Pakistan Studies

Presentation On:

Water Resources of Pakistan

Submitted By:
Group No. 3 Group Leader: Saad Amir Speakers: Muhammad Ahsan Qureshi, Kamran Ali, Shabbir Ahmed Qureshi & Syed Husnain BSCS 1st - Semester (Morning)

Submitted To:
Sir Maj.Khalil Asst.Professor Faculty. of IT & Engineering

Timing: 12:15-13:30 Date of Presentation: 10-12-2012

National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad

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Contents
Sr.No. 1 2 3 4 Subjects Introduction Historical Perspective Catchments of Indus river System Water Resources of Pakistan a. Rainfall b. Glaciers c. Rivers and Dams d. Surface Water Resources e. Ground Water Resources f. Soon after the initiation of the SCARP program g. Future of water resources and needs Development potential and future strategies a. Improve surface storage capacity b. Conjunctive use of ground water c. Increase the efficiency of existing system Water Demand and Availability a. The Irrigation System of Pakistan Conservation of Water Resources in Pakistan a. Water Conservation Strategy Indus Water Treaty between Pak and India a. Provisions b. History and background c. World Bank involvement d. Treaty provisions Strategic Analysis Conclusion Bibliographic Search Shabbir Ahmed Qureshi Responsibility Saad Amir Page No. 03 03 04 04

M.Ahsan Qureshi

07 Kamran Ali 08 09 10 Syed Husnain

6 7 8

9 10 11

Saad Amir

13 14 15

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Abstract
Water is an essential element for survival of living things. It is vital factor for economic development for augmenting growth of agriculture and industry. The presentation analyzes the water resources and conservation strategy of Pakistan. Since independence our country constructed only two big dams i.e. Tarbela and Mangla. The sedimentation condition in these dams is also declining the storage capacity. The study indicates that due to stagnant water resources the per capita water availability is decreasing at an alarming rate. The study highlights the proposed and ongoing water projects. Finally the presentation also articulates the water conservation strategy for Pakistan in order to fulfill the future requirements.

1. Introduction:
Water is one of the basic necessities of life. The usage of water can be divided in three broad categories i.e. domestic consumption, commercial/industrial use and usage for land irrigation. Water is also important element of the worlds ecological system. God has gifted Pakistan with abundant water resources, with rivers flowing down the Himalayas and Karakoram heights from the worlds largest glaciers and free and unique bounty for this land. Pakistan is basically an agrarian economy. Out of its total geographical area of 79.61 million hectares, cultivated area is 22.05 million hectares. The total area under irrigation is 19.02 million hectares (Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan 2005-06). Irrigated land supplies more than 90 percent of agricultural production and most of the country food. Agriculture sector is regarded as the backbone of the Pakistans economy. It contributes 25 percent of the GDP. About more than 50 percent labour force is employed in this sector. Agriculture sector is also the major user of water and its consumption will continue to dominate water requirement. Similarly for industrial development main source of energy is hydropower which is generated by dint of water stored in big dams and reservoirs. Therefore the importance of the water for the survival of our economy cannot be denied. The objective of this presentation is to analyze in-depth the water resources and conservation strategies for Pakistan.

2. Historical Perspective:
The Almighty Allah has gifted Pakistan with abundant water resources with water flowing down the Himalayas and Karakorum heights from the world's largest glaciers, a free and unique bounty of nature for this land of alluvial plains. As a result of this natural resource, today we have the world's marvelous and the largest contiguous irrigation system that currently irrigates over 16 million hectares of land, out of 34 million hectares of cultivable lands available. This land lies within the plains formed by river Indus and its tributaries. Britishers started the barrage irrigation system during 1930s. However, before that the residents of Punjab, Sindh, and Frontier had constructed a number of inundation canals to irrigate their lands. In the Punjab, 38 such canals had been taken out of Sutlej, Indus, and Chenab rivers to irrigate areas around Bari Doab, Multan, Muzaffargarh, and Dera Ghazi Khan. In Sindh, water level of the Indus during summer had always been higher than the surrounding lands, thus, 16 inundation canals in this area had conveniently carried out the irrigation water during past century. However, British Army Engineers undertook construction and improvement of several irrigation canals in the sub-continent. Subsequently, remodeling/construction works on Bari Doab Canal; Sidhnai Canal, Lower Sohag, Ramnagar Canal, Lower Jhelum Canal, Kabul Canal, and Lower Sawat were completed by the
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end of l9th century. However, at the time of independence country had 29 canals to provide regulated supply to an area of about 11 million hectares, beside an area of about 3.2 million hectares irrigated through inundation canals leading from Indus and its tributaries. These main inundation canals included Upper Sutlej, Lower Sutlej, Shahpur, and Chenab in Punjab; whereas, Rohri, Fuleli, Pinyari, and Kalri in Sindh. However, after the construction of barrages these canals are no more inundation canals but get regulated water supply and some of them have become perennial while few are nonperennial. We have entered into 21st century with world's largest and unified irrigation system that consists of three major reservoirs (Chashma, Mangla, and Tarbela); 19 barrages (Ferozepur, Sulemanki, Islam, Balloki, Marala, Trimmu, Panjnad, Kalabagh, Sukkur, Kotri, Taunsa, Guddu, Chashma, Mailsi,Sidhnai, Rasul, Qadirabad, and Marala); 12 link canals; 45 irrigation canals; and over 107,000 water courses and millions of farm channels & field ditches. The total length of main canal system is estimated about 585000 Kilometer (36932 miles) and that of watercourses & field channels exceeds 1.62 million Kilometers (over 1.02 million miles).

