A Great Fraud Exposed

United States" is not the same as "united states of America"

"If a nation expects to be ignorant and free in a state of civilization, it expects what never was and never will be." - Thomas Jefferson

The District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 created a municipal corporation to govern the District. If one considers the fact that the municipal government was actually incorporated in 1808, an organic act (original) using the phrase municipal corporation in 1871 can only refer to a private corporation owned by the municipalityU.S. Corp, if you will. It trademarked the name, United States Government referring to it, or themselves. This act placed Congress in control as a Board of Directors of the corporation whose purpose is to act as a governing body over the municipality. This facilitated directing business under martial law and permitted corporate abilities where the Constitution prohibited such activity. Congress could then pass any law to apply jurisdictionally within the ten square miles of the District of Columbia. Next, this act called for the adoption (taking ownership of something that does not belong to the taker) of a constitution (U.S. Corps) curiously identical the Constitution of the United States of America less

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the original 13th amendment (titles of nobility); then renumbering the 14th, 15th and 16th as 13, 14, and 15 respectively. Now attorneys could run government since they were prohibited under the original 13th amendment, how convenient! Notice how under corporate rules policy is simply dictated, not ratified. All this was done under the fog of the Civil War, aided and abetted directly by Lincoln (dishonest Abe) and sealed as de facto with the fraudulent insertion of the 14th Amendment (which was not to give blacks equal rights but rather to declare ALL Americans, identified now as American citizens, to be EQUALLY chattel and subjects to the presumptions of Washington (which through martial law enacted by Lincoln simultaneously usurped the de jure sovereignty of the Several States into a homologous corporate entity as political subdivisions, a term you will find throughout US Code citations).

The issues as to whether there are different meanings for the term "United States", and whether there are three different "United States" operating within the same geographical area, and one "United States" operating outside the Constitution over its own territory (in which it has citizens belonging to said "United States"), were settled in 1901 by the Supreme Court in the cases of De Lima v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 1 and Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244. In Downes supra, Justice Harlan dissented as follows: The idea prevails with some -- indeed, it found expression in arguments at the bar -- that we have in this country substantially or practically two national governments; one, to be maintained under the Constitution, with all its restrictions; the other to be maintained by Congress outside and independently of that instrument, by exercising such powers as other nations of the earth are accustomed to exercise. [Downes supra, page 380, emphasis added] He went on to say, on page 382: It will be an evil day for American liberty if the theory of a government outside of the supreme law of the land finds lodgment in
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our constitutional jurisprudence. No higher duty rests upon this court than to exert its full authority to prevent all violation of the principles of the Constitution. [Downes supra, page 382, emphasis added] Quoting Fourteen Diamond Rings v. United States, 183 U.S. 176; cf. De Lima v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 1; Dooley v. United States, 182 U.S. 222; Faber v. United States, 221 U.S. 649; cf. Huus v. New York & P.R.S.S. Co., 182 U.S. 392; Gonzales v. Williams, 192 U.S. 1; West India Oil Co. v. Domenech, 311 U.S. 20. The Court, in Hooven supra, indicated that this was the last time it would address the issue; it would just be judicially noticed. 1. See Langdell, "The Status of our New Territories," 12 Harvard Law Review 365, 371; see also Thayer, "Our New Possessions," 12 Harvard Law Review 464; Thayer, "The Insular Tariff Cases in the Supreme Court," 15 Harvard Law Review 164; Littlefield, "The Insular Cases," 15 Harvard Law Review 169, 281.

"Act of Congress" I found this revelation in 28 U.S.C. Rule 54(c), Application of Terms: "As used in these rules the following terms have the designated meanings. 'Act of Congress' includes any act of Congress locally applicable to and in force in the District of Columbia, in Puerto Rico, in a territory or in an insular possession."

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TITLE 2-- CHAPTER 14 Sec. 431. Definitions (12) The term ``State'' means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or a territory or possession of the United States.

From the U.S. Code Online via GPO Access [www.gpoaccess.gov] [Laws in effect as of January 3, 2007] [CITE: 1USC2]

The U.S. does not have any employees because there is no longer a United States. No more reorganizations. After 200 years of bankruptcy it is finally over. Executive Order 12803

There are NO Judicial Courts in America and have not been since 1789. 'Judges do NOT enforce Statutes and Codes. Executive Administrators enforce Statutes and Codes. FRC v. GE, 281 U.S. 464 Keller v. Potomac Elec. Co., 261 U.S. 428 1 Stat. 138-178

There have NOT been any 'Judges in America since 1789. There have

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only been Administrators. FRC v. GE, 281 U.S. 464 Keller v. Potomac Elec. Co., 261 U.S. 428 1 Stat. 138-178

A 1040 Form is for Tribute paid to Britain. IRS Publication 6209

TITLE 1--GENERAL PROVISIONS CHAPTER 1--RULES OF CONSTRUCTION

Sec. 2. ``County'' as including ``parish'', and so forth The word ``county'' includes a parish, or any other equivalent subdivision of a State or Territory of the United States. (July 30, 1947, ch. 388, 61 Stat. 633.)

"The US Government Incorporated as a for-profit commercial enterprise in the legislative act of February 21st of 1871; 41st Congress Session 3, Chapter 62 page 419 and charted a federal company entitled 'United States, i.e. United States AKA US Incorporated, a commercial agency originally designated as Washington D.C.; in accordance with the so-called 14th Amendment, which the records indicate was never ratified. The iron-fist government is a foreign corporation with respect to the state." The corporate United States THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT(founded on February 21 1871). The final act of incorporation was passed on June 11, 1878 at chapter 180, 20 statutes at large, page 102. Where the corporation was renamed United States Government and then quit claimed to the international monetary fund (under title 22 US code section 286) in 1944.

