6.

4 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

\
|
=
o

t o
x
e x f

for - o < x < and for constants and o , where - < < , o >0 and
e ~2.71828 and t ~3.14159.


Notation: If X follows the above distribution, we write X ~ N( , o
2
).
Note: If X ~ N ( , o
2
), then

E(X) = and Var (X) = o
2
.

The graph of the normal distribution is called the normal curve.














Properties:

1. The curve is bell-shaped and symmetric about a vertical axis through the mean .

2. The normal curve approaches the horizontal axis asymptotically as we proceed in either
direction away from the mean.

3. The total area under the curve and above the horizontal axis is equal to 1.








PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS



Definition. The distribution of a normal random variable with mean to zero and standard
deviation equal to 1 is called a standard normal distribution.


If X ~ N ( , o
2
), then X can be transformed into a standard normal random variable
through the following transformation,


o

=
X
Z


Hence, whenever X is between the values x
1
and x
2
, the random variable Z will fall between
the corresponding values.


o

=
1
1
x
z and
o

=
2
2
x
z


Thus, P (x
1
<

X < x
2
) = P (z
1
< Z < z
2
).


Examples:

1. Given the normal distribution with = 40 and o = 8, find the probability that X assumes a
value
a. less than 45
b. between 35 and 45
c. more than 45

2. Given the normally distributed random variable X with mean 18 and standard deviation 2.5,
find
a. the value of k such that P(X<k) = 0.2578
b. the value of k such that P(X>k) = 0.1539.

3. The achievement scores for a college entrance examination are normally distributed with
mean 75 and standard deviation equal to 10. What fraction of the scores would one expect to
lie between 70 and 90?

4. A softdrink machine is regulated so that it dispenses an average of 200 ml. per cup. If the
amount of drink dispensed is normally distributed with a standard deviation equal to 15 ml.,

a. what fraction of the cups will contain more than 224 ml?
b. what is the probability that a cup contains between 191 ml. and 209 ml.?
c. how many cups will likely overflow if 230 ml. cups are used for the next 1000 drinks?
d. Below what value do we get the smallest 25% of the drinks?



6.5 OTHER COMMON DISTRIBUTIONS

- Binomial Distribution

Definition. A binomial experiment is one that possesses the following properties:

- the experiment consists of n identical trials
- each trial results in one of two outcomes, a success or a failure
- the probability of success on a single trial is equal to p and remains the
same from trial to trial. The probability of a failure is equal to q=1-p.
- the trials are independent

The random variable of interest X. the number of successes observed in n trials, is
called a binomial random variable.


Definition. The discrete probability distribution of the binomial random variable is given
by

1 0 and ,..., 1 , 0 , ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( < < =
|
.
|

\
|
= = =

p n x p p
x
n
x f x X P
x n
x



Notation : If X follows the above distribution, we will write X~Bi(n, p).

Note : If X~Bi(n, p) the E(X) = np and Var(X) = npq, where q = 1-p.

Examples:

1. A multiple-choice quiz has 15 questions, each with 4 possible answers of which only 1 is the
correct answer. What is the probability that sheer guesswork yields

a. exactly 10 correct answers
b. at least 1 correct answer
c. 8 to 12 correct answers


2. Suppose that airplane engines operate independently in flight and fail with probability 1/5.
Assuming that a plane makes a safe flight if at least one-half of its engines run, which
between a 4-engine plane and a 2-engine plane has the higher probability for a successful
flight?






CHAPTER 9

Test of Hypothesis



9.1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Definition of Terms

1. A statistical hypothesis is an assertion or conjecture concerning one or more
populations.

2. The null hypothesis (Ho) is the hypothesis that is being tested; it represents what the
experimenter doubts to be true.

3. The alternative hypothesis (Ha) is the operational statement of the theory that the
experimenter believes to be true and wishes to prove. It is contradiction of the null
hypothesis.

4. A one-tailed test of hypothesis is a test where the alternative hypothesis specifies a one-
directional difference for the parameter of interest.