3. Catchments of Indus river system:

The Indus basin is a part of the catchments of the Indus river system that includes the northwest mountains, the Katchi plain, desert areas of Sindh, Bahawalpur, and the Rann of Kachh. The Indus and its major tributaries flow in longitudinal valleys in structural troughs paralleled to the mountain and invariably take an acute bend descending to the alluvial plains by cutting through mountains. These plains are stretched over a distance of 1528 Kilometers (950 miles) to the tidal delta near the Arabian Sea. The total catchment area of Indus River system spreads over 944,573 square kilometers (364,700 square miles). Of which 553,416 square kilometers (213,674 square miles) exist in Pakistan with a varying width of over 320 kilometers (nearly 200 miles) in the Punjab to about 80 kilometers (50 miles) in the narrow neck between the Thar Desert and the Khirthar mountains. The flat plain of Indus basin is made up of highly fertile alluvium deposited by the river Indus and its tributaries. Agriculture is concentrated essentially to this plain, where it has been developed by harnessing principal surface water resources available. Since, evaporation is high with meager and unreliable rainfall over Indus plains, hence, agriculture is wholly dependent on irrigation supplies. The river Indus and its tributaries are like a funnel, they rise in the northern mountain areas, receive water from various resources (snow, glacier melt, and rainfall), converge into a single stream at Panjnad (Mithankot), cover about 1005 Kilometers (625 miles) through the Sindh province, and finally discharge into Arabian sea.

4.

Water Resources of Pakistan:

There are two types of major resources of water in Pakistan, natural and artificial. Natural resources include rainfall, rivers, glaciers, ponds, lakes, streams, karez and wells etc. whereas artificial resources consist of the surface water from rainfall and rivers, which is in excess of the requirements for irrigation and other uses, is stored in dams and reservoirs. The water from these dams and reservoirs is not only used for irrigation and supplying water for daily consumption, but also used for hydroelectric power generation.

a)