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Volume 20: Corpus Juris Sec. Section 1785: "The United States Government is a foreign corporation with respect to a state" NY re: Merriam 36 N.E. 505 141 S.Ct.1973, 41 L.Ed.287

Corpus Juris Sec. Section 1785: "The United States Government is a foreign corporation with respect to a state" NY re: Merriam 36 N.E. 505 141 S.Ct.1973, 41 L.Ed.287

C.J.S. Section 1786 states: "A corporation created by or under an act of a territorial legislature is not a federal corporation but a corporation of the territory and it has the status of a foreign corporation in every other state and territory." The most significant Foreign Corporation, created under the United States' powers of territorial legislation, is a Corporation, foreign to the 50 states, named "The United States Government"! The words are capitalized because as a corporation, it is a "proper noun." This Government is foreign to the 50 states and operates under legislative absolutism. Here, the [National] United States Government is Sovereign and its citizens are "subject" to its jurisdiction. The government for the 50 states is a small "g" government where the People are Sovereign and our government may only assume such powers as we specifically delegate to it, for the purpose of our securing our general wellbeing, our happiness,
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liberty, property and other Rights. We may also take away those powers if our government abuses them. It is noticeable that Possessions of the United States2 and sovereign states of the United States3 of America are NOT joined under the title of "United States." The president represents the sovereign United States1 in foreign affairs through treaties, Congress represents the sovereign United States2 in Territories and Possessions with Rules and Regulations, and the state citizens are the sovereignty of the United States3 united by and under the Constitution .... After becoming familiar with these historical facts, it becomes clear that in the Internal Revenue Code, Section 7701(a)(9), the term "United States2" is defined in the second of these senses as stated by the Supreme Court: it designates the territory over which the sovereignty of the United States2 extends. The federal zone over which the sovereignty of the United States2 extends is the District of Columbia, the territories and possessions belonging to Congress, and a limited amount of land within the States of the Union, called federal "enclaves".

"All codes, rules and regulations are applicable to the government authorities only, not human/creators in accordance with God's laws. All codes, rules and regulations are unconstitutional and lacking in due process...." Rodrigues v. United States Secretary of Labor, 769 F.2d 1344 (9th Cir. 08/26/1985)

Each of the 50 states is foreign to the other. That is why gambling is legal in Nevada, but not in Utah. It is also why, if a criminal commits

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a felony in one state and flees to another, he or she must be extradited back to the state where the crime was committed. That is the only state that has jurisdiction over that person. Just as a state has a particular territory over which it may exercise it exclusive jurisdictional authority, the [District] United States also has a particular territory, over which it exercises its exclusive jurisdiction. This territory was previously defined in Article I Section 8, Clause 17 of the Constitution. THIS TERRITORY DOES NOT INCLUDE THE 50 STATES. When referring to this [District] United States, the Internal Revenue Code uses the term "WITHIN" the United States. When referring to the 50 sovereign states, the Internal Revenue Code uses the term, "WITHOUT" the United States. The [District] United States, according to CJS Section 2, is not a place but a "body politic" and "body corporate." "When the United States enters into commercial business, it abandons its sovereign capacity and is to be treated like any other corporation." Title 28 United States Code 3002, section 15, subparagraph A shows that United States is a Federal corporation. http://cfr.law.cornell.edu/uscode/28/usc_sup_01_28_10_VI_20_176_30_A.h tml "Control over the possession and sale of any item within the states is not a power possessed by Congress. This was so held in United States v. DeWitt, 76 U.S. 41, 45 (1870), which tested the constitutionality of a federal revenue act making it illegal to sell illuminating oil of a certain flammability. Here, the Court held Congress did not have the power to penalize these sales: "As a police regulation, relating exclusively to the internal trade of the States, it can only have effect where the legislative authority of Congress excludes, territorially, all state legislation, as, for example, in the District of Columbia. Within state limits, it can have no constitutional operation."

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Balzac v. People of Porto Rico, 258 U.S. 298 (1922) This Supreme Court opinion by Chief Justice William Howard Taft identifies United States district courts as territorial courts. Any federal court calling itself a United States District Court will be a court that is limited to federal territory and federal property.

Foley Brothers, Inc. v. Filardo, 336 U.S. 281 (1949). (U.S. regulations apply only within the U.S. territories and the District of Columbia. It is a well established principle of law that all federal regulation applies only within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States unless a contrary intent appears.)

Caha v. US, 152 U.S. 211 (1894) (U.S. regulations apply only within the U.S. territories and the District of Columbia. The laws of Congress in respect to those matters [outside of Constitutionally delegated powers] do not extend into the territorial limits of the states, but have force only in the District of Columbia, and other places that are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the national government.)

- U.S. v. Spelar, 338 U.S. 217 at 222. (U.S. regulations apply only within the U.S. territories and the District of Columbia. There is a canon of legislative construction which teaches Congress that, unless a contrary intent appears [legislation] is meant to apply only within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States.)

- Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901). (Purportedly decided if the constitution applies to U.S. territories. In actuality, unleashed the great fraud of unlimited statutory power misapplied throughout the continental united States of America. Dissenting opinion of Justice
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Marshall Harlan. two national governments, one to be maintained under the Constitution, with all its restrictions, the other to be maintained by Congress outside and independently of that instrument, by exercising such powers as other nations of the earth are accustomed toa radical and mischievous change in our system of government will resultWe will, in that event, pass from the era of constitutional liberty guarded and protected by a written constitution into an era of legislative absolutismIt will be an evil day for American liberty if the theory of a government outside the supreme law of the land finds lodgment in our constitutional jurisprudence. In other words, a genuine de jure united States of America congress is always bound to enact laws within the jurisdiction of the constitution. He held to the obvious truth that congress does not exist, let alone have powers, outside the constitution. Harlan said, "This nation is under the control of a written constitution, the supreme law of the land and the only source of the powers which our government, or any branch or officer of it, may exert at any time or at any place.")

The Citizens of the 50 states have no more duty to obey the Federal" United States Government" and legislation created for citizens subject to its jurisdiction than they have for obeying the laws of the African Government!

