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A Formula

1. The document provides formulas and rules for derivatives, integrals, and differential equations including: the derivative of trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, and hyperbolic functions; integration by substitution; and methods for solving homogeneous and inhomogeneous ordinary differential equations. 2. It also summarizes methods for determining the characteristic equation of a differential equation, using the method of undetermined coefficients to find particular solutions, and applying the variation of parameters method. 3. Special cases of second order differential equations are also addressed, along with conditions for exact first order differential equations and their solution.

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Umesh Rao H N
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
61 views

A Formula

1. The document provides formulas and rules for derivatives, integrals, and differential equations including: the derivative of trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, and hyperbolic functions; integration by substitution; and methods for solving homogeneous and inhomogeneous ordinary differential equations. 2. It also summarizes methods for determining the characteristic equation of a differential equation, using the method of undetermined coefficients to find particular solutions, and applying the variation of parameters method. 3. Special cases of second order differential equations are also addressed, along with conditions for exact first order differential equations and their solution.

Uploaded by

Umesh Rao H N
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Formulas (to dierential equations) Math. A3, Midterm Test I.

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 sin(x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y tan(x y) =


tan xtan y 1tan xtan y

dierentiation rules: (cu) = cu


(c is constant)

cos(x y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y

(u + v) = u + v

(uv) = u v + uv
u = u vuv v v2 df dg d dx f (g(x)) = dg dx

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x tan 2x = sin x =


2

cos 2x = cos2 x sin2 x


2 tan x 1tan2 x 1cos 2x , 2

integration rules: cos x =


2 1+cos 2x 2

cf dx = c

f dx f dx +
1 a F (ax

(c is constant) g dx + b) + c,

sin x + sin y = 2 sin x+y cos xy 2 2 sin x sin y = 2 cos x+y sin xy 2 2 cos x + cos y = 2 cos x+y cos xy 2 2 xy x+y cos x cos y = 2 sin 2 sin 2 1 sin x cos y = 2 [sin(x + y) + sin(x y)] 1 cos x cos y = 2 [cos(x + y) + cos(x y)] 1 sin x sin y = 2 [cos(x + y) cos(x y)] x x x x cosh x = e +e sinh x = e e , 2 2 2 2 cosh x sinh x = 1 sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x cosh2 x =
cosh 2x+1 , 2

(f + g) dx =

f (ax + b) dx =

where F is antiderivative of f f (g(x))g (x) dx = F (g(x)) + c, where F is antiderivative of f f f dx =


f f f +1 +1

uv dx = uv R(e ) R( ax + b)
x

dx = ln |f | + c

+ c, if = 1 u v dx ex = t ax + b = t
ax+b cx+d

notable substitutions:

sinh2 x =

cosh 2x1 2

ax+b cx+d

=t

derivatives: (sinh x) = cosh x (cosh x) = sinh x (loga x)


x 1 = x ln a 1

R(sin x, cos x) R(x, a2 x2 ) R(x, a2 + x2 ) R(x, x2 a2 ) x dx =


+1

sin x, cos x, tan x, tan x = t 2 x = a sin t, x = a cos t x = a sinh t x = a cosh t antiderivatives: ( = 1)

(x ) = x (e ) = e
x

(ax ) = ax ln(a) (sin x) = cos x


1 cos2 x 1 (cot x) = sin2 x 1 (ln x) = x 1 (arc sin x) = 1x2 1 (arc tan x) = 1+x2 1 (ar sinh x) = 1+x2 (ar cosh x) = x1 1 2 1 (ar tanh x) = 1x2 1 (ar coth x) = 1x2 1 (arc cos x) = 1x2 1 (arc cot x) = 1+x2

x +1 + c 1 ax e dx = a eax + c ax ax dx = ln a + c

cos x dx = sin x + c sin x dx = cos x + c


1 cos2 x dx = tan x + c 1 sin2 x dx = cot x + c 1 x dx = ln |x| + c dx = arc sin x + c a a2 x2 dx 1 = a arc tan x + c x2 +a2 a x dx = ar sinh a + c x2 +a2 dx = ar cosh x + c a x2 a2 x dx 1 2 x2 = a ar tanh a + c, a dx x 1 a2 x2 = a ar coth a + c,

(cos x) = sin x (tan x) =

if if

x a x a

<1 >1

tan x dx = ln | cos x| + c cot x dx = ln | sin x| + c

1. eit = cos t + i sin t, 2. ay + by + cy = 0 its characteristic equation: ar2 + br + c = 0. 3. Method of Undetermined Coecients: If in the equation ay + by + cy = g(t), the right-hand side function g(t) has the form g(t) = eut (An (t) cos(vt) + Bm (t) sin(vt)) , where An (t), Bm (t) are polynomials of degree n and m respectively, then the particular solution of the inhomogeneous equation has the form: yi,p = ts eut (Pk (t) cos(vt) + Qk (t) sin(vt)) , where s is the multiplicity of the root u + i v among the roots of the characteristic equation; further, Pk (t) and Qk (t) are polynomials of degree k = max(n, m). 4. Variation of Parameters Method: Consider the inhomogeneous d.e. y + p(t)y + q(t)y = g(t) tI a = 0 s t I e (a = 0) t R.

and its homogeneous part Y + p(t)Y + q(t)Y = 0. If the y1 , y2 pair is a fundamental solution of the homogeneous d.e., then a particular solution of the inhomogeneous equation is looked for in the form yi,p = C1 (t) y1 (t) + C2 (t) y2 (t), where for the derivatives of the unknown functions C1 (t), C2 (t) the following system of equations holds: C1 (t)y1 (t) + C2 (t)y2 (t) = 0
C1 (t)y1 (t) + C2 (t)y2 (t) = g(t)

5. Special second order d.e.s: If y is missing, then substitute p(x) := y (x). If x is missing, then substitute q(y) := y 6. The rst order d.e. M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy = 0 is exact, if M N = . y x To solve the d.e., a function F : R2 R has to be found such that gradF = (M, N ). Then the solution of the d.e. is: F (x, y) = Const.

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