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Statcom Documentation

STATCOM is a static synchronous compensator that uses a voltage-source converter to provide flexible reactive power compensation on an AC power system. It operates similarly to a synchronous condenser but can respond much faster. The STATCOM regulates voltage by injecting or absorbing reactive power. It has applications such as damping power oscillations, improving transient stability, and effective voltage regulation. The STATCOM's V-I and V-Q characteristics allow it to generate or absorb reactive power independently of the system voltage. Open loop analysis is required before designing STATCOM controllers to understand observability, controllability, and dynamic response.

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532 views

Statcom Documentation

STATCOM is a static synchronous compensator that uses a voltage-source converter to provide flexible reactive power compensation on an AC power system. It operates similarly to a synchronous condenser but can respond much faster. The STATCOM regulates voltage by injecting or absorbing reactive power. It has applications such as damping power oscillations, improving transient stability, and effective voltage regulation. The STATCOM's V-I and V-Q characteristics allow it to generate or absorb reactive power independently of the system voltage. Open loop analysis is required before designing STATCOM controllers to understand observability, controllability, and dynamic response.

Uploaded by

balu_33babu
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STATCOM

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is defined as a self commutated switching power converter supplied from an appropriate electric energy source and operated to produce a set of adjustable multiphase voltages, which may be coupled to an ac power system for the purpose of exchanging independently controllable real and reactive power. The STATCOM has been defined as per CIGRE/IEEE with following three operating structural components. First component is Static: based on solid state switching devices with no rotating components; second component is Synchronous: analogous to an ideal synchronous machine with 3 sinusoidal phase voltages at fundamental frequency; third component is Compensator: provided with reactive compensation [17]. (Or) A static synchronous generator operated as a shunt connected static VAR compensator whose capacitive or inductive current can be controlled independent of the AC system voltage[18].

Fig. 1.1 (a) Single line diagram of STATCOM

STATCOM is one of the key Converter-based Compensators which are usually based on the VSI or CSI.

Fig.1.1(b) VSC based Statcom

Fig.1.1(c) CSC based Statcom

VSC are often preferred over current sourced converters for FACTS applications. The STATCOM is composed of a VSC with a dc capacitor, coupling transformer, and signal generator and control circuit. Due to its versatile nature and speedy response, STATCOM finds a wide application in the field, both as a reactive power compensating device and harmonic absorber.

1.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:


The Basic principle of reactive power generation by a voltage-sourced converter is akin to that of the conventional rotating synchronous machine shown schematically in fig.1.2 (a). For purely reactive power flow, the three phase induced EMFs E a , E b and E c of the synchronous rotating machine are in phase with the system voltages V a , V b and V c . The reactive current I drawn by the synchronous compensator is determined by the magnitude of the system voltage V,

that of the internal voltage E, and the total circuit reactance (synchronous machine reactance plus transformer leakage reactance plus system short-circuit reactance) X.

Fig. 1.2 (a) Synchronous Condenser

(1-1) The corresponding reactive power Q exchanged can be expressed as follows:

(1-2) The STATCOM is basically a DC-AC voltage source converter with an energy storage unit, usually a DC capacitor. It operates as a controlled SVS connected to the line through a coupling transformer. Fig.1.2 (b) shows the schematic configuration of STATCOM. The controlled output voltage is maintained in phase with the line voltage, and can be controlled to draw either capacitive or inductive current from the line in a similar manner of a synchronous condenser, but much more rapidly. STATCOM is a primary shunt device of the FACTS family, which uses power electronics to control power flow and improve transient stability on power grids. The STATCOM regulates voltage at its terminals by controlling the amount of reactive

Power injected into or absorbed from the power system. The variation of reactive power is performed by means of a VSC connected on the secondary side of a coupling transformer. The VSC uses forced commuted power electronics devices (GTOs or IGBTs) to synthesize the voltage from a dc voltage source. The operating principle of STATCOM is explained in Fig.1.2 (b) .For computation purposes, we assume that the active and reactive power is transferred between two sources V1 and V2, where V1 represents the system voltage to be controlled and V2 is the voltage generated by the VSC. In steady state operation, the voltage V2 generated by the VSC is in phase with V1 (=0, angle of V1 with respect to V2) so that only the reactive power is flowing from V1 to V2; i.e. STATCOM is observing reactive power. It can be seen that if V 2 > V 1 then current I q flows from the counter to ac system through reactance and converter generates capacitive reactive power for ac system. On the other hand, if V 2 < V 1 then current Iq flows from ac system to the converter and converter absorbs inductive reactive power from ac system.

The amount of reactive power is given by:

(1-3)

A capacitor connected on the DC side of the VSC acts as a dc voltage source.

1.3 V-I AND V-Q CHARACTERISTICS:


The STATCOM is essentially an alternating voltage source behind a coupling reactance with the corresponding V-I and V-Q characteristics shown in fig.1.3 (a) and fig.1.3 (b). These show that STATCOM can be operated over its full output current range even at very low (theoretically zero), typically about 0.2 p.u. system voltage levels. In others words, the maximum capacitive or inductive output current of the STATCOM can be maintained independently of the ac system voltage, and the maximum VAR generation or absorption changes linearly with the AC system voltage.

Fig :-1.3(a) V-I Characteristics

Fig :-1.3(b) V-Q Characteristics

The STATCOM provides voltage support under large system disturbances during which the voltage excursions would be well outside of the linear operating range of the compensator. The capability of providing maximum compensating current at reduced system voltage enables the Statcom to perform in variety of applications. The VI and VQ characteristics illustrate, the Statcom may depending on the power semiconductors used have increased transient rating in both inductive and capacitive regions. The maximum attainable transient over current of the Statcom in the capacitive region is determined by the maximum current turn of capability of the power semiconductors (GTO) employed. The transient current rating of the Statcom in the inductive range is theoretically limited only by the maximum permissible e GTO junction temperature, which would in principle allow the realization of a higher transient rating in this range than that attainable in the capacitive range. However, it could be pointed out that this possibility would generally not exist if the converter poles were operated to produce a pulse width modulated waveform when the current conduction between the upper and lower values is transferred several times during each fundamental half cycle. Even with the non-PWM converters abnormal operating conditions should be carefully considered in the implementation of transient ratings above the peak turn off current capability of the semiconductors employed, because if an expected natural commutation would be missed for any reason converter failure requiring a forced shut down would likely occur.

APPLICATIONS OF STATCOM

2.1 APPLICATIONS OF STATCOM


The STATCOM has the following applications in controlling power system dynamics.

1. Damping of power system oscillations 2. Damping of subsynchronous oscillations 3. Balanced loading of individual phases 4. Reactive compensation of AC-DC converters and HVDC links 5. Improvement of transient stability margin 6. Improvement of steady-state power transfer capacity 7. Reduction of temporary over-voltages 8. Effective voltages regulation and control 9. Reduction of rapid voltages fluctuations (flicker control)[4].

TYPES OF CONTROL OF STATCOM

3.2 Open loop characteristics of STATCOM Model


Having the linearized system state space model as equation (3.9), we can use the linear system method to analyze the characteristics of STATCOM model. There are several open loop system properties we need to know before we design the controller. Although system observability and controllability are the properties of the system presentation, these are two important criterions that must be established before any attempt in controller design is done. These two characteristics of a system depend on the state space presentations of the system. For a given system, different state space presentations have different effects on the controller design algorithm. Another important property of a system is its open loop dynamic response characteristic that gives us not only the background information about the system performance but also the guideline for controller design.
1. Obsevability and Controllability The state space model of STATCOM has three state variables - i, , V. All of them can be measured from the power system, which means the system is observable.

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