_________________________________________________

Constitution for the united states; Article I Section 8, Clause 17:

"The Congress shall have the power? To exercise exclusive legislative action, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by cession of particular states and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Government of the United States, [District of Columbia] and to exercise like authority over all places [federal enclaves] purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock yards and
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other needful Buildings; And? To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers"

Constitution for the united states; Article IV Section 3, Clause 2:

"The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State." The jurisdictional area of this United States is limited only to the District of Columbia (not exceeding a ten mile square) and the Possessions and Territories (i.e., Guam, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, etc.) belonging to and under the exclusive Sovereignty of the United States. This United States does NOT include the 50 states, except for lands which were specifically ceded to the United States for purposes such as setting up military bases, federal buildings, etc. The 50 sovereign states DO NOT belong to the United States. [The 50 states belong to the Sovereign PEOPLE]. In the territorial States (but NOT in the 50 states) the United States is Sovereign and exercises exclusive and absolute legislative authority. This "other" United States is a corporate entity with the deceptive "trade names" of "The United States" and the "U.S." This information will refer to this "other" United States as the [District] United States.

Following are areas which are under territorial United States jurisdiction:
1. The District of Columbia 2. Puerto Rico 3. U.S. Virgin Islands 4. Guam 5. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 6. America Samoa 7. Northern Mariana Islands Also belonging to the United States, are enclaves, which are portions of land, which the 50 states have ceded to the federal government for the "erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards and other needful

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buildings" (ie. military bases within the 50 states) and instrumentalities (agencies and organizations) of the federal Government. (1) The National United States Government [which is foreign to the 50 sovereign states] legislates for these Territories and Possessions without Constitutional restrictions. (2) The federal government legislates for the 50 states BUT ONLY in those matters The People have specifically delegated to it in our Constitution! It is imperative to distinguish between the National Government and the federal government, otherwise the Citizens of the 50 sovereign states may unwittingly acquiesce to legislation that is not applicable to them. There is some confusion, however, because the National United States, misleadingly, uses the word "Federal" in the title of many of its "national" agencies.

The Government by becoming a corporator (See: 28 USC 3002(15)(A)(B)(C), 22 USCA 286(e) lays down its sovereignty and takes on that of a private citizen, it can exercise no power which is not derived from the corporate charter. (See: The Bank of the United States vs. Planters Bank of Georgia. 6 L Ed.(Wheat)

244; U.S. vs. Burr. 309 U.S. 242). The REAL PARTY IN INTEREST is not the de jure "United States of America" or "State", but "The Bank" and "The Fund". (22 USCA 286, et seq.). The acts committed under fraud, force and seizure are many times done under "Letters of Marque and . Reprisal" i.e. "recapture." (See: 31 USCA 5323). such principles as "Fraud and Justice never dwell together. Wingate's Maxims, 680. and,
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"A right of action cannot arise out of fraud."

"In exercising its constitutional power to make all needful regulations respecting territory belonging to the United States, Congress [under Article I Section 8 Clause 17 and Article IV Section 3 Clause 2 of the Constitution for the united states of America] is not subject to the same constitutional limitations as when it is legislating for the united states [the 50 states]."

Hooven and Allisons Co. v. Evatt, 324, U.S. 652 This decision affirmed that the United States did, indeed have two (2) distinctly different United States with two opposite forms of governments and opposite legal systems, legislated by one Congress. This ruling is responsible for (explaining) the mass inconsistencies and confusion that exists in our current American legal system. "These united states of America" consists of the 50 sovereign states in America, united under one Constitution. The original "united States" was and is not a Title but a descriptive phrase. The very different "United States" definition to which the Hooven decision referred, does not include the 50 states but is a "term" for a "Territorial" United States. In the Constitution, the federal government was given the power to set up a "seat of government," over which it exercised "exclusive jurisdiction in all cases whatsoever." This Territory was created and limited by Article I Section 8. Clause 17 and Article IV Section 3. Clause 2 of our Constitution. Pay close attention to where the exclusive jurisdiction of this "Territorial" United States ends.

The Constitution of the (u)nited States of America uses the term: "the several states." This means the territorial government and its Article I ecclesiastical or legislative courts. Under Article IV, Section 4, the Constitution uses the term "states in this union." "States in this union" is different from "the several states" as used in Article I of the Constitution. Article IV, Section 4 of the Constitution guarantees the republican form of

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government. "States in this union" is referring to public municipal law of the Republican states for private purposes while "the several states" refers to private law for making public policy, i.e., trust law including the Uniform Commercial Code. On March 9, 1933 President Roosevelt called for the passing of The WAR POWERS ACT TITLE 12 USC. Section 95 (a) and 95 (b). This act declared all United States Citizens to be the enemy of the United States Government, and placed U.S. Citizens under permanent Emergency Rule, bypassing Constitutional constraints on government.

With the Erie R.R. v Tompkins case of 1938, the Supreme Court confirmed their success. The U.S. now in an international private commercial jurisdiction in colorable admiralty-maritime under the Law Merchant.

U.S. citizens have been made slaves, i.e. permanent debtors, bankrupt, in legal incapacity, rendered commercial "persons," "residents," and corporate franchisees known as "citizens of the United States"

Since 1933 what is called the "United States Government" is a privately owned corporation of the Federal Reserve/International Monetary Fund. It is an established fact that the United States Federal Government has been dissolved by the Emergency Banking Act, March 9, 1933, 48 Stat. 1,Public Law 89-719; declared by President Roosevelt, being bankrupt and insolvent. H.J.R. 192, 73rd Congress m session June 5, 1933 - Joint Resolution To Suspend The Gold Standard and Abrogate The Gold Clause dissolved the Sovereign Authority of the United States and the official capacities of all United States Governmental Offices, Officers, and Departments and is further evidence that the United States Federal Government exists today in name only. The receivers of the United States Bankruptcy are the International Bankers, via the United Nations, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. All United States Offices, Officials, and Departments
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are now operating within a de facto status in name only under Emergency War Powers. With the Constitutional Republican form of Government now dissolved, the receivers of the Bankruptcy have adopted a new form of government for the United States. This new form of government is known as a Democracy, being an established Socialist/Communist order under a new governor for America. This act was instituted and established by transferring and/or placing the Office of the Secretary of Treasury to that of the Governor of the International Monetary Fund. Public Law 94-564, page 8, Section H.R. 13955 reads in part: "The U.S. Secretary of Treasury receives no compensation for representing the United States."