Examples:

a. Ho: = 14 vs. Ha: > 14
b. Ho: = 14 vs. Ha: < 14
c. Ho: 1 - 2 = o vs. Ha: 1 - 2 > o
d. Ho: 1 - 2 = o vs. Ha: 1 - 2 < o

A two-tailed test of hypothesis is a test where the alternative hypothesis does not specify a
directional difference for the parameter of interest.

Examples:

a. Ho: = 14 vs. Ha: = 14
b. Ho: 1 - 2 = o vs. Ha: 1 - 2 = o

5. A test statistic is a statistic whose value is calculated from sample measurements and on
which the statistical decision will be based.


6. The critical region or rejection region is the set of values of the test statistic for which
the null hypothesis will be rejected. The acceptance region is the set values of the test
statistic for which the null hypothesis will not be rejected. The acceptance and rejection
regions are separated by a critical value of the test statistic.

7. The Type I error is the error made by rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. The
probability of a Type I error is denoted by o.

The Type II error is the error made by accepting (not rejecting) the null hypothesis
when it is false. The probability of a Type II error is denoted by |.



TRUE FALSE
Reject Ho Type I error Correct Decision
Accept Ho Correct Decision Type II error
Decision
Null Hypothesis



8. The level of significance, o, is the maximum probability of Type I error the researcher is
willing to commit.



Steps in Hypothesis Testing

1. State the null hypothesis (Ho) and alternative hypothesis (Ha).
2. Choose the level of significance o.
3. Select the appropriate test statistic and establish the critical region.
4. Collect the data and compute the value of the test statistic from the sample data.
5. Make the decision. Reject Ho if the value of the test statistic belongs in the critical
region. Otherwise, do not reject Ho.

















TEST OF HYPOTHESIS


TESTING A HYPOTHESIS ON THE POPULATION MEAN

Ho Test Statistics Ha Critical region
a.
2
1
o and
2
2
o known

1-

2 =

o


n
X
Z
o
/ o

=

<
o
>
o
=
o
z <
o
z

z >
o
z

z=
2 / o
z

b.
2
1
o and
2
2
o but unknown

1
/
=

=
n
n S
X
t
o
u

<
o
>
o
=
o
t <
o
t

t >
o
t

t>
2 / o
t



Remarks:

The above tests are exact o -level tests for a sample from a normal distribution. However, they
provide good approximate o -level test when distribution is not normal provided that the sample
size is large, i.e. n > 30.

If o is unknown and n > 30, use the test in (a) replacing the test statistic by


n S
X
Z
o
/

=


Examples:

Test Ho: =50 vs. Ha: = 50 if a random sample 16 subjects had mean 48 and standard
deviation of 5.8 at 0.05 level of significance. Assume that the sample was taken form a Normal
population with standard deviation of 6.

It is claimed that an automobile is driven on the average less than 25,000 kilometers per year. To
test this claim, a random sample of 100 automobile owners are asked to keep a record of the
kilometres they travel. Would you agree with this claim if the random sample showed an average
of 23,000 kilometers and a standard deviation of 3,900 kilometers? Use a 0.01 level of
significance.

According to Dietary Goals for the United States (1977), high sodium intake maybe related to
ulcers, stomach cancer, and migraine headaches. The human requirement for salt is only 230
milligrams per day, which is surpassed in most single servings of ready- to-eat cereals. A random
sample of 20 similar servings of Special K had mean sodium content of 244 milligrams of
sodium and a standard deviation of 24.5 milligrams. Is there sufficient evidence to believe that
the average sodium content for a single servings of Special K exceeds the human requirements
for salt at = 0.025? at = 0.05? at =0.10? Assume normality.


The following remarks hold for any test:

1. For the same data set, as o increases the size of the critical region also increases.
Consequently, if Ho is rejected at level of significance then Ho will also be rejected at a
higher level of significance using the same data. For example, if Ho is rejected at o =
0.05 then testing at o = 0.1 will also lead to the rejection of Ho. However, Ho will not
necessarily be rejected at o = 0.01.

2. The Type I error and Type II error are related. For a fixed sample size n, a decrease in the
probability of one will result in an increase in the probability of the other. However
increasing the sample size will result in the reduction of both probabilities.

3. An alternative way to report the results of the test is to report the p-value. The p-value is
the smallest value of o for which Ho will be rejected based on sample information.
Reporting the p-value will allow the reader of the published research to evaluate the
extent to which the data disagree with Ho. In particular it enables each reader to choose
their personal value of o .