Rainfall

There are two major sources of rainfall in Pakistan i.e. the Monsoons and the Western Disturbances. There is about 70 percent of the annual Monsoon rainfall from July to September. Pakistan has both arid and semi-arid zones. The entire Indus plain receives an average
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seasonal rainfall of 212mm and 53mm in the Kharif and Rabi seasons respectively. The rainfall varies as we move from the north and northeast to the south of the country. It is only the canal command areas in the NWFP and the northern-most canal commands of the Punjab Province that receive some appreciable amount of rainfall during the summer as well as in the winter season. b) Glaciers There are more glaciers in Pakistan than any other land except North and South Poles. The glacier area of Pakistan is about 13,680 sq km and on the average is 3 percent of mountainous region of upper Indus Basin and accounts for most of the river turnoff in summer. Pakistan has greatest mass and collection of glaciers on the earth. In Karakoram Range, the total length of glaciers is 160 km. About 37 percent of the Karakoram area is under its glacier, Himalayas has17 percent and European Alps has 22 percent. It was estimated the total area of glacier of the upper Indus catchments is about 2,250 sq km, which is mainly from most of the river runoff in the summer season. The snow fed Kabul river starts from the Unal Pass in the southern Hindukash is at an elevation of 3,000 meters above the sea level. After flowing in the eastern Afghanistan, it enters Pakistan from north of Khyber Pass. The Jhelum River originates from Kashmir at lower elevation than that of Indus River (Pakistan Water Strategy Report). c) Rivers and Dams Pakistan has been blessed with a number of rivers which are tributaries to the Indus. The five main rivers which join Indus from eastern side are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, beside three minor rivers are the Haro, Soan and Siran. There are number of small rivers which join the River Indus from the west side, in which biggest river is Kabul and others are Kunar, Punj, and Kora. The Gomal Kurram, Tai, Kohat Tank and several other small streams join the Indus River from the right side. d) Surface water resources Irrigated agriculture was, still is, and will remain in future the backbone of Pakistan's economy. Nature has blessed Pakistan with abundant surface and subsurface water resources. These resources had been exploited and utilized for agricultural, domestic, and industrial purposes in the past and will continue to be explored in future. The river Indus and its tributaries provide the surface water. At the time of independence, we had about 67 MAF water available for diversion, this amount increased to about 85 MAF by the year 1960. At this juncture, the right of three eastern rivers (Beas, Sutlej, and Ravi) was given to India under Irrigation Water Treaty 1960, during this period; Indus Basin Project (IBP) was implemented with international assistance of the World Bank. IBP enabled Pakistan to acquire significant capability of river flow regulation through integrated system. By the dint of river regulation-cum-storage facilities of IBP and other irrigation developments on the river Indus, canal diversions progressively increased and peaked to about 108 MAF. The recent statistical data shows that the River Indus and its tributaries provide about 147 MAF during flood season. Out of which nearly 106 MAF is diverted into canals and is available for agriculture, while, about 32 MAF outflows into sea, whereas, over 8.6 MAF is considered as evaporation and seepage losses in the river system. It is worth mention here that during last 3-5 years hardly 2-5 MAF water has flown into sea, whereas, at least 12 MAF must be left to sea in order to control intrusion of brackish water.

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e) Ground water resources The Indus plains constitute about 34 million hectares (over 85 million acres) of cultivable land, which is under-lain predominantly by sand alluvium to a considerable depth. Annual recharge to ground water system of this Indus plain is estimated around 55 MAF, out of which about 48 MAF is within the commands of Indus basin irrigation system (IBIS). Presently, 39 MAF is being extracted annually. Ground water is also found in some rain-fed (Barani) lands, and intermountain valleys at depths varying from 100 to 200 ft. During 1950s, large area in the Indus basin became waterlogged and soil salinity increased adversely affecting the agricultural productivity. It was the time when government got involved and took initiatives in the ground water development. The efforts began to control the twin menaces of waterlogging and salinity by the way of providing drainage facilities. Government embarked on a series of SCARPs in the late 1950s aimed at lowering the ground water table by providing "vertical drainage" through large capacity deep tube wells. Because of better economic returns, priority was given to locating SCARPs in the areas with ground water quality suitable for supplemental irrigation, making the drainage a by product in effect. During past four decades, about 15000 SCARP tube wells have been installed by the Government in 57 projects covering a gross area of about 7.7 million hectares affected land for putting it back into production. Almost 75% of all SCARP tube wells were installed in the Punjab. About 81% of total tube wells installed in Punjab province are located in fresh ground water areas, whereas, remaining 19% tube wells have been installed in saline ground water areas. The tube wells installed in the fresh ground water areas have been pumping water directly into watercourses; thus, they are being used for irrigation in addition to canal water. However, the tube wells installed in the areas with saline ground water, discharge saline water directly into drains, from where it is being disposed of. f) Soon after the initiation of the SCARP program

Large-scale development of ground water was started by the private tube wells. According to latest reports issued by the Government of Pakistan, the number of private tube wells has increased from 27000 to over 400000 during period between 1964 and 1995. All of the 400000 private tube wells have been installed in fresh ground water zones and are being used for irrigation purposes. About 80 per cent of these tube wells are located in Punjab and supply around 40 per cent of total irrigation in the province.

g)

Future of water resources and needs

One of the key issues to Pakistan is the growing population pressure, which is responsible for driving its water resource development. It has the world's fastest growing population that has surpassed the 140 million mark by now and is still increasing at an alarming rate of around 2.8%, which needs to be checked, whereas the growth rate in agriculture sector remains somehow lower than the demand due to limiting irrigation water. To keep up the pace of agricultural growth comparable to population growth, we must bring additional lands under cultivation. In order to achieve the required growth targets in agriculture, we will need estimated amounts of about 149 MAF by 2000, 215 MAF by year 2013 and about 277 MAF by year 2025. This scenario warns that Pakistan has already slid from water affluent country to a water scare country and already a shortage of over 40 MAF persists and it will increase to a projected water shortage of over 108 MAF, and 151 MAF by years 2013 and 2025, respectively. Since no additional water is available, it is better to improve the existing water system and land capabilities; otherwise, Pakistan will be facing acute shortages of food, fiber, and edible oils in near future. It is time to recognize our responsibilities and start taking steps in right direction. We must keep eye on the issues such as,
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inadequate management and inefficient operation of irrigation systems, poor water application &unequal water distribution, depletion of ground water resources, reduction in storage capacities of existing system, and wastage of summer river surpluses and slow agricultural growth.

