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Trig

The document contains information about: 1) Power substitutions that can be used when trigonometric functions are raised to even or odd powers. 2) Square root substitutions that can be used when taking integrals involving square roots. 3) The partial fractions decomposition method for splitting a rational function into partial fractions based on the linear or quadratic factors of the denominator. 4) A list of common integrals and their solutions.

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xmikelawsonx
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views

Trig

The document contains information about: 1) Power substitutions that can be used when trigonometric functions are raised to even or odd powers. 2) Square root substitutions that can be used when taking integrals involving square roots. 3) The partial fractions decomposition method for splitting a rational function into partial fractions based on the linear or quadratic factors of the denominator. 4) A list of common integrals and their solutions.

Uploaded by

xmikelawsonx
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Power Substitutions

sinm x cosn x m or n odd m or n even u = cos x sin2 = 1 (1 cos 2) 2 cos2 = 1 (1 + cos 2) 2 sin mx cos nx
1 sin A sin B = 2 (cos(A B) cos(A + B))

cos A cos B = 1 (cos(A B) + cos(A + B)) 2 sin A cos B = 1 (sin(A + B) + sin(A B) 2 tanm x secn x m odd u = tan x n even u = sec x
1 sin2 = 2 (1 cos 2) 1 cos2 = 2 (1 + cos 2)

Square Root Substitutions


Expression in Integral a2 x2 a2 + x2 x2 a2 Substitution x = a sin x = a tan x = a sec Identity 1 sin2 = cos2 1 + tan2 = sec2 sec2 1 = tan2

Partial Fractions
P (x) Q(x) Where P (x) and Q(x) are polynomials. If degree of P (x) degree of Q(x), then divide rst.

Case I: Q(x) is a product of unique linear factors


Method: P (x) A1 A2 Ak = + + ... + Q(x) a1 x + b1 a2 x + b2 ak x + bk (1)

Case II: Q(x) factors as a product of (possibly) repeated linear factors.


Method: For each factor (ai x + bi )ri P (x) A1 A2 Ar i = + + ... + Q(x) ai x + bi (ai x + bi )2 (ai x + bi )ri

(2)

Case III: Q(x) factors as a product of unique irreducible quadratic factors.


ie. (b2 4ai ci ) < 0, i : Z i Method: P (x) A1 x + B1 A2 x + B 2 Ak x + B k = + + ... + Q(x) a1 x2 + b1 x + c1 a2 x2 + b2 x + c ak x2 + bk x + ck (3)

Case IV: Q(x) is a product of repeated irreducible quadratic factors.


ie. (b2 4ai ci ) < 0, i : Z i Method: For each factor (ai x + bi )ri P (x) A1 x + B 1 Ari x + Bri Ak x + B k = + + ... + Q(x) ai x2 + bi x + ci (ai x2 + bi x + ci )2 (ai x2 + bi x + ci )ri

(4)

Common Integrals
xn+1 n+1 csc x dx = ln | csc x cot x|

xn dx =

1 dx = ln |x| x

tan x dx = ln | sec x|

cot x dx = ln | sin x| ex dx = ex

ax dx =

ax ln a

sinh x dx = cosh x

cosh x dx = sinh x sin x dx = cos x

cos x dx = sin x

1 x dx dx = tan1 x2 a2 a a

sec2 x dx = tan x

x2

x dx dx = sin1 2 a a

csc2 x dx = cot x

sec x tan x dx = sec x

csc x cot x dx = csc x

sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x|

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