U.S. citizens are enemies of the State. Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 &Amended in 1933 (People declared the Enemy) Oct. 6, 1917, under the Trading with the Enemy Act, Section 2 subdivision ( c ) Chapter 106 Enemy defined other than citizens of the United States March 9, 1933, Chapter 106, Section 5, subdivision (b) of the Trading with the Enemy Act of Oct. 6, 1917 (40 Stat. L. 411) amended as follows:any person within the United States. See H.R.1491 Public No.1 U.S. citizens are slaves and own absolutely, nothing not even what we think are our children (Tillman v. Roberts 108 So. 62, Van Koten v. Van Koten 154 N.E. 146, Senate Document 43 & 73rd Congress 1 Session, Wynehammer v. People 13 N.R. REP 378, 481)

_______ Military Dictator George Washington divided up the States (Estates) into Districts. Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Volume 1 page 99 1828 Dictionary definition of 'Estate ________________________________________ December 26th 1933 49 Statute 3097 Treaty Series 881 (Convention on Rights and Duties of States) stated

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CONGRESS replaced STATUTES with international law, placing all States under international law. December 9th 1945 International Organization Immunities Act relinquished every public office of the United States to the United Nations. 22 CFR 92.12-92.31 FR Heading Foreign Relationship states that an oath is required to take office. Title 8 USC 1481 stated once an oath of office is taken citizenship is relinquished, thus you become a foreign entity, agency, or state. That means every public office is a foreign state, including all political subdivisions. (i.e. every single court is considered a separate foreign entity) Title 22 USC (Foreign Relations and Intercourse) Chapter 11 identifies all public officials as foreign agents.
__________________________________________________________The FCC,CIA,FBI,NASA and all of the other alphabet gangs were never part of the United States government. Even though the US Government held shares of stock in the various Agencies. U.S. v Strang,254 US 491, Lewis v.US,680 F.2d,1239

The Framers of the Constitution of September 17, 1787 met in secret sessions beginning on May 25, 1787 to fabricate a written scheme to create a corporation belonging to the United States of America that would administer the lands and other property belonging to the United States of America. The means by which these men accomplished their plot was the creation of three distinct and separate Presidents. The President of the United States is the first of these Presidents. He is the President who will be the executive officer of the corporation that administers the lands and other property belonging to the United States of America. He will administer those lands and properties by exercising

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the duties imposed on the President of the United States in Article I Section 7 of the Constitution of September 17, 1787. The second President is the President of the United States of America, an office, which requires no oath to be taken. The third President would occupy the Office of President if ever a President Elect would take the Article VI oath to support this Constitution. There is no evidence that any President has ever held this office. It is NOT the 'duty of the police to protect you. Their job is to protect THE CORPORATION and arrest Code Breakers. Sapp v. Tallahassee, 348 So.2nd. 363 Reiff v. City of Philla., 477 F.Supp. 1262 Lynch v. NC Dept. of Justice, 376 S.E.2nd. 247
The United States Supreme Court declares that the Sovereignty remains with the people ... Yick Wo vs Hopkins and Wo Lee vs Hopkins (118 U.S. S.Ct. 356) Sovereignty itself is, of course not subject to law, for it is the author and

source of law; but in our system, while sovereign powers are delegated to the agencies of government, sovereignty itself remains with the people, by whom and for whom all government exists and acts. Yick Wo vs Hopkins and Wo
Lee vs Hopkins (118 U.S. S.Ct. 356) There can be no limitations on the power of the people, of the United States

of America; by their Authority the State Constitutions are made and by their authority the Constitution for the United States was established...Hauenstein vs Lynham (100 U.S. 483)
No action can be taken against a sovereign in the non-constitutional courts

of either the United States or the State courts and any such actions is considered the crime of Barratry. Barratry is an offense at common law.
State vs Boston, 17 S.E. 2D 511, 512, 513.

The Michigan Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court concurred and made it perfectly clear the term person does not include the sovereign and that for a sovereign to be bound by statute the sovereign must be specifically named. Will vs. Michigan State Police (1938 105 L.Ed.
2Nd45). Acts of Congress are not applicable to sovereigns in the 50 States. 18 U.S.C. Rule 54 C Positive Law enacted Titles of the United States Code. Page 17 of 38 A Great Fraud exposed

It is the doctrine of the Common Law that the sovereign cannot be sued in his own court without his consent. The Siren, 74 U.S. (7Wall.) 152 (1869) United States vs Fox (94 U.S. 315) states... in common usage, the term

person does not include the sovereign. Statutes employing the phrase are ordinarily construed to exclude it.

"FRAUD vitiates the most solemn Contracts, documents and even judgments." [U.S. vs. Throckmorton, 98 US 61, at pg. 65 ]

A state retains complete and exclusive political jurisdiction over land purchased by the United States without the consent of the state or where political jurisdiction has not been otherwise ceded to the United States by the state. (US v. San Francisco Bridge Co., D.C.Cal. 1898, 88 F. 891).

When United States acquires property by purchase, consent of state must be secured before United States has complete jurisdiction over property. (Hayes v. US, C.A.Kan. 1966, 367 F.2d 216). Constitution prescribes the only mode by which the United States can acquire land as a sovereign power, and, therefore, they hold only as an individual when they obtain it in any other manner. (US v. Penn, C.C.Va. 1880, 48 F. 669). When land or other property is acquired by United States by purchase or condemnation without consent of state legislature, it would not be entitled to exercise exclusive jurisdiction over property, as state has
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retained right to exercise its general police powers. (McEachin v. US, D.C.App. 1981, 432 A.2d 1212).

Quotes

If Tyranny and Oppression come to this land, it will be in the guise of fighting a foreign enemy." James Madison (1751-1836), 4th U.S. President and author of the U.S. Constitution

"The educated differ from the uneducated as much as the living from the dead." --Aristotle

The people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is tell them thwy are being attacked and denounce the peacemakers for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger. It works the same in any country. Herman Goering at the neuremburg trials

"Behind the ostensible government sits enthroned an invisible government owing no allegiance and acknowledging no responsibility to the people. To destroy this invisible government, to befoul the unholy alliance between corrupt business and corrupt politics is the first task of the statesmanship of today." US President Theodore Roosevelt,1906

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"I see in the near future a crisis approaching that unnerves me and causes me to tremble for the safety of my country. . . . corporations have been enthroned and an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until all wealth is aggregated in a few hands and the Republic is destroyed." -- U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, Nov. 21, 1864 (letter to Col. William F. Elkins) Ref: The Lincoln Encyclopedia, Archer H. Shaw (Macmillan, 1950, NY)

H.L. Mencken wrote: "The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary."

