Chapter 6: Dislocation Slip and Strengthening Mechanisms ISSUES TO ADDRESS...

Why are dislocations observed primarily in metals and alloys? What are slip systems? How to use Schmids Law to get initial active slip systems? How are strength and dislocation motion related? How do we increase strength? e.g., Strain-hardening, grain-boundary and solute hardening, and solid-solution strengthening. How can heating change strength and other properties? e.g., recrystallization and grain growth.

Plastic Deformation to Fracture: Engineering is in between

Dislocations Slip Work-Hardening Cup-cone fracture along 45 0 planes

Slip Grain-hardening Grain reorientation

Re-crystallization Stress-strain and microscopic factors can be used to engineer materials.

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+ Solid-solution and Precipitation hardening

Brittle fracture planes load

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Slip plane and Directions (Burgers vectors)

Each crystal structure (e.g., fcc, bcc, and hcp) has different allowed slip planes, occurring at specific angles to applied stress, and different slip directions, occurring at other angles. Active slip planes and directions depend upon max. shear stresses. Shear stress (not normal stress) is what causes planar slip to occur. Active slip plane is typically the most CLOSE-PACKED Planes. Active slip direction is the most CLOSE-PACKED Directions.
FCC Slip plane and Directions b b

BCC Slip Planes and Directions

Principal slip system, but other closed-packed directions {110} planes in the direction of < 1 11> Slip systems: 6 x 2 =12 Fe, Mo, W, brass

{211} planes in the direction of < 1 11> Slip systems: 12 x 1 =12 Fe, Mo, W, Na

{321} planes in the direction of < 1 11> Slip systems: 24 x 1 =24 Fe, K

(111) planes in the direction of < 1 1 0 >

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Slip systems: 4 x 3 =12

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HCP Slip Planes and Directions

Principal slip system can depend on c/a and relative orientation of load to slip planes {0001} planes in the direction of < 112 0 > Slip systems: 1 x 3 = 3

hcp Zinc single crystal

Slip and Shear Stress in a Tensile Sample

Consider: Plane at an angle to the applied load F. NORMAL Force: F N = F cos Consider: Slip along direction at angle . SHEAR Force: FS = F cos.
Adapted from Fig. 7.9, Callister 6e.

Y X

c/a 1.6333 (ideal)

Cd, Zn, Mg, Ti, Be

Area of -planes: A = A/cos (A > A) NORMAL Stress in -planes: N = FN / A = (Fcos)/ (A/cos)= cos 2 SHEAR Stress in -planes: s = F s / A = (Fcos)/ (A/cos)= cos cos

{10 1 0} planes in the direction of < 112 0 >

Slip systems: 3 x 1 = 1

Ti

{10 1 1} planes in the direction of < 112 0 >

e.g. fcc

Slip direction

Slip systems: 6 x 1 = 6

c/a 1.6333 (ideal)

Mg, Ti

Adapted from Fig. 7.8, Callister 6e.

Shear stress is what causes the slip to occur. Slip is not in same direction as tilt of plane!

MSE406: Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Materials

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MSE406: Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Materials

D.D. Johnson 2005

Slip of atomic plane via applied tensile stress HCP Zinc Resolved Shear Stress
R = cos cos

Critical Resolved Shear Stress

Condition for dislocation motion: R > CRSS Crystal orientation can make it easy or hard to move disl.
R = cos cos
typically 10-4G to 10-2G

Maximum Resolved Shear Stress

MAX R = cos cos

MAX

Occurs at == 450.

one slip system is general favored initially.

Slip is on planes ~45o from the applied stress.

Critical Resolved Shear Stress MAX R = ys 2 > CRSS Typically 10-4 to 10-2 GPa
CRSS is the min. shear stress to initiate slip. Dislocation move at ys when R > CRSS . R will vary from one crystal to another.