If p-value s o then Ho is rejected. Otherwise, Ho is not rejected.


9.3 TESTING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POP`N MEANS

- Based on 2 independent samples
Ho Test Statistics Ha Critical region
a.
2
1
o and
2
2
o known

1-

2 =
d
o


2
2
2 1
2
1
2 1
/ ) / (
) (
n n
d X X
z
o
o o +

=

1
-
2
< d
o

1
-
2
> d
o

1
-
2
= d
o

z <
o
z

z >
o
z

z=
2 / o
z

b.
2
1
o =
2
2
o but unknown

1-

2 =
d
o

2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
) / 1 ( ) / 1 (
) (
2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1 2
2 1
2 1
2 1
+
+
=
+ =
+

=
n n
S n S n
S
n n
n n S
d X X
t
p
p
o
u

1
-
2
< d
o

1
-
2
> d
o

1
-
2
= d
o


t <
o
t

t >
o
t

t>
2 / o
t
c.
2
1
o =
2
2
o and unknown

1-

2 =
d
o

1
) / (
1
) / (
) / ( ) / (
) / ( ) / (
) (
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1

+
=
+

=
n
n S
n
n S
n S n S
n S n S
d X X
t
o
u

1
-
2
< d
o

1
-
2
> d
o

1
-
2
= d
o


t <
o
t

t >
o
t

t>
2 / o
t

CHAPTER 9. TESTS OF HYPOTHESIS


- Based on 2 related samples
Ho Test Statistic Ha Critical region

D
= d
o

1
/
(
=

=
n
n S
d d
t
d
o
u

D
< d
o

D
> d
o

D
= d
o
t <
o
t

t >
o
t

t>
2 / o
t



Remark: The remarks made in Chapter 8.3 relative to use of a given statistic apply to the tests
describe here.

Examples:

1. A statistics test was given to 50 girls and 75 boys. The girls made an average of 80 with a
standard deviation of 4 and the boys hand an average of 86 with a standard deviation of 6. Is
there sufficient evidence at 0.05 level of significance that the average grades of girls and
boys differ?

2. A study was made to determine if the subject matter in a physics course is better understood
when a lab constitutes part of the course. Students were allowed to choose between a 3-unit
course without lab and 4-unit course with lab. In the section with lab, a sample of 11 students
had an average grade of 85 with a standard deviation of 4.7, and in the section without lab, a
sample of 17 students had an average grade of 79 with standard deviation of 6.1. Would you
say that the laboratory course increases the average grade by more than 5 points? Use a 0.01
level of significance and assume the populations to be approximately normally distributed
with equal variances.

3. The following data represent the running time of films produced by two motion picture
companies:
Time (minutes)

Company 1 103 94 110 87 98
Company 2 97 82 123 92 175 88 118


Test the hypothesis that the average running time of films produced by company 2
exceeds the average running time of films produced by company 1 by 10 minutes against the
one-sided alternative that the distributions of the times to be approximately normal with
unequal variances.

4. A taxi company is trying to decide whether use of radial tires instead of regular belted tires
improves fuel economy. Twelve cars were driven twice over a prescribed test course, each
time using a different type of tires (radial and belted) in random order. The mileages, in
kilometers per liter, were recorded as follows:







Kilometers per liter

Cars Radial Tires Belted Tires

1 4.2 4.1
2 4.7 4.9
3 6.6 6.2
4 7.0 6.9
5 6.7 6.8
6 4.5 4.4
7 5.7 5.7
8 6.0 5.8
9 7.4 6.9
10 4.9 4.7
11 6.1 6.0
12 5.2 4.9


At the 0.025 level of significance, can we conclude that cars equipped with radial tires
give better fuel economy than those equipped with belted tires? Assume the populations
to be normally distributed.


9.4 TESTING A HYPOTHESIS ON PROPORTIONS

Consider the problem of testing the hypothesis that the proportion of successes in a binomial
experiment equals some specified value.