"The individual is handicapped by coming face-to-face with a conspiracy so monstrous he cannot believe it exists." J. Edgar Hoover

Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States, 1919, speaking before his death: "These International Bankers and Rockefeller-Standard Oil interests control the majority of newspapers [and in fact the major schoolbook publishers] and the columns of these papers to club into submission or drive out of public office officials who refuse to do the bidding of the powerful corrupt cliques which compose the invisible government." John Hylan Mayor of New York expanding on Roosevelt's statement in 1922: "The warning of Theodore Roosevelt has much timeliness today, for the real menace of our republic is this invisible government which like a giant octopus sprawls its slimy length over City, State, and nation... It seizes in its long and powerful tentacles our executive officers, our legislative bodies, our schools, our courts, our newspapers, and every agency created for the public protection... To depart from mere generalisations, let me say that at the head of this octopus are the Rockefeller-Standard Oil interest and a small group of powerful banking houses generally referred to as the international Bankers. The little coterie of powerful international Bankers

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virtually run the United States Government for their own selfish purposes. They practically control both parties, write political platforms, make catspaws of party leaders, use the leading men of private organisations, and resort to every device to place in nomination for high public office only such candidates as will be amenable to the dictates of corrupt big business... These international Bankers and Rockefeller-Standard Oil interests control the majority of newspapers and magazines in this country." William Colby former Director of the CIA braggingly said (...and the Zionist corporate/banking plutocracy owns everyone of any significance in the Central Intelligence Agency): The Central Intelligence Agency owns everyone of any significance in the major media. When asked in a 1976 interview whether the CIA had ever told its media agents what to write, William Colby replied, "Oh, sure, all the time." William Colby (76) was found dead in April 1996 Rocky Pt. MD, supposedly drowned in a canoeing accident. Guess he talked too much and was planning to talk more! "We'll know our disinformation program is complete when everything the American public believes is false." William Casey, CIA Director, from notes taken in a 1981 CIA staff meeting, that wasn't intended to be heard or repeated outside the room.

If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their currency, first buy inflation, then by deflation, the banks and corporations which grow up around them will deprive people of all property until their children wake-up homeless on the continent, their fathers conquered. The issuing power should be taken from the banks and restored to the people, to whom it properly belongs. Thomas Jefferson
Lincoln printed 400 million dollars worth of Greenbacks (the exact amount being $449,338,902), money that he delegated to be created, a debt-free and interest-free money to finance the War. It served as legal tender for all debts, public and private. He printed it, paid it to the soldiers, to the U.S. Civil Service employees, and bought supplies for war.

In response to Lincoln issuing his own money the {Money changers} wrote in the London times::
"If that mischievous financial policy, which had its origin in the North American Republic, should become indurated down to a fixture, then that Government will furnish its own money without cost. It will pay off debts and be without a debt. It will have all the money necessary to carry on its Page 21 of 38 A Great Fraud exposed

commerce. It will become prosperous beyond precedent in the history of the civilized governments of the world. The brains and the wealth of all countries will go to North America. That government must be destroyed, or it will destroy every monarchy on the globe."

Whoever controls the volume of money in any country is absolute master of all industry and commerce. And when we realize that the entire system is very easily controlled, one way or another, by a few very powerful men at the top, you will not have to be told how periods of inflation and depression originate. U.S. President James Garfield. A few weeks after making this statement, he was assassinated on July 12, 1818. I am concerned for the security of our great nation, not so much because of any threat from without, but because of the insidious forces working from within. General Douglas MacArthur. Suppose the government borrows $10 million. It only costs the bankers a few hundred dollars to actually produce the funds, and a little more to do the book-keeping. Do you think it is fair that our citizens should struggle to keep their homes and families together, while the bankers grow fat on these profits? Credit created by a Government-owned bank is better than credit created by private banks, because there is no need to recover the money from people by way of taxes, and there is no interest attached to inflate the cost. The public work completed with the credit by the Government bank is the asset that replaces the money created when the work is finished. None of our problems will disappear until we correct the creation, supply and circulation of money. Once the money problem is solved, everything else will fall into place. But if you wish to remain slaves of bankers and pay the cost of your own slavery, let them create money. Joshua Stamp, Director, Bank of England, 1928 Franklin Delano Roosevelt U.S. President The real truth of the matter is, as you and I know that a financial element in the large centers has owned the government ever since the days of Andrew Jackson. 1933 Felix frankfurter US Supreme Court Justice

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The real rulers in Washington are invisible, and exercise power from behind the scenes. 1952

"It is the function of the CIA to keep the world unstable, and to propagandize and teach the American people to hate, so we will let the Establishment spend any amount of money on arms."-John Stockwell, former CIA official and author I know of absolute certainty that the division of the United States into two federations of equal force was decided long before the Civil War by the high financial powers of Europe. These bankers were afraid that the United States, if they remained as one block and were to develop as one nation would attain economic and financial independence, which would upset the Domination of Europe over the world. ---1876, Otto Von Bismarck, chancellor of Germany Journal of the bar association of the District of Columbia, 1947, item notes: v. 14,p.150

I fear that foreign bankers with their torture tricks will entirely control the exuberant riches of America and use it systematically too corrupt modern civilization. They will not hesitate to plunge the whole world into wars and chaos in order that the earth should become their inheritance. Otto Von Bismarck Chancellor of Germany

Federal Jurisdiction within a State The ultimate goal of this document is to identify true jurisdictional authority of the Federal Government, examine how the powers of individual States are usurped by federal agencies, and examine how the health, safety, and welfare of the citizens within the State are undermined: as well as, provide a positive and equitable solution.

