6.

Appendix

Data
Booklet

Chemistry Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

for use from 2009 in all papers for the above

syllabus, except practical examinations

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6. Appendix

Tables of Chemical Data

Important values, constants and standards
molar gas constant

R = 8.31 J K1 mol1

the Faraday constant

F = 9.65 104 C mol1

the Avogadro constant

L = 6.02 x 1023 mol1

the Planck constant

h = 6.63 1034 J s

speed of light in a vacuum

c = 3.00 108 m s1

rest mass of proton, 11H

mp = 1.67 1027 kg

rest mass of neutron, 01 n

mn = 1.67 1027 kg

rest mass of electron, -10e

me = 9.11 1031 kg

electronic charge

e = 1.60 1019 C

molar volume of gas

Vm = 22.4 dm3 mol1 at s.t.p

Vm = 24 dm3 mol1 under room conditions
(where s.t.p. is expressed as 101 kPa, approximately, and 273 K (0 C))

ionic product of water

Kw = 1.00 1014 mol2 dm6

(at 298 K [25 C])

specific heat capacity of water

= 4.18 kJ kg1 K1
(= 4.18 J g1 K1)

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6. Appendix

Ionisation energies (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th) of selected elements,

in kJ mol1
Proton
number

First

Second

Third

Fourth

1310

He

2370

5250

Li

519

7300

11800

Be

900

1760

14800

21000

799

2420

3660

25000

1090

2350

4610

6220

1400

2860

4590

7480

1310

3390

5320

7450

1680

3370

6040

8410

Ne

10

2080

3950

6150

9290

Na

11

494

4560

6940

9540

Mg

12

736

1450

7740

10500

Al

13

577

1820

2740

11600

Si

14

786

1580

3230

4360

15

1060

1900

2920

4960

16

1000

2260

3390

4540

Cl

17

1260

2300

3850

5150

Ar

18

1520

2660

3950

5770

19

418

3070

4600

5860

Ca

20

590

1150

4940

6480

Sc

21

632

1240

2390

7110

Ti

22

661

1310

2720

4170

23

648

1370

2870

4600

Cr

24

653

1590

2990

4770

Mn

25

716

1510

3250

5190

Fe

26

762

1560

2960

5400

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6. Appendix

Proton
number

First

Second

Third

Fourth

Co

27

757

1640

3230

5100

Ni

28

736

1750

3390

5400

Cu

29

745

1960

3350

5690

Zn

30

908

1730

3828

5980

Ga

31

577

1980

2960

6190

Ge

32

762

1540

3300

4390

Br

35

1140

2080

3460

4850

Sr

38

548

1060

4120

5440

Sn

50

707

1410

2940

3930

53

1010

1840

2040

4030

Ba

56

502

966

3390

Pb

82

716

1450

3080

4080

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6. Appendix

Bond energies
(b) Polyatomic molecules

(a) Diatomic molecules

Bond

Energy/kJ mol1

Bond

Energy/kJ mol1

HH

436

CC

350

DD

442

C=C

610

NN

994

CC

840

O=O

496

C..C (benzene)

520

FF

158

CH

410

Cl Cl

244

CCl

340

BrBr

193

CBr

280

II

151

CI

240

HF

562

CO

360

HCl

431

C=O

740

HBr

366

CN

305

HI

299

C=N

610

CN

890

NH

390

NN

160

N=N

410

OH

460

OO

150

SiCl

359

SiH

320

SiO

444

SiSi

222

SCl

250

SH

347

SS

264

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6. Appendix

Standard electrode potential and redox potentials, E at 298 K (25 C)

For ease of reference, two tables are given:
(a) an extended list in alphabetical order;
(b) a shorter list in decreasing order of magnitude, i.e. a redox series.