If the unknown proportion is not expected to be too close to 0 or 1 and n is large, a large
sample approximation is given by:


Ho Test Statistic Ha Critical region

p= p
o


o o
o
p np
np x
Z

=

p < p
o
p > p
o
p = p
o
z <
o
z

z >
o
z

z>
2 / o
z


Example:

A commonly prescribed drug on the market for relieving nervous tension is believed to be
only 60% effective. Experimental results with a new drug administered to a random sample of
100 adults who were suffering from nervous tension showed that 70 receive relief. Is this
sufficient evidence to conclude that the new drug is superior to the one commonly prescribed?
Use a 0.05 level of significance.





CHAPTER 9. TESTS OF HYPOTHESIS


9.5 TESTING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO PROPORTIONS

Consider a situation in which a researcher wishes to compare the proportions of an attribute
between two populations. For example he is interested in assessing whether the proportions of
female household heads is greater in urban areas than in rural localities; or a marketing manager
would consider packaging a product towards working mothers if based on a planned research,
the proportion of potential purchasers is higher in this group compared to the group of non-
working mothers. Thus, the researcher is, in general interested in testing the null hypothesis Ho:
p
1
= p
2
where p
1
and p
2
are two population proportions of interest.

The testing procedure involves selection of independent samples of size n
1
and n
2
from two
binomial populations. The sample proportion
1
] p and
2
] p are computed and the common
(population) proportion p is given as the pooled estimate
2 1
2 1
]
n n
x x
p
+
+
= where x
1
and x
2
are the observed number of units processing the attribute of interest in the two sample. The test is
as follows:


Ho Test Statistic Ha Critical region

p
1
= p
2



|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2
1
1
1
] ]
] - ]
2 1
n n
q p
p p
Z
p < p
2
p > p
2
p = p
2

z <
o
z

z >
o
z

z>
2 / o
z


Example:

In a survey of 200 students, 78 of the 120 females in the sample passed Math 17 on their
first take while this figure is 60 among the 80 males. Will you agree that the proportion of
males who passed Math 17 on their first take is higher than the proportion of males who
passed the same course on their take? Test at o = 0.05.


















9.6. TEST FOR INDEPENDENCE

The test for independence is used to determine whether two variables are related or not. For
example we might test whether a person `s music preference is related to his intelligence as
measured by IQ. We their take a random sample and for each subject determine his music
preference and classify his IQ into different categories (high, medium, low). The observed
frequencies are presented in what is known as a contingency table shown below:




A
conti
ngen
cy
table
containing r rows and c columns is referred to as an rxc table.
The row and column totals are called marginal frequencies. Note that in a test for
independence, these marginal frequencies are not fixed in advance but depend instead on the way
the sample distributed itself across the various cells in the table.


Procedure:

1. State the null and alternative hypothesis.

Ho: The two variables are independent
Ha: The two variables are not independent

2. Choose the level of significance.

3. Compute the test statistic, given by

= =

=
r
i
c
j ij
ij ij
E
E O
x
1 1
2
2
) (


where O
ij
= observed number of cases in the i
th
row of the j
th
column
E
ij
= expected number of cases under Ho

total Grand
total) (row tal) (column to x
=

4. Decision Rule: Rejected Ho if x
2
> x
2
a ,(r-1)(c-1)




CHAPTER 9. TESTS OF HYPOTHESIS


Remarks:

Music
Preference
IQ
High Medium Low Total
Classical 40 26 17 83
Pop 47 59 25 131
Rock 83 104 79 266
Total 170 189 121 480
1. The test is valid if at least 80% of the cell has expected frequencies of at least 5 and no cell
has an expected frequency s 1.

2. If many expected frequencies are very small, researchers commonly combine categories of
variables to obtain a table having larger cell frequencies. Generally, one should not pool
categories unless there is a natural way to combine them.

3. For a 2x2 contingency table, a correction called Yates` correction for continuity is applied.
The formula then becomes

= =

=
r
i
c
j ij
ij ij
E
E O
x
1 1
2
2
) 0.5 - (


Example:

Using the table above:

Ho: Music preference and intelligence are in dependent
Ha: Music preference and intelligence are not independent

Music
Preference
IQ
High Medium Low Total

Classical 40 (29.4) 26 (32.7) 17 (20.9) 83
Pop 47 (46.4) 59 (51.6) 25 (33.0) 131
Rock 83 (94.2) 104 (104.7 79 (67.1) 266

Total 170 189 121 480

= =

=
r
i
c
j ij
ij ij
E
E O
x
1 1
2
2
) (


= 12.38


at o = 0.05, x
2
4
= 9.488



Decision: Since 12.38 > 9.488, rejected Ho. There is sufficient evidence at 0.05 level of
significance that music preference and intelligence are not independent.