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Soon after declaring independence from the British Crown, the original Colonies established themselves as sovereign and separate nations. In fact, so independent were they it caused an unforeseen rift between the states in terms of interstate activity and commerce. In an attempt to link the several states, the Articles of Confederation of November 17, 1777, emerged. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every Power, Jurisdiction and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled. 1 It became abundantly clear a more cohesive and functional link between the states needed to be developed. The First Constitutional Congress of 1787, eleven years after the Declaration of Independence convened; from which emerged a legal contract between the states and the people, called the United States Constitution. The U.S. Constitution delegates, describes and limits the powers of each of the three branches of government; they are Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 2 The subsequent sections of Article I and paragraphs grant enumerated responsibilities to the central government. The Framers intended that those were the only powers ceded to the central government but a condition of ratification for many states was a Bill of Rights, which became the first ten amendments. The 10th Amendment of the Bill of Rights reaffirmed that any power not explicitly granted to the central government was explicitly withheld from the central government.

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The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution not prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or the people.3

1 Article 2, Articles of Confederation 2 United States Constitution Article 1 1 3 10th Amendment, Bill of Rights

The principal purpose was not the distribution of power between the central government and the states but rather a reservation to the States, or people of all powers not explicitly granted.

POWER OVER LAND The Constitution explicitly identifies geographic concerns as well as imposing limits on Congress authority and jurisdiction; to exercise exclusive Legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings.4 The Court established a principle that federal jurisdiction extends only over the areas wherein it possesses the power of exclusive legislation, and this is a principle incorporated into all subsequent decisions regarding the extent of federal jurisdiction. To hold otherwise would destroy the purpose, intent and meaning of the entire U.S. Constitution.5 The State of Oregon consented to the federal government the acquisition of land for federal buildings and granted exclusive jurisdiction for needful public buildings 6 ; the same applied to Fort Stevens 7, and Oregon

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City canal 8. However, the State only granted concurrent jurisdiction over land acquired for national forests. 9 The State of Oregon retains a concurrent jurisdiction with the United States in and over lands so acquired; So that civil processes in all cases, and such criminal processes as may issue under the authority of this state against any person charged with the commission of any crime without or within such jurisdiction, may be executed theron in like manner as if this consent had not been granted. 10 Concurrent jurisdiction does not reference perceived federal police powers but rather the states ability to file the case in either state or federal court. 4 United States Constitution, Article 1 8 c.17 5 United States v. Bevans 16 U.S. (3Wheat.) 366 (1818) 6 Oregon Revised Statute 272.030 7 Oregon Revised Statute 272.033 8 Oregon Revised Statute 272.036 9 Oregon Revised Statute 272.040 (2) 10 Oregon Revised Statute

In a dispute over federal jurisdiction of title to real property, the court held; We think a proper examination of this subject will show that the United States never held any municipal sovereignty, jurisdiction, or right of soil in and to the territory, of which Alabama or any of the new States were formed, . Because, the United States have no constitutional capacity to exercise municipal jurisdiction, sovereignty, or eminent domain, with the limits of a State or elsewhere, except in the cases in which it is expressly granted, Alabama is therefore entitled to the sovereignty and jurisdiction over all the territory within her limits, subject to the common law, 11

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The Constitution further grants Congress with the power, To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.12 Nowhere in these Articles is Congress granted a GENERAL legislative power. Accordingly, the 10th Amendment reserved those powers to the States. This Article does not delegate a new and independent specific power but rather a provision for making effective the powers theretofore mentioned. MISSION CREEP A term often used in military circles called mission creep seems to be a repetitive phenomenon that occurs within most organizations as well as governments, throughout history. Over the many years, our system of government seemingly has fallen victim to this dilemma. This methodology is often engaged to usurp limiting or prohibitive factors or to fill voids where deemed necessary; as seen with the advent of, and continued efforts by the United States Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Environmental Quality, Fish and Game, and many other federal regulatory organizations. According to enumerated powers of Congress expressed in Article 1, and subsequent paragraphs, the only exceptions enabling Congress power over an individual State is often referred to as the Interstate Commerce Clause, which states: To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes. 13 11 Pollard v. Hagan, 44 U.S. (3 How.) 212 (1845) 12 United States Constitution, Article 1 8 c.18 13 United States Constitution, Article 1 8 c.3

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In careful reading of the paragraphs contained in Article 1, the only other exception is the federal governments authority to coin money, declare war, raise revenue, and certain felonies such as counterfeiting, piracy, espionage. The largest volume of violations to the Constitution is under color of the Commerce Clause. In many cases, the issues assume the form of a recommendation, guideline, or federal regulation of which the States are often forced into compliance through threatening a loss of federal funding. The United States Department of Agriculture and Department of Interior, specifically the United States Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management identifies their source of authority to: The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State. 14

Their claims of authority, however, do prejudice the claims and powers of individual states. The 10th Amendment, which was seemingly adopted with a precognitive insight that our central government would eventually overstep their authority; by disclosing the widespread fear that the central government might, under pressure of a supposed general welfare, attempt to exercise powers which had not been granted. With equal determination, the Constitutional framers intended that no such assumption should ever find justification; and if in the future, it were determined such additional powers seemed necessary only the people should grant them, in the proper manner prescribe for amending those acts. The second claim of federal jurisdiction purportedly emanates from an interpretation describing their power
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as without limitation referencing the Supremacy Clause. (see Kleppe v. New Mexico) 15 A study conducted (1956-1957) referred to as the Eisenhower Document examined the federal authority within a State. It was determined local law enforcement overlooked duties within the lands held in trust by the federal government and the federal agencies were not engaged in such actions. What emerged from this study were four levels of jurisdiction. They are (1) exclusive, (2) concurrent, (3) partial, and (4) propriatorial. Most lands fit into the propriatorial level of jurisdiction, unless specifically stated otherwise. The United States Constitution was signed September 17, 1787; this document stood on its own for well over 100 years; with a clear understanding of content and meaning. The public lands (out West) were considered by many as the problem lands. Accordingly, these lands were for disposal and open for purchase. The reason for selling these lands was to repay the National debt incurred by the Civil War. Moreover, to open the lands for expansion, exploration, occupancy, and production by settlers. When the actual shift in paradigm occurred is open for debate, but many of these public lands held in trust seemingly became more desirable to retain, rather than for disposal. Whenever that actually started, newly formed federal regulatory agencies worked their way into existence, each taking an increasingly expanding role (enter mission creep).