5.

Development potential and future strategies:

a) Improve surface storage capacity Future development of the country depends on water resources expansion and management. It has been recognized that more than 83 MAF water can be generated through various resources (See Table). These potential resources include; surface water 33 MAF, ground water 9 MAF, watercourse improvement 15 MAF, minor canals 5 MAF, and distributaries 21 MAF. According to a report of working group on water resources for the 7th five year plan (1987), no new storage have been created after the completion of Tarbela due to rising controversies over the construction of such reservoirs. Thus, it has become necessary to focus on small size irrigation schemes (storage on rivers). There is a need to construct small dams on rivers Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, and their small tributaries. The potential sites for these small reservoirs/dams need to be surveyed. However, some of these sites are located at "Sehwan-Manchar Lake, Chotiari depression, Hamal Lake, Skardu, Bunji, Kohala, Kunhar, Rohtas, Neelam Valley, Ambahar, Dhok Pathan, Dhok Abakki, and Thal Reservoir" those may be explored/utilized. The level of Mangla dam can also be raised to increase its storage capacity. Another option is to manage the existing irrigation system in a better way and undertake new schemes wherever possible. b) Conjunctive use of ground water Conjunctive use refers to the co-ordinate, combined, creative exploitation, and judicious use of ground water for sustained development. It deals with neither over extraction nor under extraction of the source. This option has technically and economically been considered as the most viable strategy in the past studies. But, the tragedy of this source is that the government has no effective control over the excessive pumping of ground water in some areas, hence, it has started to diminish in those areas. The ground water table has already started declining in 14 out of 45 canal commands. Due to over-exploitation of this resource, the sustainability of irrigated agriculture is facing a new threat in some of the canal commands in Punjab. This situation needs to be checked and addressed urgently. However, Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) has a potential of around 48 MAF water within its commands and nearly 39 MAF of ground water is being extracted annually. This leaves with 9 MAF of water still available at this source. This amount could be extracted and utilized for irrigation purpose. c) Increase the efficiency of existing system The unchecked growth of population has increased pressure on land and water resources throughout the world; thus, it has become imperative to conserve our water supplies. New sources of supply are becoming scare and are unlikely to be constructed in the near future due to geopolitical reasons, naturally, the emphasis must be given on methods that can salvage the supplies already being lost within the irrigation system in the form of seepage. Several reports have shown that about 25 to 30% of the water is being lost in the conveyance system of the different countries of the world. A considerable amount of water is lost during its conveyance due to seepage in lengthy canals; lining of the system channels could reduce these losses. As
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reported by WAPDA, more than 5 MAF of irrigation water could be saved by lining the minor canals only, and additional amount of about 3.6 MAF could be saved by water course improvement (see, GOP, Sixth five year plan, 1983-88), this makes a total saving of over 8.6 MAF. However, due to financial constrains, it is not possible to line entire canal system thus, the portions with high potential of seepage and those located in the areas with high salt content could be lined, by doing so, not only huge quantities of irrigation water could be saved but also the risk of water logging and salinity could be reduced. This would result in saving of huge investments that otherwise are required for drainage projects. Also, the existing system requires development of new irrigation projects on non-perennial basis. It has been stemmed out in the Water Apportionment Accord (WAA) of 1991, that remodeling / construction of non-perennial canals should be taken, this would not only provide additional water for agriculture but also save a bulk amount (derived during monsoon) from flowing into sea. In this regard construction of Thar Canal in Sindh (non-perennial canal) should be undertaken to carry the additional water during monsoon season.

6.