Plastic flow is initiated when RSS reaches a critical value, characteristic of the material, called critical RSS, when m RSS = ys (Schmids law). Schmids Law is only approximate, i.e., works for FCC, basil slip in HCP, not BCC.
MSE406: Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Materials
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MSE406: Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Materials

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CRSS versus temperature

BCC has larger *

Simple Shear: direction of Slip is in plane of tilt

Simple shear occurs when + = 90 o (a minimum value, which happens only when direction are coplanar), i.e., Normal direction is along Y' and Shear direction is along X'. Then, s = cos sin, (Where is maximum? Plot s =/m .) which is the same as you may have seen in continuum mechanics using Mohr's Circle for transforming stress to new coordinate system.

CRSS

1
*

1 > 2

bcc

covalent

I II III

fcc

Solute effect

Ionic w/ inherent less str.

For T < 0.7 Tmelt , CRSS = a + *, (which depend upon microstructure) with athermal and thermal dependent parts. Athermal a from dislocation-dislocation interaction (long-range stress fields). Thermal * arises from Peierls stress due to impurities, kinks and jogs (short-range barriers ) . Small impurities are more mobile at intermediate T and can catch up to dislocations, repinning, etc. Impurity atoms increase CRSS. (PLC effect).
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MAXIMUM Resolved Shear Stress occurs when = = 45 o called RSS,max . Slip is on the planes 45 o from the applied stress. Then RSS, max = cos 2 = /2 at = = 45 o. max min

mid

Isotropic case: max = (max - min )/2 = max /2

Uniaxial test
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Slip in Metal Polycrystals

Slip lines on surface of polycrystalline Cu (173 x)

Recall: Slip Systems in FCC are {111}<110>

stressed

Requires motion of dislocations

unstressed

12 slip systems in FCC: 4 {111} planes and 3 <110> Directions Planes: (111) ( 1 11) (11 1) (111 )

load

Grains rotate and elongate

Slip planes & directions (, ) change from one crystal to another. R will vary from one crystal to another. The crystal with the largest R yields first. Less favorably oriented crystals yield later.
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For a given direction of APPLIED Stress, there are different angles to the SLIP PLANE , , and SLIP DIRECTIONS, .
R = cos cos

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For slip, need angles between load and plane normal and load and slip direction For a given direction of APPLIED Stress, there are different angles to the SLIP PLANE , , and SLIP DIRECTIONS, .

Example: FCC Cu with Loading axis [112]

What is most likely initial slip system? If CRSS is 50 MPa, what is the tensile stress at which Cu will start to deform plastically?
Slip Plane, n Slip Dir., s
cos = l n | l || n |

cos =

R = cos cos
Angles from geometry or

a b

(111)

[0 1 1] [ 1 01] [ 1 10] [0 1 1] [101] [110] [011] [ 1 01] [110]

[011] [101] [ 1 10]

ls | l || s |

M=
cos cos

(MPa )
184 184 undef 367 122 184 122 367 184

+2 2 / 3

3 /6 3 /6
0

6 /9

6 /9
6 /18

cos = a b |a ||b |

(1 11)

2 /3

3 /6 3 /2 3 /3 3 /2 3 /6 3 /3
3 /2 3 /2

6 /6 6 /9 6 /6

Consider (101) plane with load along [100]. n = [101] and l=[100] y x

(1 1 1)

2 /3

6 /18
6 /9 0

smallest stress to cause slip (yielding)

(11 1)

cos = n l = [101][100] = 1 = 2 |n ||l | | 2 ||1| 2 2

=450

0 0

undef undef undef

Initial Slip Systems (plane, direction) are then (1 11)[101], (1 1 1)[011]

MSE406: Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Materials

D.D. Johnson 2005

MSE406: Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Materials

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Self-Assessment Example
Crystal with simple cubic structure slip planes {100} and slip directions <010>
l=[010]