14 U.S. Constitution, Article IV 3 c.2 (AKA Property Clause) 15 Kleppe v. New Mexico, 426 U.S. 529, 542-543 (1976)

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Instead of reading the Constitution in the matter of which it was designed pari materia (all together), it becomes easier to distort or usurp the original meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The courts have stated repeatedly that laws relating to the same subject (such as land disposal laws) must be read in pari material (all together). In other words, Federal Land Plan Management Act (FLPMA) or any other land disposal act cannot be read as if it stands alone. 16 Thereby, allowing these federal regulatory entities to come up with their own agenda driven rules, which not surprisingly often benefits the special interest groups agendas. Examples of the continuation of mission creep are demonstrated in illegal road closures of Revised Statutes 2477 (RS2477) roads, which only meet the qualifications of consideration for Wild Lands designation if they are 5,000 acres, or more, and roadless. These road and trail closures by decommissioning or destruction have been occurring for years.

In 1964, the U.S.G.S. redefined categories of roads to meet with their new agendaroad closures for qualifying as Wild Lands. The Bureau of Land Management under the U.S. Department of Interior issued a letter dated June 1, 2011 from Mr. Salazar (Secretary of Interior) stating the BLM will not designate any lands a Wild Lands; but directs Deputy David Hays to develop management of public lands with Wilderness characteristics and to solicit members of Congress, state and local officials, tribes and federal land managers to identify BLM lands that may be appropriate candidates for Congressional protection under the Wilderness Act. The USFS recently sent out a communication dated July 15, 2011 titled Federal Register publication of Final Proposed Rules 262,261 and 212; purportedly to clarify and expand their authority.

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Representatives of the USFS failed to defend their position from a legal standpoint, submitting no legal analysis that justified their position. Instead, they simply ruled that they did not recognize the validity of the Countys assertion to the road. 17 It is no wonder everyone is confused with various federal entities writing their own rules and regulations, which serve only to confuse the public and often contradict each other. These many federal agencies often fail to follow their own rules and regulations; examples being mining laws, clean water, timber harvest, grazing, travel management acts such as FLPMA, and so on. This manner of business has turned into a 900-pound gorilla and needs to be addressed at the highest levels. 16 Congressional Record, October 23, 2000 E1883, Hon. Jim Gibbons of Nevada in the House of Representatives. 17 Congressional Record, October 23, 2000 E1884, Hon Jim Gibbons of Nevada in the House of Representatives. POLICE POWERS Getting back to the original issue of the federal government bodies engaging in police powers within the States one of the more important cases, the court ruled that forest reserves were not federal enclaves subject to the doctrine of exclusive legislative jurisdiction of the United States. Local peace officers were to exercise civil and criminal process over these lands. Forest Service rangers were not law enforcement officers unless designated as such by state authority. The USFS had no general grant of law enforcement authority within a sovereign State. 18 Road closures, for example, are critical to our public health welfare, and safety. As the chief law enforcement authority, saddled with those responsibilities, I must assert my lawful authority to use any road deemed essential in this regard to conduct law enforcement operations including crime prevention, crime
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response, fire suppression, emergency medical response, assistance to federal agents, search and rescue operations, drug cartel and illicit drug eradication, and related operations. The closure of roads and harassment by federal agents upon miners has prompted my actions.

LEGAL FOUNDATION FOR POLICE POWER Recently, there has been a movement by the Supreme Courts in rendering decisions relative to the clear meaning and intent of our Constitution. A recent Court reviewed many of the clear attempts on the part of Congress to usurp authority it did not have. The Court stated But law in the sense in which courts speak of it today does not exist without some definite authority behind it. The common law so far as it is enforced in a State, whether called common law or not, is not the common law generally but the law of that State existing by the authority of that State without regard to what it may have been in England or anywhere else. The authority and only authority is the State, and if that be so, the voice adopted by the State as its own (whether it be of its Legislature or of its Supreme Court) should utter the last word. Thus the doctrine of Swift v. Tyson is, as Mr. Justice Holmes said, an unconstitutional assumption of powers by the Courts of the United States which no lapse of time or respectable array of opinion should make us hesitate to correct. In disapproving that doctrine, we do not hold [304 U.S. 64, 80] unconstitutional section of 34 of the Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 or any other act of Congress. We merely declare that in applying the doctrine this Court and the lower courts have invaded rights which in our opinion are reserved by the Constitution to the several states. In a concurring opinion, Justice Thomas stated; the exchanges during the ratification campaign reveal the relatively limited reach of the Commerce Clause and of federal power generally. The Founding Fathers confirmed that most areas of life (even many matters that would have substantial effects on commerce) would remain outside the reach of the Federal Government. Such affairs would continue to be under the
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exclusive control of the States.

18 Congressional Record, October 23, 2000 E1886, Hon Jim Gibbons of Nevada in the House of Representatives. We have said that Congress may regulate not only Commerceamong the several states, U.S. Const., Art. I, 8, cl.3, but also anything that has a substantial effect on such commerce. This test, if taken to its logical extreme, would give congress a police power over all aspects of American life. Unfortunately, we have never come to grips with this implication of our substantial effects formula. Although we have supposedly applied the substantial effects test for the past 60 years, we always have rejected readings of the Commerce Clause and the scope of federal power that would permit Congress to exercise a police power; our cases are quite clear that there are real limits to federal powerIndeed, on the crucial point, the majority and Justice Breyer agree in principle: the Federal Government has nothing approaching a police power. The Constitution mandates this uncertainty by withholding from Congress a plenary police power that would authorize enactment of every type of legislation. 19 In another case, the Court claimed the federal government had no jurisdiction over crimes committed within the 50 States.20 In the United States of America, there are two separate and distinct jurisdictions, such being the jurisdiction of the states within their own state boundaries, and the other being federal jurisdiction (central government), which is limited to the District of Columbia, the U.S. territories, and federal enclaves within the states, under Article 1, Section 8, Clause 17. The article which describes the judicial power of the United States is not intended for the cession of territory or of general jurisdiction Congress has power to exercise exclusive jurisdiction over this district, and over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings.21