Water Demand and Availability:

The level of agricultural production is directly related to the availability and effective use of wateras a major input. The demand for water is increasing rapidly, while the opportunities for furtherdevelopment of water resources are diminishing. Several reasons for growing water strategies could be attributed to expansion in irrigationactivities for boosting food and nonfood production to meet the increasing demand of growingpopulation and growth in civic population needing large supply of water. Salinity is another severeproblem to be tackled. Salinity mainly occurs in some irrigated land rocking water in the soil whichabsorbs mineral salts from the earth. Due to evaporation of water, such salts dry out on the soil surfaceand deplete its fertility. It is estimated that salinity has damaged about 25 percent of cultivated land.Reclamation of salined land is too much expensive. In Pakistan half of the run water (it is water falls onthe country is collected in river, lakes and dams) is drawn about as much gain from the under groundspin aquifer. By 2025 water demand would be 92 percent entire runoff. It is estimated that 25 percentabout has been destroyed due to salinity. For irrigation purpose, only one third of water is used.Efficient use of water is enrollment friendly. Both over watering a poor drainage system arecompounding the salinity problem (Kaleem Omar, 2007)Managing the Indus River Basin the Light of climate changes, water supply is falling behindagricultural and urban demand particularly in Karachi where population growth exceeds the physicalinstitutional capacity of the public water system (Kaleem Omar, 2004).Allocation of water among the provinces used to be made on adhoc grounds up to March 1991, when there was mutual consensus in the form of inter-Provincial water accord. Unfortunately, due to drought of the late 1990s continued in to the 21st century the accord remained unworkable. This hasmade imperative to work out an efficient and equitable management strategy about Indus Basin. There has been growing realization to economize water. Through using best cultivation techniques for proper water management. a) The Irrigation System of Pakistan

The irrigation system of Pakistan is the largest integrated irrigation network in the world, serving42 million acres of cultivated land. This system is fed by the water of the Indus River and its tributaries. The salient features of the irrigation system are given in the following table 1.

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Table-1 Salient Features of Irrigation System of Pakistan Major Storage Reservoirs Small Dams (Appox. 3.00 MAF) Barrages Inter-River Link Canals Independent Irrigation Canal Commands Structure No. 03 80 19 12 45

The major storage reservoirs include Tarbela, Chashma on Indus River and Mangla on Jhelum River. The total length of main canals and distributaries are 64,000 km. whereas watercoursescomprise another 1,621,000 km. The diversion of river waters into off taking canals is made through12barrages, which are gated diversion weirs. The main canals in turn deliver water to branch canals,distributaries and minors. The watercourses get their share of water thorough outlets in the irrigationchannels. Distribution of water from watercourses is effected through a time schedule calledWarabandi.

7.

Conservation of Water Resources in Pakistan:

Scarcity of water and drought has been compelled the countries to adopt the conservationmeasures. In the scare water situation, Islam do not permits unnecessary utilization of water. Scrolling the pages of Islamic history, we witness the struggle of Hazrat Hajira for water under blazing sun in theburning desert and sprouting of water spring from the rocky soil as a gift from Allah. The efforts forsearch of water was so much liked by the Almighty Allah that it has become a fundamental part of Hajjtill the Day of Judgment. Moreover, cessation of water with stones to avoid its wastage and stocking itfor long time besides saying Zam Zam means stop was the first step towards water storage, whichled to concept for construction of dams. The construction of dams in Pakistan is imperative, as only two dams have been constructedafter 1947, whereas, India and Turkey has constructed 24 and 65 dams respectively during the sameperiod. The sedimentation in reservoirs is increasing drastically not just scuttled resources for irrigationbut also lower energy production which also effects on industrial sectors expansion and efficiency ofagriculture. The government is working on prospect projects for raising the storage in order to meet thefuture water and energy consumption of our country. The details of the prospective storage projects are given in Table 2. Table-2 Name of Project Storage Capacity (MAF) Live Gross 6.4 7.30 6.10 3.60 0.56 7.90 7.00 1.00 Installed Capacity (MW) 4500 3600 4000 600 600 Status