CHAPTER 10

Regression and Correlation



0.1 Correlation Coefficient

Definition: The linear correlation coefficient, denoted by (rho), is a measure of the
strength of the linear relationship existing between two variables, X and Y, that is
independent of their respective scales of measurement.

Remarks:

- -1 1
- A positive means that the lines slopes upward to the right; negative means that
is slopes downward to the right.
- When is 1 or -1, there is perfect linear relationship between X and Y and all the
points (x,y) fall on the straight line. A close to 1 or -1 indicates a strong linear
relationship but it does not necessarily imply that X and Y or Y causes X. It is
possible that a third variable may have caused the change in both x and y, producing
the observed relationship.
- If - 0 then there is no linear correlation between X and Y. A value of = 0,
however, does not mean a lack of association, hence, if a strong quadratic relationship
exists between X and Y, we will obtain a zero correlation to indicate a nonlinear
relationship.


Definition: The Pearson product moment coefficient or correlation, denoted by r, is

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=


= = = =
= = =
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 1 1
i
n
i
i i
i
n
i
i i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i i
Y Y n X X n
Y X Y X n
r


Remarks:

- R is used to estimate based on a random sample of n pairs of measurements (X
i
, Y
i
), i-
1,,n.
- -1 r 1
- Just like , when r = 1 or -1, all the points (x
i
,y
i
), i-1,n, fall on a straight line; when
r=0, they are scattered and give no evidence of a linear relationship. Any other value of r
suggests the degree to which the points tend to be linearly related.





CHAPTER 10. REGRESSION AND CORRELATION
________________________________________________________________________

Some typical Scatterplots with Approximate Values of r:


(a) Strong positive linear correlation; r is near 1









(b) Strong negative linear correlation; r is near -1










(c) No apparent linear correlation; r is near 0









(d) Quadratic relation, r is near 0
y
x
*
*
*
*
*
* *
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* *
*
*
y
x
y
x
*

*
*

*

*

*

*
*

*

*
*

*

*

*

*


















Example: Consider the data given below. Let X represent the lot size Y represent the man
hours required.




Construct the scatterplot and computer r.

Man Hours
(Y)
Observation
No.
Lot Size
(X)
1 0 73
2 20 50
3 60 128
4 80 170
5 40 87
6 50 108
7 60 135
8 30 69
9 70 148
10 60 132
y
x
*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*













CHAPTER 10. REGRESSION AND CORRELATION



10.2 Testing the Correlation Coefficient

Ho Test Statistic Ha Critical Region


= 0

2
1
2
r
n r
t

=

v = n - 2

< 0
> 0
= 0
t <
o
t

t >
o
t

t>
2 / o
t


10.3 Simple Linear Regression


Equation of a Straight Line

Scatter Plot Lot Size versus Man Hours
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
LOT SIZE
M
A
N

H
O
U
R
S
X = 500
Y
= 1100
XY
= 61800
X
2

= 28400
Y
2

= 134660
r
= 0.99780
y =
0
+
1
x where =
0
= y-interpret; the value of y when x=0

1
= slope of the line; change in y for a 1-unit increase in x




Deterministic Model vs. Probabilistic Model

The linear model y =
0
+
1
x is said to be deterministic mathematical model because,
when a value of x is redistributed into a equation, the value of y is determined and no
allowance is made for error.

In contrast, the linear model y =
0 +

1
x +

(where is a random error. The difference
between an observed value of y and mean of y for a given value of x) is said to be
probabilistic mathematical model because this model assumes that for any given value
of x the observed value of y varies in a random manner and possesses a probability
distribution with mean E(YX-x) =
0
+
1
x.


