For Connection [root@host]# mysql -u root -p Enter password:******

Selecting MySQL Database from Command Prompt:

This is very simple to select a particular database from mysql> prompt. You can use SQL command use to select a particular database.
Example:

Here is an example to select database called TUTORIALS: [root@host]# mysql -u root -p Enter password:****** mysql> use TUTORIALS; Database changed mysql>

Data Types
Numeric Data Types:
MySQL uses all the standard ANSI SQL numeric data types, so if you're coming to MySQL from a different database system, these definitions will look familiar to you. The following list shows the common numeric data types and their descriptions.

INT - A normal-sized integer that can be signed or unsigned. If signed, the allowable range is from -2147483648 to 2147483647. If unsigned, the allowable range is from 0 to 4294967295. You can specify a width of up to 11 digits. TINYINT - A very small integer that can be signed or unsigned. If signed, the allowable range is from -128 to 127. If unsigned, the allowable range is from 0 to 255. You can specify a width of up to 4 digits. SMALLINT - A small integer that can be signed or unsigned. If signed, the allowable range is from -32768 to 32767. If unsigned, the allowable range is from 0 to 65535. You can specify a width of up to 5 digits. MEDIUMINT - A medium-sized integer that can be signed or unsigned. If signed, the allowable range is from -8388608 to 8388607. If unsigned, the allowable range is from 0 to 16777215. You can specify a width of up to 9 digits. BIGINT - A large integer that can be signed or unsigned. If signed, the allowable range is from -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807. If unsigned, the allowable range is from 0 to 18446744073709551615. You can specify a width of up to 11 digits.

FLOAT(M,D) - A floating-point number that cannot be unsigned. You can define the display length (M) and the number of decimals (D). This is not required and will default to 10,2, where 2 is the number of decimals and 10 is the total number of digits (including decimals). Decimal precision can go to 24 places for a FLOAT. DOUBLE(M,D) - A double precision floating-point number that cannot be unsigned. You can define the display length (M) and the number of decimals (D). This is not required and will default to 16,4, where 4 is the number of decimals. Decimal precision can go to 53 places for a DOUBLE. REAL is a synonym for DOUBLE. DECIMAL(M,D) - An unpacked floating-point number that cannot be unsigned. In unpacked decimals, each decimal corresponds to one byte. Defining the display length (M) and the number of decimals (D) is required. NUMERIC is a synonym for DECIMAL.

Date and Time Types: The MySQL date and time datatypes are:

DATE - A date in YYYY-MM-DD format, between 1000-01-01 and 9999-12-31. For example, December 30th, 1973 would be stored as 1973-12-30. DATETIME - A date and time combination in YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS format, between 1000-01-01 00:00:00 and 9999-12-31 23:59:59. For example, 3:30 in the afternoon on December 30th, 1973 would be stored as 1973-12-30 15:30:00. TIMESTAMP - A timestamp between midnight, January 1, 1970 and sometime in 2037. This looks like the previous DATETIME format, only without the hyphens between numbers; 3:30 in the afternoon on December 30th, 1973 would be stored as 19731230153000 ( YYYYMMDDHHMMSS ). TIME - Stores the time in HH:MM:SS format. YEAR(M) - Stores a year in 2-digit or 4-digit format. If the length is specified as 2 (for example YEAR(2)), YEAR can be 1970 to 2069 (70 to 69). If the length is specified as 4, YEAR can be 1901 to 2155. The default length is 4.

String Types:
Although numeric and date types are fun, most data you'll store will be in string format. This list describes the common string datatypes in MySQL.

CHAR(M) - A fixed-length string between 1 and 255 characters in length (for example CHAR(5)), right-padded with spaces to the specified length when stored. Defining a length is not required, but the default is 1. VARCHAR(M) - A variable-length string between 1 and 255 characters in length; for example VARCHAR(25). You must define a length when creating a VARCHAR field. BLOB or TEXT - A field with a maximum length of 65535 characters. BLOBs are "Binary Large Objects" and are used to store large amounts of binary data, such as images or other types of files. Fields defined as TEXT also hold large amounts of data; the difference between the two is that sorts and comparisons on stored data are case

sensitive on BLOBs and are not case sensitive in TEXT fields. You do not specify a length with BLOB or TEXT. TINYBLOB or TINYTEXT - A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum length of 255 characters. You do not specify a length with TINYBLOB or TINYTEXT. MEDIUMBLOB or MEDIUMTEXT - A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum length of 16777215 characters. You do not specify a length with MEDIUMBLOB or MEDIUMTEXT. LONGBLOB or LONGTEXT - A BLOB or TEXT column with a maximum length of 4294967295 characters. You do not specify a length with LONGBLOB or LONGTEXT. ENUM - An enumeration, which is a fancy term for list. When defining an ENUM, you are creating a list of items from which the value must be selected (or it can be NULL). For example, if you wanted your field to contain "A" or "B" or "C", you would define your ENUM as ENUM ('A', 'B', 'C') and only those values (or NULL) could ever populate that field.