Basha Dam Kalabagh Dam Skardu Dam Akhori Dam Munda Dam

Engineering Design (Under Preparation) Ready for Implementation Under Feasibility Study Akhori Dam -doEngineering Design (Under Preparation)
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The critical issue in water sector is to resolve the scarcity of water through augmentation and conservation. The augmentation of water supplies by implementing high priority projects like Raising of Mangla Dam, construction of Gomal Zam Dam, Greater Thal Canal, Rainee Canal, Kachhi Canal, Mirani Dam, Sat Para Dam, Sabakzai Dam, Kurram Tangi Dam, Diamer Basha Dam, Munda Dam and other medium and small reservoirs. Priority will be given to the completion of ongoing schemes at advance stages. It is estimated that on completion of these projects an area of 3,239,882 acres will be irrigated. a) Water Conservation Strategy To work out a sound and cogent water conservation strategy is the need of the time, as demand for water continues to rise because of increasing use of water in agriculture and industry for the purpose of economic development and due to rapid growth of population, whereas there is limited supply of water. Water management is the biggest challenge of 21st century confronted by the country, as irrigated agriculture is 24 percent of GDP, the livelihood for the majority of country and input of agrobased industry/exports. It has been made known that a considerable amount of water is lost during its 14 conveyance for the seepage in the lengthy canals. Proper lining of the canal system could reduce these losses. According to a WAPDA Report more than 5 MAF of irrigation could be saved by lining of minor canals and addition 3.6 MAF could be saved by improvement of water courses. It is heartening to note that Government of the Punjab has introduced modern telemetery system to check and control water theft by the farmers. In order to overcome the menacing challenge of water shortage and its losses, it has become imperative to work on the lines of Blue Revolution which is threshold of the strategy meant for making use of more effective techniques and obtaining optimum results for reduction in water losses. The definition of Blue Revolution has been coined as a system of drip irrigation that delivers water directly to the roots of crops by cutting use of water by 30 to 70 percent and raising crop yield on the average by 20 to 90 percent.

8.

Indus Water Treaty between Pak and India:

The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-sharing treatybetween the Republic of India and Islamic Republic of Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank (then theInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development). The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by Indian Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru and President of PakistanMohammad Ayub Khan. The treaty was a result of Pakistani fear that since the source rivers of the Indus basin were in India, it could potentially create droughts and famines in Pakistan, especially at times of war. However, India did not revoke the treaty during any of three later Indo-Pakistani Wars. a) Provisions The Indus System of Rivers comprises three Western Rivers the Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab and three Eastern Rivers - the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi and with minor exceptions, the treaty gives India exclusive use of all of the waters of the Eastern Rivers and their tributaries before the point where the rivers enter Pakistan. Similarly, Pakistan has exclusive use of the Western Rivers. Pakistan also received one-time financial compensation for the loss of water from the Eastern Rivers. The countries agree to exchange data and co-operate in matters related to the treaty. For this purpose, treaty creates the Permanent Indus Commission, with a commissioner appointed by each country.