Definition: The simple linear regression model is given by:

Y =
0
+
1
x +

where Y = responsive variable
X = explanatory or predictor variable
= random error

0
= t-interpret

1
= slope of the line

Linear regression models that involve two or more explanatory variables are called
multiple regression models.








Assumptions of the Model

For any given value x, the response variable Y possesses a normal distribution, with a
mean value given by the equation E(YX-x) =
0
+
1
x and with a variance of
2
.
Furthermore, any one value of Y is independent of every other value.


Estimating
0
and
1


The formulas for b
0
(estimate of
0)
and b
1
(estimate of
1
) are derived using the method
of least squares where the best-fitting line is selected as the once that minimizes the
sum of squares of the deviations of the observed value of y from those predicted by the
model. The formulas are





= =
= = =
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
n
i
n
i
n
i
n
i
n
i
i i
X X n
Y X Y X n
b
1 1
1
2
1
1 1
1
1
1
1



x b y b
1 0
=



Predicting the Value of Y Given X=x

The predicted value of Y, denoted by , is computed x in the prediction equation.


= b
0
+ b
1
x


Remarks:

- The calculated prediction equation is appropriate only for relevant range of X that
includes all values of X used in developing the regression model. Hence, when predicting
y for a given value of X, one may interpolate only within this relevant range of the X
values. Extrapolation in predicting Y for values of X outside the relevant range would
result in a serious prediction error.

- If X = 0 is not included in the range of the sample data, the b
0
will not have a significant
interpretation.



CHAPTER 10. REGRESSION AND CORRELATION



Coefficient of Determination

The coefficient of determination is defined as the proportion of the variability in the
observed values of Y that can be explained by X. Denoted by R
2
, this coefficient is nothing but
the square of the correlation coefficient between X and Y.


Inferences Concerning the Slope of the Line,
1

An estimator for
2
is


2
) (
2
2
1
2

n
y y
n
SSE
S
n
i
i



where SSE stands for sum of squares of errors.


A (1-) 100% Confidence Interval for
1
is


(b
1
t
/2(v=n 2)
S
b1,
b
1 +
t
/2(v=n 2)
S
b1
)

=
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
n
i
n
i
n
X
X
s
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1 b
s where



Test of Hypothesis Concerning
1



Ho Test Statistic Ha Critical Region

1
= 0

1
1
b
S
b
t =

v = n - 2

1
< 0

1
> 0

1
= 0
t <
o
t

t >
o
t

t>
2 / o
t






Example:

Suppose a researcher wishes to investigate the relationship between the achieved grade-point
index (GPI) and the starting salary of recent graduates majoring in business. A random sample of
30 recent graduates majoring in business is drawn, and the data pertaining to the GPI and
Starting salary (in thousands of dollars) are recorded for each individual in the following table:


Individual
No.
GPI
(X)
Starting Salary
(Y)
1 2.7 17.0
2 3.1 17.0
3 3.0 18.6
4 3.3 20.5
5 3.1 19.1
6 2.4 16.4
7 2.9 19.3
8 2.1 14.5
9 2.6 15.7
10 3.2 18.6
11 3.0 19.5
12 2.2 15.0
13 2.8 18.0
14 3.2 20.0
15 2.9 19.0
16 3.0 17.4
17 2.6 17.3
18 3.3 18.1
19 2.9 18.0
20 2.4 16.2
21 2.8 17.5
22 3.7 21.3
23 3.1 17.2
24 2.8 17.0
25 3.5 19.6
26 2.7 16.6
27 2.6 15.0
28 3.2 18.4
29 2.9 17.3
30 3.0 18.5


CHAPTER 10. REGRESSION AND CORRELATION




a. Find the equation of the regression line.
b. Find an estimate for the starting salary if the GPI is 2.5
c. Test for the significance of
1
at = 0.05.
d. Compute and interpret the correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination.
e. Test for the significance of at the 0.01 level of significance



Scatter Diagram of Grade-Point Index versus Starting Salary






b
0
= 6.418245
b
1
= 3.928191

r = 0.865088
R

=

0.748377

X = 87.0
Y = 534.3
XY = 1564.24
X
2
= 256.06
Y
2
= 9593.41


0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
GRADE-POINT INDEX
S
T
A
R
T
I
N
G

S
A
L
A
R
Y