(a) E

in alphabetical order
Electrode reaction

E /V

Ag+ + e

Ag

+0.80

Al 3+ + 3e

Al

1.66

Ba2+ + 2e

Ba

2Br

+1.07

Ca2+ + 2e

Ca

2.87

Cl 2 + 2e

2Cl

+1.36

2HOCl + 2H+ + 2e

Br2 + 2e

2.90

Cl2 + 2H2O

+1.64

Co

0.28

Co3+ + e

Co2+

+1.82

[Co(NH3)6]2+ + 2e

2+

Co + 2e

Co + 6NH3

0.43

Cr

0.91

Cr3+ + 3e

Cr

0.74

2+

Cr + 2e

2Cr + 7H2O

+1.33

Cu+ + e

3+

Cr + e
2

Cr2O7 + 14H + 6e

2+

Cr

0.41

3+

Cu

+0.52

Cu

+0.34

Cu2+ + e

Cu+

+0.15

[Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 2e

Cu + 4NH3

0.05

2F

+2.87

Fe2+ + 2e

Fe

0.44

Fe3+ + 3e

Fe

0.04

2+

Cu + 2e

F2 + 2e

3+

Fe + e

2+

Fe

+0.77

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6. Appendix

Electrode reaction

E /V

[Fe(CN)6]3 + e

[Fe(CN)6]4

+0.36

Fe(OH)3 + e

Fe(OH)2 + OH

0.56

H2

I2 + 2e

2I

+0.54

K+ + e

2H + 2e

0.00

2.92

Li

3.04

Mg2+ + 2e

Mg

2.38

Mn2+ + 2e

Mn

1.18

3+

Mn

MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e

Mn2+ + 2H2O

+1.23

2
4

MnO

+0.56

MnO2 + 2H2O

+1.67

MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e

Mn2+ + 4H2O

+1.52

NO2 + H2O

+0.81

NO3 + 3H+ + 2e

HNO2 + H2O

+0.94

NO3 + 10H+ + 8e

NH4+ + 3H2O

+0.87

Na

2.71

Ni2+ + 2e

Ni

0.25

[Ni(NH3)6]2+ + 2e

Li + e

Mn + e

MnO + e

MnO4 + 4H + 3e

NO3 + 2H + e

Na + e

2+

+1.49

Ni + 6NH3

0.51

2H2O

+1.77

O2 + 4H+ + 4e

2H2O

+1.23

4OH

+0.40

H2O2

+0.68

2H2O + 2e

H2 + 2OH

0.83

Pb

0.13

Pb4+ + 2e

Pb2+

+1.69

PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e

Pb2+ + 2H2O

+1.47

SO2 + 2H2O

+0.17

S2O82+ 2e

2SO42

+2.01

H2O2 + 2H + 2e
O2 + 2H2O + 4e
+

O2 + 2H + 2e
2+

Pb + 2e

SO4 + 4H + 2e

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6. Appendix

Electrode reaction

E /V

S4O62+ 2e

2S2O32

+0.09

Sn2+ + 2e

Sn

0.14

Sn

+0.15

V2+ + 2e

1.20

4+

Sn + 2e
3+

VO2+ + 2H+ + e

V +e
2+

VO + 2H + e

2+

2+

0.26

3+

V + H2O

+0.34

VO2+ + H2O

+1.00

VO + 2H2O

+1.00

Zn2+ + 2e

Zn

0.76

VO3 + 4H + e

2+

All ionic states refer to aqueous ions but other state symbols have been omitted.

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6. Appendix

(b) E in decreasing order of oxidising power

(see also the extended alphabetical list on the previous pages)
Electrode reaction

