Power Supply

Power supply is the important part of any electronics unit ( project ) while designing the power supply we have to see the requirement of voltage and current for the project working. Three pin voltage regulator :In the past, the conversion was to provide a single regulator to regulate a line which then supplied power to all circuits comprising an electronic system. This regulator would generally be made up of several discrete components or a low power voltage regulator IC with associated series pass elements . Such a regulator was bulky and would be required to dissipate a large amount of power. With the development and ready availability of three terminal regulators both fixed and adjustable . In a wide range of current and power ratings the trend has moved towards localised regulation with single three terminal regulator fitted on each circuit card. A functional schematic of a three terminal regulator is shown in fig. It is seen that the device is a complete . with built in reference error amplifier, series pass transistor and protection circuits . The protection circuits include current limiting to limit peak output current , safe area protection to limit dissipation in the series pass transistor, and thermal shut down to limit die and junction temperature to a safe value. The reference voltage VREF is a temperature stabilized voltage developed either a zener or a band gap circuit . The error amplifier is a no inverting amplifier which constantly compares a fraction of the output voltage developed across R2 against the reference voltage at its non inverting input. The error amplifier controls the base drive of

the series pass transistor in such a way that the output voltage remains constant, thus achieving Regulation. The current limiting and safe protection circuits , when activated, limit the base drive to the series pass transistor. Thus limiting output current . The thermal shutdown circuit. On the other hand, when activated completely turns off the base drive to the series pass transistor. Thus reducing output off the base drive to the series pass transistor , thus reducing output current to zero . The operation of the protection circuit is better understood by referring to fig. Current limiting :If Vin Vout is less than Vz1 then Vz1 then the current in R3 is zero and only current in R4 due to Q2 s base current. Since this current is negligible, it follows that VBE2 equals the voltage across current sense resistor RCS As the regulator output current increases, the voltage (I0 RSC) developed across RSC also increases until it thrns on Q2 Once Q2 is turned on, it prevents additional base drive from reaching Q3 and hence the output current is limited. Safe Area Protection :Vin Vout is greater the Vz1 a current proportional to ( V in V out ) Vz and hence vin v out flows through Zi R3 and R4 to the output of regulator This places a biase on 02s so that base emitter voltage is greater the bias. Thus Q2 turns ON at lower output current through RSC and the current limit point of the regulator reduces as the Vin V out differential increases. The rate of reduction of current limit. With increase in Vin Vout is equal to. Since with increasing junction temperature a transistor will turn on at a lower base to emitter voltage , the slope of safe area curve will be greater and hence the current limit lower at higher temperature.

Thermal shut down :Thermal shut- down is due to transistor 01 is located in close physical proximity to Q3,Q2> base is biased at about 0.4 volts . which is insufficient to turn it ON at room temperature . However , as die temperature increases, the base emitter voltage necessary to turn ON, Q1 170 Q1 turns ON, diverting all Q3 base drive so that Q3 is turned OFF and regulator current drop to zero allowing the regulator to cool. A hysteresis is built into the thermal shut down circuit so that shut down occurs at several degrees above the temperature at which the regulator can once more turn ON. These devices are extremely easy to use . They require very few or no external components and a minimal of heat sinking they are available for both positive ( 78 Series) and negative output ( 79 series ) voltage and with fixed output voltage options as well as adjustable output voltage ( LM 317) Fixed voltage three terminal regulators are normally available in 5.12.15.18and 24 volts output options. For example. 7815 is a positive voltage regulator whose output is 15V . Similarly LM. 105 is positive voltage regulator while LM 104 is negative voltage regulator. IC 78XX C SERIES :An example of a Motorola MC 78 xx c series of three terminal positive fixed voltage regulator used in basic regulator circuit is shown in fig. The input capacitance C1 is required to cancel inductive effects associated with long power distribution leads, Output capacitor C2 improves the transient response These devices requiring no adjustment have an output present by the manufacturer to an industry standard of 5,69,12,15 ,18 or 24 volts. Such regulators are capable of output current in excess of 1Amp. These have internal short circuit protection which will limit the maximum current, the circuit will pass thermal shut down and output transistor safe operating area protection. Basic circuit using three terminal positive regulator . Typical values for the stabilization coefficients are Sv = 3x 10 Ro =30 milliohms, and St = 1 mV / Centigrade The level of complexity affected by monolithic IC techniques can be appreciated by examining the fig. The circuit diagram of the MC 78x x IC 3

O/P current in excess of 1 amp. Internal thermal over load protection No external component required Internal short circuit current limit Available in aluminum 2-3 package I/p Voltage 10 v 19 v 23 v IC 79XX SERIES :An example of a motorola MC 79XXC series of three terminal negative is shown in fig. The explanation is similar to that of IC 78XX series except that the output voltage is negative. These devices requiring no adjustment have an output preset by the manufacturer to an industry standard of 5-6-9-12-18 and 24 volts. The C1 may be a 0.1 ceramic disc type or a 25 of electrolyte. C2 may be inserted to reduce high frequency noise to ensure stability and error free operation . C2 may be a 1F solid tantalum of 25 F electrolyte. For the programming of the EPROM the Anshuman kit is used IC2716 with its single 5 volt supply. It can be used in six modes of operation viz. Read, output disable, stand by program verity and program inhibit. Due to the advantage of operational amplifier like high input impedance, linearity and high CMRR ( i.e. Common Mode Rejection Ratio). It does not load the DAC and gives the voltage output. It also reduced the distortion by the 1 +AB factor. The band width is large to get a small amplitude variation. Fine adjustment is provided by putting a small value of potentiometer VR3 is series with VR2. IC3 needs 3V to 4V more at its input to give good performance . The bridge rectifier is made using 1N4007 lamp diodes that rectify AC into DC for all digital ICs this supply is prefered. O/p Voltage 5v 12v 15v

For the amplifiers +15V

and 15V supplies are required. IC1 has a specially built

regulated power supply of + 15V it supplies upto 1 amp. Easily without any voltage drop. SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION AND OVER VOLTAGE PROTECHTION To the left of the shaded block is the reference voltage VR (Reference to the fig.). This is the level shifter which a zener diode input to the emitter follower buffer. The shaded circuit in fig. Is the difference amplifier Av (refer to the fig. ) The design the similar with the 741 op-amp config . The resistance R1 & R2 in fig corresponds to the same feedback n/w . The darligton pair Q and Q in fig. Constitutes the pass element fig. The protection circuitry is shown in heavy line and merits explanation , Current limiting is performed by R3.R4.R2. Safe operating protection is accomplished in the following way. If the output is pulled low by an overload , thus increasing the collector emitter voltage of Q zener D1 will conduct under this circumstance sufficient base current is supplied to Q2 so that it conducts, which in turn robs bass drive form the Q-Q Darlington combination. Thus the volt ampere product is restricted to reasonable power dissipation. Regarding the thermal overload protection a part of the reference voltage appearing across R5 is applied to the base emitter junction Q3 for a given value of VBE . the collector current 13 increases rapidly as temperature increases . Hence for high temperatures due to power dissipation of a high ambient. Q3 conducts heavily and again starve the pass transistors or a high ambient Q3 conducts heavily and again starve the pass transistors Q-Q of base drive so as to give thermal shut down.