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b) History and background The waters of the Indus basin begin in Chinese Tibet and the Himalayan mountains in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. They flow from the hills through the arid states of Punjab and Sindh, converging in Pakistan and emptying into the Arabian Sea south of Karachi. Where once there was only a narrow strip of irrigated land along these rivers, developments over the last century have created a large network of canals and storage facilities that provide water for more than 26 million acres (110,000 km2) - the largest irrigated area of any one river system in the world. The partition of British India created a conflict over the plentiful waters of the Indus basin. The newly formed states were at odds over how to share and manage what was essentially a cohesive and unitary network of irrigation. Furthermore, the geography of partition was such that the source rivers of the Indus basin were in India. Pakistan felt its livelihood threatened by the prospect of Indian control over the tributaries that fed water into the Pakistani portion of the basin. Where India certainly had its own ambitions for the profitable development of the basin, Pakistan felt acutely threatened by a conflict over the main source of water for its cultivable land. During the first years of partition the waters of the Indus were apportioned by the InterDominion Accord of May 4, 1948. This accord required India to release sufficient waters to the Pakistani regions of the basin in return for annual payments from the government of Pakistan. The accord was meant to meet immediate requirements and was followed by negotiations for a more permanent solution. Neither side, however, was willing to compromise their respective positions nordid negotiations reach a stalemate. From the Indian point of view, there was nothing that Pakistan could do to prevent India from any of the schemes to divert the flow of water in the rivers. Pakistans position was dismal and India could do whatever it wanted.[2] Pakistan wanted to take the matter to the International Court of Justice but India refused, arguing that the conflict required a bilateral resolution. By 1951, the two sides were no longer meeting and the situation seemed intractable. The Pakistani press was calling for more drastic action and the deadlock contributed to hostility with India. As one anonymous Indian official said at the time, "India and Pakistan can go on shouting on Kashmir for all time to come, but an early settlement on the Indus waters is essential for maintenance of peace in the sub-continent" (Gulati 16). Despite the unwillingness to compromise, both nations were anxious to find a solution, fully aware that the Indus conflict could lead to overt hostilities if unresolved. c) World Bank involvement In this same year, David Lilienthal, formerly the chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority and of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission visited the region to write a series of articles for Colliers magazine. Lilienthal had a keen interest in the subcontinent and was welcomed by the highest levels of both Indian and Pakistani governments. Although his visit was sponsored by Colliers, Lilienthal was briefed by State Department and executive branch officials, who hoped he could help bridge the gap between India and the United States and also gauge hostilities on the subcontinent. During the course of his visit, it became clear to Lilienthal that tensions between India and Pakistan were acute, but also unable to be erased with one sweeping gesture. In his journal he wrote: "India and Pakistan were on the verge of war over Kashmir. There seemed to be no possibility of negotiating this issue until tensions abated. One way to reduce hostility would be to concentrate on other important issues where cooperation was possible. Progress in these areas would promote a sense of community between the two nations which might, in time, lead to a Kashmir settlement. Accordingly, I proposed that India and Pakistan work out a program
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jointly to develop and jointly to operate the Indus Basin river system, upon which both nations were dependent for irrigation water. With new dams and irrigation canals, the Indus and its tributaries could be made to yield the additional water each country needed for increased food production. In the article I had suggested that the World Bank might use its good offices to bring the parties to agreement, and help in the financing of an Indus Development program. (Gulhati 93)" Lilienthal's idea was well received by officials at the World Bank, and, subsequently, by the Indian and Pakistani governments. Eugene R. Black, then president of the World Bank told Lilienthal that his proposal "makes good sense all round". Black wrote that the Bank was interested in the economic progress of the two countries and had been concerned that the Indus dispute could only be a serious handicap to this development. India's previous objections to third party arbitration were remedied by the Bank's insistence that it would not adjudicate the conflict, but, instead, work as a conduit for agreement. Black also made a distinction between the "functional" and "political" aspects of the Indus dispute. In his correspondence with Indian and Pakistan leaders, Black asserted that the Indus dispute could most realistically be solved if the functional aspects of disagreement were negotiated apart from political considerations. He envisioned a group that tackled the question of how best to utilize the waters of the Indus Basin - leaving aside questions of historic rights or allocations. Black proposed a Working Party made up of Indian, Pakistani and World Bank engineers. The World Bank delegation would act as a consultative group, charged with offering suggestions and speeding dialogue. In his opening statement to the Working Party, Black spoke of why he was optimistic about the group's success: One aspect of Mr. Lilienthal's proposal appealed to me from the first. I mean his insistence that the Indus problem is an engineering problem and should be dealt with by engineers. One of the strengths of the engineering profession is that, all over the world, engineers speak the same language and approach problems with common standards of judgment. (Gulhati 110) Black's hopes for a quick resolution to the Indus dispute were premature. While the Bank had expected that the two sides would come to an agreement on the allocation of waters, neither India nor Pakistan seemed willing to compromise their positions. While Pakistan insisted on its historical right to waters of all the Indus tributaries, and that half of West Punjab was under threat of desertification the Indian side argued that the previous distribution of waters should not set future allocation. Instead, the Indian side set up a new basis of distribution, with the waters of the Western tributaries going to Pakistan and the Eastern tributaries to India. The substantive technical discussions that Black had hoped for were stymied by the political considerations he had expected to avoid. The World Bank soon became frustrated with this lack of progress. What had originally been envisioned as a technical dispute that would quickly untangle itself became an intractable mess. India and Pakistan were unable to agree on the technical aspects of allocation, let alone the implementation of any agreed upon distribution of waters. Finally, in 1954, after nearly two years of negotiation, the World Bank offered its own proposal, stepping beyond the limited role it had apportioned for itself and forcing the two sides to consider concrete plans for the future of the basin. The proposal offered India the three eastern tributaries of the basin and Pakistan the three western tributaries. Canals and storage dams were to be constructed to divert waters from the western rivers and replace the eastern river supply lost by Pakistan. While the Indian side was amenable to the World Bank proposal, Pakistan found it unacceptable. The World Bank allocated the eastern rivers to India and the western rivers to Pakistan. This new distribution did not account for the historical usage of the Indus basin, or the fact that West Punjab's Eastern districts could turn into desert, and repudiated Pakistan's negotiating position. Where India had stood for a new system of allocation, Pakistan felt that its
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share of waters should be based on pre-partition distribution. The World Bank proposal was more in line with the Indian plan and this angered the Pakistani delegation. They threatened to withdraw from the Working Party and negotiations verged on collapse. But neither side could afford the dissolution of talks. The Pakistani press met rumors of and ends to negotiation with talk of increased hostilities; the government was ill-prepared to forego talks for a violent conflict with India and was forced to reconsider its position. India was also eager to settle the Indus issue; large development projects were put on hold by negotiations and Indian leaders were eager to divert water for irrigation. In December 1954, the two sides returned to the negotiating table. The World Bank proposal was transformed from a basis of settlement to a basis for negotiation and the talks continued, stop and go, for the next six years. One of the last stumbling blocks to an agreement concerned financing for the construction of canals and storage facilities that would transfer water from the eastern Indian rivers to Pakistan. This transfer was necessary to make up for the water Pakistan was giving up by ceding its rights to the eastern tributaries. The World Bank initially planned for India to pay for these works, but India refused. The Bank responded with a plan for external financing supplied mainly by the United States and the United Kingdom. This solution cleared the remaining stumbling blocks to agreement and the Treaty was signed by the Prime Ministers of both countries in 1960. d) Treaty provisions The agreement set up a commission to adjudicate any future disputes arising over the allocation of waters. The Permanent Indus Commission has survived two wars and provides an on-going mechanism for consultation and conflict resolution through inspection, exchange of data, and visits. The Commission is required to meet regularly to discuss potential disputes as well as cooperative arrangements for the development of the basin. Either party must notify the other of plans to construct any engineering works which would affect the other party and to provide data about such works. In cases of disagreement, a neutral expert is called in for mediation and arbitration. While neither side has initiated projects that could cause the kind of conflict that the Commission was created to resolve, the annual inspections and exchange of data continue, unperturbed by tensions on the subcontinent.