Self-Assessment on Slip
What are slip planes and slip directions of BCC crystals? What are the most close-packed planes? What are the most close-packed directions?
m M

Load is applied along [010]. Determine Schmid factor, M, and what slip occurs.
slip plane n (100) (010) (001) , cos . l n 90 , 0.0 00, 1.0 900, 0.0
0

slip dir. s [010] [001] [100] [001] [100] [010]

, cos . l s 0 , 1.0 900, 0.0 900, 0.0 900, 0.0 900, 0.0 00, 1.0
0

Are there other planes possible? Why? Resolved Shear stress

cos cos 0 0 0

R = cos cos

Is there any slip? Why? If no slip, what must happen finally to material as load is increased?
MSE406: Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Materials
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MSE406: Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Materials

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Bicrystals and Compatibility

z y x A B

z y x A B

Bicrystals and Slip

Each bicrystal must have six strain components: 3 tensile and 3 shear: ii , (tensile) and ij (shear) with i=1,3 and j=1,3. To have compatibility of strains at interface (grain boundary) must have: 11 A = 11 B , 33 A = 33 B , and 13 A = 13 B . Because one grain has a larger value of cos cos [smaller Schmid factor (1/m)], the above constraints restrict the deformation of this more favorably oriented grain and result in a higher YS (greater work-hardening response) of the bicrystal. Niobium (bcc)
poly-xtal bi-xtal For poly-xtals, more restrictive constraint are required than those above. While each grain has 3 tensile and 3 shear components, plastic deformation has volume constraint, or 11+ 22+ 33=0. Thus, 5 independent slip systems are needed in vicinity of g.b. to have compatibility!
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If A + B comprise 1 single crystal of the same materials, e.g. bcc Nb, then it is compatible by definition. If A + B comprise 2 bi-crystals of the same materials, e.g. bcc Nb, then it can be highly compatible: boundary is less significant primary slip is active If A + B material are not compatible, then boundary is significant secondary slip is activated near g.b. Additional strengthening effect is associated with reduced grain size, as (1/d) n, where n~1/2-1/3

grain boundary A B

grain boundary F/

single-xtal
MSE406: Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Materials

MSE406: Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Materials

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Example: Bicrystal Slip Systems - must consider both halves!

[0 1 1]

Summary
Dislocations are observed primarily in metals and alloys. Initial active slip can be predicted. During tensile test, sample must rotate by constraint from equipment. Geometric dislocations can also be created. Grain boundaries not only affect dislocation motion bit may also generate dislocation when stress is high enough.

[001] 2 [100]

1 [100]

Note orientation of crystal halves. Slip systems must be from slip system is {100}<100>. ** Not all slip directions are possible; from diagram, you see that (a) slip direction [100] does not lie in slip plane (100) (b) slip direction [010] does not lie in slip plane (010) (c) slip direction [001] does not lie in slip plane (001) So, these must be ignored (also true for the negative of these).

A bicrystal (marked as half #1 and #2) with a simple cubic crystal structure is oriented as shown. (a) What are the load axis directions for #1 and #2? (b) From cos cos, determine which crystal will slip first if the slip system is {100}<100> ? (Make a table of load axes, slip plane and direction, cosines, and 1/m for both crystals) (c) What are the initial active slip systems? (a) In half #1, the load axis is What is it for half #2?
i l 1 = [100]x[0 1 1] = 1 j k 0 0 = [0 1 1 ]

0 1 1

(b) With this load axis for #1, there are 3 slip planes: Some slip direction can be ignored, such as Show: primary slip system with (max.) cos cos = 1/2 is

(1 00),(0 1 0), and (00 1 ) [1 00] in (1 00) plane (0 1 0)[00 1 ] and (00 1 )[0 1 0]

(c) Show that #2 has no primary slip systems! Hence only #1 will exhibit initial slip!

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Strength is increased by making dislocation motion difficult. Next topic.

MSE406: Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Materials
D.D. Johnson 2005