E /V

F2 + 2e

2F

+2.87

S2O82+ 2e

2SO42

+2.01

2H2O

+1.77

MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e

Mn2+ + 4H2O

+1.52

PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e

Pb2+ + 2H2O

+1.47

2Cl

Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6e

2Cr3+ + 7H2O

+1.33

Br2 + 2e

2Br

+1.07

NO2 + H2O

+0.81

Ag+ + e

Ag

+0.80

Fe3+ + e

Fe2+

+0.77

H2O2 + 2H + 2e

Cl 2 + 2e

NO3 + 2H + e

+1.36

2I

+0.54

O2 + 2H2O + 4e

4OH

+0.40

Cu2+ + 2e

I2 + 2e

Cu

+0.34

SO2 + 2H2O

+0.17

Sn4+ + 2e

Sn2+

+0.15

SO4 + 4H + 2e
2

S4O6 + 2e

2S2O

H2

0.00

Pb2+ + 2e

2H + 2e

2
3

+0.09

Pb

0.13

2+

Sn

0.14

2+

Fe

0.44

Zn2+ + 2e

Sn + 2e
Fe + 2e

Zn

0.76

Mg

2.38

Ca2+ + 2e

Ca

2.87

K+ + e

2.92

2+

Mg + 2e

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6. Appendix

Atomic and ionic radii

(a) Period 3
metallic

single covalent

van der Waals

atomic/nm

ionic/nm

Na

0.186

Na+

0.095

Mg

0.160

Mg2+

0.065

Al

0.143

Al 3+

0.050

Si

0.117

Si4+

0.041

0.110

P3

0.212

0.104

0.184

Cl

0.099

Cl

0.181

Ar

0.192

Be

0.112

Be2+

0.031

Mg

0.160

Mg2+

0.065

(b) Group II
metallic

Ca

0.197

2+

Ca

2+

0.099

Sr

0.215

Sr

Ba

0.217

Ba2+

0.135

Ra

0.220

2+

0.140

0.077

Si

0.117

Ra

0.113

(c) Group IV
single covalent

metallic

2+

0.041

Ge

0.122

Ge

0.093

Sn

0.162

Sn2+

0.112

0.175

2+

0.120

Pb

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90

Si4+

Pb

6. Appendix

(d) Group VII

single covalent

0.072

Cl

0.136

0.099

Cl

0.181

Br

0.114

Br

0.195

0.133

0.216

At

0.140

Sc

0.144

Sc3+

0.081

Ti

0.132

Ti2+

0.090

0.122

3+

0.074

(e) First row transition elements

single covalent

3+

Cr

0.117

Cr

Mn

0.117

Mn2+

Fe

Co

0.116

0.116

0.069
0.080

2+

Fe

0.076

Fe3+

0.064

Co2+

0.078

2+

Ni

0.115

Ni

0.078

Cu

0.117

Cu2+

0.069

Zn

0.125

Zn2+

0.074

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6. Appendix

Cambridge International A & AS Level Chemistry 9701. Examination in June and November 2012.

92

The Periodic Table of the Elements

Group
I

II

Key
9.0
relative atomic mass
Be
atomic symbol
beryllium
name
3
4
atomic number
24.3
23.0
Mg
Na
sodium magnesium
12
11
39.1
40.1
45.0
47.9
50.9
52.0
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
potassium calcium
scandium titanium vanadium chromium
19
20
21
22
23
24
95.9
92.9
91.2
88.9
87.6
85.5
Mo
Nb
Zr
Y
Sr
Rb
zirconium niobium molybdenum
yttrium
rubidium strontium
42
41
40
39
38
37
139
La

181
Ta
tantalum
73

137
Ba
barium
56

178
Hf
lanthanum
hafnium
57
* 72

Fr
francium
87

Ra
radium
88

Ac
Rf
Db
actinium * rutherfordium dubnium
* 104
89
105

anthanides

actinides *
*

140
Ce
cerium
58

Th
thorium
90

141
Pr

54.9
Mn

55.8
Fe
iron

58.9
Co
manganese
cobalt
25
26
27
103
101

Rh
Ru
Tc
technetium ruthenium rhodium
45
44
43
190
Os
osmium
76

Bh
seaborgium bohrium
106
107

Hs
hassium
108

Sg

144
Nd
praseodymium neodymium
59
60

U
Pa
protactinium uranium
91
92

VI

VII

10.8
B
boron

12.0
C
carbon

14.0
N
nitrogen
7
31.0
P

16.0
O
oxygen

19.0
F
fluorine

186
Re
rhenium
75

184
W
tungsten
74

IV

192
r

58.7
63.5
Ni
Cu
nickel
copper
28
29
108
106
Ag
Pd
silver
palladium
47
46
195
Pt
platinum
78

197
Au
gold

6
28.1
27.0
Si
Al
silicon
aluminium
14
13
65.4
69.7
72.6
Zn
Ga
Ge
zinc
gallium germanium
30
31
32
115
112
119
n
Cd
Sn
cadmium
tin
indium
48
50
49
201
Hg
mercury
80

iridium
79
77

Mt
Uun
Uuu
Uub
meitnerium ununnilium unununium ununbium
109
110
111
112

159
157
152
150
Tb
Gd
Eu
Sm
promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium
61
65
64
63
62

Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
neptunium plutonium americium
curium
berkelium
93
94
95
96
97

Pm

0
4.0
He
helium
2

6.9
Li
lithium

133
Cs
caesium
55

III
1.0
H
hydrogen
1

204
Tl
thallium
81

207
Pb
lead
82

35.5
Cl
phosphorus
chlorine
15
17
16
74.9
79.0
79.9
As
Se
Br
arsenic
selenium
bromine
33
34
35
127
128
122
Te
Sb
iodine
antimony tellurium
53
52
51
209
Bi
bismuth
83

32.1
S
sulfur

At
Po
astatine
polonium
85
84

20.2
Ne
neon
10
39.9
Ar
argon
18
83.8
Kr
krypton
36
131
Xe
xenon
54

Rn
radon
86

Uuq

Uuh

Uuo

ununquadium

ununhexium

ununoctium

114

116

118

175
173
169
167
165
163
Lu
Yb
Tm
Er
Ho
Dy
lutetium
ytterbium
thulium
erbium
dysprosium holmium
71
70
69
68
67
66

Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
101
98
99
100
102
103