities, there could be a dozen different configurations of the data. We have
177
selected a couple scenarios we feel to be most likely, including the assumption that
all of the inaccessibility of communities was due to their being impacted or blocked
by landmines.
As expected, the prevalence of impacted communities is relatively Alto, on the
magnitude of 1 in 10. The extensive survey efforts, however, have identified around 9
in 10 of all impacted communities.
All Communities
dentified During the Survey
23,504
Suspected mpacted
4,384
PreIiminary
Opinion
CoIIection
FieId
Survey
Findings
False Positives
1,755
naccessible
702
True Positives
1,927
Selected for FNS
2,389
Not Suspected
mpacted
19,120
True Negatives
2,328
False Negatives
61
mpacted
Communities
1,988
178
179
Annex VII
Administrative Structures
T
he Landmine Impact Survey in Angola was a CNIDAH and SAC partnership with
the government mine action entity National Institute of Demining (INAD); HALO
Trust, INTERSOS, Mines Advisory Group (MAG), Norwegian Peoples Aid (NPA),
and Santa Barbara Foundation (SBF) were implementing partners conducting the
fieldwork.
From June 2003 to June 2005 the SAC Coordination Team in Luanda provided
overall coordination, technical expertise, training and guidance, and monitoring on
the survey methodology in the field, and also supervised operational implementa-
tion, conducted data analysis, and briefed stakeholders. After funding unexpectedly
expired in June 2005, SAC closed its operations in Angola, and in July 2005 CNIDAH
took over the LIS coordination and database function for the remainder of the survey,
with the support of UNDP. In July 2006, with funding from the German government,
SAC assigned a technical advisor who would oversee the completion of the survey in
mid-2007.
UN QUALITy ASSURANCE
United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) Quality Assurance Monitor (QAM)
Hemi Morete conducted five monitoring missions from 2003 to 2006. The QAM
monitored and documented the projects progress and the quality of its data, in
accordance with Protocol 10: Certification.
180
181
Annex VIIIList of
Inaccessible Comunas
Province Municipio Comuna
Bengo Bula Atumba Kiaje
Kuando Kubango Rivungo Chipundo
Lunda Norte Kuilo Kaluango
Lunda Norte Kuilo Kuilo
Lunda Norte Lubalo Luangue
Lunda Norte Lubalo Lubalo
Lunda Norte Lubalo Muvulage
Lunda Norte Xi Muteba Kitapa
Malanje Kangandala Mbembo
Malanje Kirima Karima
Malanje Kirima Sautari
Malanje Lukembo Dombo
Malanje Lukembo Kapunda
Malanje Lukembo Kunga Palanca
Malanje Lukembo Lukembo
Malanje Lukembo Rimba
Moxico Luxazes Muii
Namibe Timbua Baia dos Tigres
Uge Bembe Lukunga
Uge Damba Lemboa
182
183
Annex IXAbbreviations
Abbreviations
AP Antipersonnel
ASM Advance Survey Mission
AT Antitank
CNIDAH National Intersectoral Commission for Demining
and Humanitarian Assistance
EOD Explosive Ordnance Destruction
FNS False Negative Sampling
GPS Global Positioning System
IDPs Internally Displaced Persons
IMSMA Information Management System for Mine Action
INAD National Institute of Demining
LIS Landmine Impact Survey
MAG Mines Advisory Group
MINARS Ministry of Social Welfare and Reintegration
MoU MemorandumofUnderstanding
MRE Mine Risk Education
NGO Nongovernmental Organization
NPA Norwegian Peoples Aid
POC Preliminary Opinion Collection
QAM Quality Assurance Monitor
SAC Survey Action Center
SHA Suspected Hazard Area
SWG Survey Working Group
(continued on next page)
184
Abbreviations (continued)
UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram
UNICEF UnitedNationsChildrensEmergencyFund
UNMAS UnitedNationsMineActionService
UNOCHA UnitedNationsOfficefortheCoordinationof
Humanitarian Affairs
UNOPS UnitedNationsOfficeforProjectServices
UXO UnexplodedOrdnance
LOCAL TERMS USED
Two local terms are used in the report to describe the administrative boundaries in
the provinces.
Municipio is the highest administrative unit in each province.
Comuna is the administrative unit below municipio.
185
Annex XFinances
T
he LIS was supported by funds from seven donors. A total of $1,473,000 of this
amount went towards the procurement of equipment used to conduct the LIS. In
addition to the above, the government of Angola, including in particular CNIDAH and
INAD, provided significant in-kind contributions to the cost and conduct of the LIS:
SUrvey BUdgeT aNd FUNdiNg
Donor Total
U.S. Department of State $2,400,100
European Commission $2,073,105
Government of Germany $975,000
Government of Norway $620,000
Government of Canada $560,000
Government of Italy $124,958
Government of Ireland $25,000
Total $6,778,163
186
187
Annex XIPhotography Credits
Page Caption Photo Credit
9 HALO Trust surveyor crossing a bridge to reach a HALO Trust
village in Benguela
9 HALO Trust community interview in Benguela province Mike Kendellen
23 NPA conducting community interview in Kwanza Sul province NPA
24 HALO Trust community interview in Kuando Kubango HALO Trust
26 A Village in Kwanza Sul NPA
30 A PPM2 AP mine found in a SHA in Huambo province HALO Trust
31 HALO Trust conducting visual inspection Mike Kendellen
32 HALO Trust Survey Officer mapping in Kuito HALO Trust
34 One of many TM57 AT mines found in Cuito Cuanavale, HALO Trust
Kuando Kubango province
34 Improvised Explosive Device on trip wire in Ganda, HALO Trust
Benguela province
50 Pasture and agricultural land in Kwanza Sul province NPA
51 Road in Benguela province Mike Kendellen
51 The NPA survey team driving on the national highway NPA
inUigeprovince
52 Road in Malanje province Mike Kendellen
55 UXOsite NPA
79 Desert with antelope near Iona in Namibe province InterSOS
162 Community mapping in Kwanza Sul province NPA
162 Sorting forms NPA
163 NPA conducting a community interview in Malanje Tom
Haythornthwaite
165 NPA camp in Malanje province NPA
167 TransportingsparetirestothesurveyteamsinUigeprovince NPA
167 Challenging road conditions during the rainy season NPA
188

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How has landmine contamination impacted communities in Angola?

What are some of the challenges faced in conducting mine action activities?

L A N D M I N E I M PA C T S U R V E Y R e p u b l i c o f A n g o l A

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