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Special provision is made in the Constitution for the cession of jurisdiction from the States over places where the federal government shall establish forts or other military works. And it is only in these places, or in the territories of the United States, where it can exercise a general jurisdiction.22

19 United States v. Lopez, 115 S.Ct. 1624 (1995) 20 United States v. Morrison, 169 F.3d 820 (1999) 21 United States v. Bevans, 16 (3 Wheat.) 336 (1818) 22 New Orleans v. United States, 35 U.S. (10 Pet.) 662, 737 (1836)

USES OF PUBLIC LAND There seems to be more and more regulations coming forth that violate property rights and grants to the people by our Constitution; such as, the Executive order creating Humboldt National Forest, Where the Road resides and relevant Congressional acts contain a savings clause protecting preexisting rights. The Presidential Executive Order which created the Humboldt National Forest contained a savings clause, protecting all existing rights and excluding all land more valuable for agriculture and mining. 23 Public Lands are lands open to sale or other dispositions under general laws, lands to which no claim or rights of others have attached The United States Supreme Court has stated: It is well settled that all land to which any claim or rights of others has attached does not fall with the designation of public lands. FLPMA defines public lands to mean any land and interest in land owned by the United States with the several states and administered by the Secretary of the Interior through the Bureau of Land Management.24
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Public land that is disposed by claims under the act of 1872 is Public Domain. The locators of all mining locations made on any mineral vein, lode, or ledge, situated on the public domain, their heirs and assigns, where no adverse claim existed on the 10th day of May 1872 so long as they comply with the laws of the United States, and with State, territorial, and local regulations not in conflict with the laws of the United States governing their possessory title, shall have the exclusive right of possession and enjoyment of all the surface included within the lines of their locations. 25 The mechanics of what happens to the public land once found to be mineral in character is expressly evidenced in the Organic Act of 1897, that any public lands embraced within the limits of any forest reservation which shall be found better adapted for mining or for agricultural purposes than for forest usage, may be restored to the public domain. By private settlement under various land disposal laws of the United States, such as the Mining Law of 1872, public land is restored to the public domain. The federal agencies have management authority only over public land, not privately settled public domain. The act of location restores the land to public domain and the mining law provides the locator of such segregation shall have the exclusive right of possession and enjoyment of all the surface included within the lines of their locations 26

23 Congressional Record October 23, 2000 E1885 Hon. Jim Gibbons of Nevada in the House of Representatives 24 Congressional Record October 23, 2000 E1885-E1886 Jim Gibbons of Nevada 25 30 USC 26 26 R.S. 2332 derived from act May 10, 1872 ch. 152, 3, 17 Stat. 91

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Federal mining claims are private property 27 but so long as he complies with the provisions of the mining laws his possessory right, for all practical purposes of ownership, is as good as though secured by patent. 28 All mining claims, whether quartz or placer, are real estate. The owner of the possessory right thereto has a legal estate therein with the meaning of ORS 105.005 29 Setting the required boundaries of a mining claim literally sets a boundary describing land separate and distinct from agency authority placing the land under the exclusive authority and jurisdiction of the locator. This interest is also stated as case law and Forest Service Manual details. 30 By clear and identical language, Congress has stated in the Organic Act of June 4, 1897, the Eastern Forests (Weeks) Act of 1911, and the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934, that there was no intention to retain federal jurisdiction over private interests within national forests. The courts have consistently upheld the ruling in Kansas v. Colorado since 1907. No section of the FLPMA and, therefore, no Forest Service authority may impair or amend locators rights under the act of 1872. 31 Further that, no provision of this section or any other section of this Act (FLPMA) shall in any way amend the Mining Law of 1872 or impair the rights of any locators or claims under that Act, including, but not limited to, rights of ingress and egress One final point, where rights secured by the constitution are involved, there can be no legislation or rulemaking that would abrogate them 32 27 Freese v. United States, 639 F.2d 754, 757, 226 Ct.Cl. 252 cert. denied, 454 U.S. 827, 102 S.Ct. 119, 70 L.Ed.2d 103 (1981): Oil Shale Corp. v. Morton, 370 F. Supp. 108, 124 (D.Colo. 1973) 28 Wilbur v. U.S. ex rel. Krushnic, 1930, 50 S.Ct. 103, 280 U.S. 306, 74 L.Ed. 445 29 Oregon Revised Statute 517.080 Mining claims as realty. 30 Forest Service Manual 2813 rights and obligations of claimants
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31 43 USC 1732 (b) 32 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 p. 491 CONCLUSION In summation, the Supreme Court has declared the federal government has no authority or jurisdiction over individuals or issues not involving interstate commerce or issues not involving federal territory. Neither Congress, nor the President, can pass laws that govern life or activities within the boundaries of the several States. Police powers are not explicitly granted to the central (federal) government and thereby fall within the purview of the 10th Amendment Clause of the Bill of Rights. The points addressed in this document are not all that require redress, but rather presented to identify violations and disjointed (often overbearing) management of our public lands. The lack of federal Coordination and the inaccurate scientific studies to mention two, must also be addressed, as the federal agencies seem to blatantly ignore. At the beginning of this document, reference was made proposing a possible solution. To that end, I would begin with a point made in the Congressional Record referred to several times from Hon. Jim Gibbons of Nevada, to wit: forest reserves were not federal enclaves subject to the doctrine of exclusive legislative jurisdiction of the United States. Local peace officers were to exercise civil and criminal process over these lands. Forest Service rangers were not law enforcement officers unless designated as such by state authority.33 Put police enforcement back where it belongs, within the several States, or political subdivisions. In these tough economic times, it would put our citizens back to work; by sub-contracting to local authorities for Law Enforcement services it would most certainly provide a cost savings benefit to the federal government; and places the protection of our forests and natural resources with those having a real stake in the safety, health, and welfare of the community they serve. It is my hope; this letter will serve as a starting point of discussion. Respectfully, Gil Gilbertson, Sheriff Josephine County, Oregon
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33 Congressional Record October 23, 2000 E1886 Hon. Jim Gibbons of Nevada in the House of Representatives, and U.S. Supreme Court May 19, 1907 Kansas v. Colorado

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