9.

Strategic Analysis:
New Dams require extensive benefit sharing-especially those that are contentious Climate change is forcing response in water sector-it has to be both demand and supply side driven Undertake research on development, management, conservation, utilization and quality of water resources. Develop and maintain National Water Resources Database Design, develop and evaluate water conservation technologies. Undertake contractual research and provide consultancy services to the private and public sector. Establish liaison and collaborate with other related national and international research and development organizations. Publish scientific papers, reports, periodicals, arrange seminars, training workshops and conferences on water related issues. Conduct, organize, coordinate and promote research on all aspects of water resources, including irrigation, drainage, reclamation, navigation, drinking water, industrial water, and sewerage management and to set up national centers, wherever necessary.
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Advise the government and submit policy recommendations regarding quality, development, management, conservation and utilization of water resources. Develop and maintain national water resources database, for use by the planning, implementing agencies and public. Design, develop and evaluate water conservation technologies for irrigation, drinking and industrial water. Initiate national water quality monitoring programme, in the urban and rural areas of Pakistan and develop technologies for providing safe drinking water to the public. Conduct and coordinate research or desertification, drought and flood mitigation. We have resources and we need to utilize them and government may make more schools and children should get educated and be our future heroes. So the thing is that we are not a water starved country, we have lots of resources!

10.

Conclusion:
The problems faced by the water sector in the country are many, acute and serious. Therefore, building of more reservoirs and an effective management strategy are the needs of time. Also implementation of the recommendations will enable the country to meet the challenges, and achieve the objectives of integrated, efficient, environmentally and financially sustainable development and management of limited water resources. At the same time it will enable us to utilize every drop of our water for our bright future.

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11. Bibliographic Search:

Altaf, A.,Mir, Whittington, D., Haroon, J. & Smith, V.K. (1993) Rethinking, Rural Water Supply Policy in the Punjab, Water Resources Research, 29(7), pp. 1943-1954. Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan, different issues, Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock, Government of Pakistan. Indus River System Authority (IRSA), Different Reports on Water, Ministry of Water &Power, Government of Pakistan. Lieftinck, P., Sadove, R.A & Creyke, T.A (1968) Water and Power Resources of West Pakistan: A Study in Sector Planning, Baltimore, Jhons Hopkins Press. National Water Policy (Draft, 2004) Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan. Kaleem Omar (8th November, 2004) Needed a Blue Revolution ; national water policy on anvil, The News. Kaleem Omar (2nd July, 2007) Pakistan now faces the prospect of worsening water shortages, The News. Pakistan Strategic Country Environment Assessment Report (2006), Rising to the Challenges, Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan. Pakistans Vision of Water Resource Management (2003) Presented at Pakistan Development Forum, Ministry of Water & Power, Government of Pakistan. Pakistan Water Partnership (1999) Pakistan country Report: Vision for the 21st Century, First Draft (Global Water Partnership South Asia Technical Advisory Committee), Islamabad. Pakistan Water Sector Strategy (2002) Volume 1, Ministry of Water & Power, Government of Pakistan. Pasha, H.A. & McGarry, M.G. (1989) Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Pakistan; Lessons from Experience, World Bank Technical Paper No.105 (Washington, DC, World Bank) State of the Environment Report (Draft, 2005) Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan. Ten Year Perspective Development Plan 2001-11, Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan. _________________________ Prepared by: M.Ahsan Qureshi

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