AUTO_INCREMENT
AUTO_INCREMENT can be specified in table to increment to next possible value. Obtain AUTO_INCREMENT Values: LAST_INSERT_ID( ) is a SQL function, so you can use it from within any client that understands how to issue SQL statements. otherwise PERL and PHH scripts provide exclusive functions to retrieve auto incremented value of last record.

Create table tutorials_tbl( tutorial_id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, tutorial_title VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL, tutorial_author VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL, submission_date DATE, PRIMARY KEY ( tutorial_id ) ); NOW() is a MySQL function which returns current date and time.

Select Statement:SELECT field1, field2,...fieldN table_name1, table_name2... [WHERE Clause] [OFFSET M ][LIMIT N]

You can specify an offset using OFFSET from where SELECT will start returning records. By default offset is zero You can limit the number of returned using LIMIT attribute.

Pattern matching: % for multiple char _ for single char

MySql Transaction:Show Columns:mysql> create table testalter_tbl -> ( -> i INT, -> c CHAR(1) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec) mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM testalter_tbl; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | i | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | c | char(1) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Changing a Column Definition or Name:

To change a column's definition, use MODIFY or CHANGE clause along with ALTER command. For example, to change column c from CHAR(1) to CHAR(10), do this: mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl MODIFY c CHAR(10); With CHANGE, the syntax is a bit different. After the CHANGE keyword, you name the column you want to change, then specify the new definition, which includes the new name. Try out following example: mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl CHANGE i j BIGINT;

If you now use CHANGE to convert j from BIGINT back to INT without changing the column name, the statement be as expected: mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl CHANGE j j INT;

MySQL Table Types

ISAM ISAM had been deprecated and removed from version 5.x. All of it functionality entire replace by MyISAM. ISAM table has a hard size 4GB and is not portable. MyISAM MyISAM table type is default when you create table. MyISAM table work very fast but not transaction-safe. The size of MyISAM table depends on the operating system and the data file are portable from system to system. With MyISAM table type, you can have 64 keys per table and maximum key length of 1024 bytes. InnoDB Different from MyISAM table type, InnoDB table are transaction safe and supports row-level locking. Foreign keys are supported in InnoDB tables. The data file of InnoDB table can be stored in more than one file so the size of table depends on the disk space. Like the MyISAM table type, data file of InnoDB is portable from system to system. The disadvantage of InnoDB in comparison with MyISAM is it take more disk space. BDB BDB is similar to InnoDB in transaction safe. It supports page level locking but data file are not portable. MERGE Merge table type is added to treat multiple MyISAM tables as a single table so it remove the size limitation from MyISAM tables. HEAP Heap table is stored in memory so it is the fastest one. Because of storage mechanism, the data will be lost when the power failure and sometime it can cause the server run out of memory. Heap tables do not support columns with AUTO_INCREMENT, BLOB and TEXT characteristics.

ALTER command to add and drop INDEX: There are four types of statements for adding indexes to a table:

ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD PRIMARY KEY (column_list) : This statement adds a PRIMARY KEY, which means that indexed values must be unique and cannot be NULL. ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD UNIQUE index_name (column_list): This statement creates an index for which values must be unique (with the exception of NULL values, which may appear multiple times). ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD INDEX index_name (column_list): This adds an ordinary index in which any value may appear more than once. ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD FULLTEXT index_name (column_list): This creates a special FULLTEXT index that is used for text-searching purposes.

Here is the example to add index in an existing table. mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl ADD INDEX (c); You can drop any INDEX by using DROP clause along with ALTER command. Try out following example to drop above created index. mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl DROP INDEX (c); You can drop any INDEX by using DROP clause along with ALTER command. Try out following example to drop above created inde x. ALTER Command to add and drop PRIMARY KEY: You can add primary key as well in the same way. But make sure Primary Key works on columns which are NOT NULL. Here is the example to add primary key in an existing table. This will make a column NOT NULL first and then add it as a primary key. mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl MODIFY i INT NOT NULL; mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl ADD PRIMARY KEY (i); You can use ALTER command to drop a primary key as follows: mysql> ALTER TABLE testalter_tbl DROP PRIMARY KEY;

INSERT
Use INSERT IGNORE rather than INSERT. If a record doesn't duplicate an existing record, MySQL inserts it as usual. If the record is a duplicate, the IGNORE keyword tells MySQL to discard it silently without generating an error. Following example does not error out and same time it will not insert duplicate records.