Syed Muqeem Ahmed

CHAPTER 1
Historical and Ideological foundation of
Pakistan
IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES:
∙ Franchise​: right to cast vote.
∙ Separate electorate​: elections based on
religion; a particular community must be
given right to be a part of the administration
by choosing their representatives only from
their own community. In simple word Right to
separate electorate is called election for
minorities.
∙ Joint electorate​: elections based on political
affiliation, which means the representative of
any community can be voted and the elected
by any community irrespective of their
religion. In simple word joint electorate is
called general elections.
∙ Diarchy:​ limited responsible government for
the Indians introduced in 1919, meaning
division of different ministries at limited scale
for the Indians. (Double Government)
∙ Legislature​: law-making body of a country,
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popularly known as Parliament.

∙ Legislative​: the member of legislature or
Parliament (lawmaker) is called Legislative.
∙ Legislation​: law-making procedure or
law-making done by the Members of
Parliament in the parliament is known as
Legislation.
∙ Subjects​: people of a country who are ruled
over by some king or Queen or a ruler.
Departments/ministries/portfolios are also
called Subjects in political language.
∙ Provincial Autonomy​: empowerment of the
provinces is known as provincial autonomy. In
other words, giving provinces the maximum
powers by the central government.
∙ Unitary System​. A political system of a
country in which Central government/Centre
enjoys all powers and provinces are without
powers. (this system was suggested by Moti
Lal Nehru in 1928 in Nehru report). It is
practised in UK, China. Italy, Indonesia, Japan,
Uganda, Kenya, Bangladesh etc.
∙ Federal System​: a political system of a
country in which
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powers/responsibilities/subjects are
distributed between the Central Government
and Provincial Government(s). This System
was suggested by Jinnah in 1929 for Indians in
his 14 points. It is pactised in USA, India,
Pakistan, Canada, Nigeria, Australia, Germany,
Malaysia etc.
∙ Centripetal Forces​: Those political forces or
elements who want strong Centre (central
government) and weak Unit (provincial
government.). They are also called pro-state
elements. Pro means supporter.
∙

∙ Centrifugal forces​: those political forces or

elements who want strong provinces/Units or
provincial government instead of strong
Central government or along with Central
government. They are also called anti-state
elements
∙ Bill​: any point or point of debate which is
discussed and debated in the Parliament.
∙ Act (Law):​ after the debate, discussion and
consensus, a bill is approved in the Parliament
with majority votes and ready to be
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implemented known as the Act or Law.

∙ Rights​: those facilities or benefits given to the
legal members of a state (citizens) for their
protection and enjoyment and participation in
the administration of a country.
∙ Fundamental Rights​:
Facilities/benefits/privileges granted or
guaranteed by the constitution of a
state/country to the citizens of the country
i.e. Right to live, right to property, right to
practice religion, right to vote, right to choose
economic profession
∙ Civil rights​: rights which ensure the protection
and enjoyment of the life of citizens of a state
such as freedom of expression, freedom of
movement, freedom to defend in the court,
warrant before the arrest, right to bail after or
before detention.
∙ Political rights​: those rights which make
people of a state part of the administration
and given only to the real citizens of the state
(country) such as right to form a political
party, right to criticize the government, right
to assemble, right to get government job,
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right to vote etc.

∙ Sydney Rowlatt​: A British judge who was
given the task to make such a law or
legislation which could control the
revolutionary activities of the Indians in after
the end of World War I.
∙ Secretary of state of Indian Affairs​: an
assistant or legal advisor to the Viceroy
directly appointed by the British government
to assist the Viceroy to deal with the political
affairs of the Indians.
∙ Slave dynasty​: it was established by
Qutbuddin Aibak in 1206 in India. He was a
freed slave to Shahabuddin Gouri. The real
rule of the slave dynasty was established after
the death of Qutbuddin Aibak in 1210 which
lasted till 1290. (Qutbuddin Aibak is said to be
the first Muslim ruler in South Asia who
established Delhi Sultanate.)
∙ Self-Rule: ​it is also called ​Swaraj​ in Hindi
language which means rule of everyone. It
simply means locals should be empowered to
run their own country. Self-Rule is also called
Home Rule or complete impendence for the
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Indians. It became the official demand of

Congress in 1906 and of All India Muslim
League in 1913.
∙ Dominions Status: ​The word dominion means
an authority or control over an area or land. A
commonwealth type Status is also called
dominion status.
∙ ​For Indians it meant the major Department
should be kept with the rulers (British) such as
defense, communication currency and foreign
Affairs. And the rest of the departments
should be given to the local Indians to deal
with.it is also called restricted/limited
freedom/ independence for the Indians. It
was one of the demands of Nehru Reports of
1928. Dominion Status is also called limited or
restricted/semi freedom.
∙ Swadeshi Movement: ​A movement launch by
local Indians (Hindus) against the British
Governmental in 1906 after the division of
united Bengal into two new Provinces.
Swadeshi is a Hindi word which means
boycott of foreign products and giving
preference to Home made products. It also
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became a part of Non-Cooperation Movement

started in 1920 by Khilafat Movement
activists/workers on the advice of Gandhi.
∙ Residual/Residuary Powers​: an important
demand of Jinnah in 1929 which means after
distribution of powers between Central and
Provincial Government in India the
residual/residuary (remaining powers) be
given to provinces to exercise, not the Central
Government, so that provinces could enjoy
more empowerment.
∙ Redcliff Award: ​The distribution of
boundaries of Provinces of Punjab and Bengal
between India and Pakistan was announced
on 16​th​ August 1947 by Cyril Redcliff as the
Chairman of Boundary Commission known as
Boundary Award or Redcliff Award. The word
Award here means
Distribution/division/announcement.
∙ Federation: ​Combination of number of
states/provinces working under one central
authority/government in a way that there is a
distribution of powers/authority
between/among the Central and other
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states/provinces i.e. Federation of USA

1.1.1 Recognize the importance of Pakistan as

a subject in understanding the origin
and creation and development of
Pakistan​.
∙ Pakistan Studies is an Interdisciplinary or a
Multidimensional Subject encompassing
/covering Historical, Political, Economic, Social
Religious and Global root, attitude and role of
Pakistan as an Independent State in the Global
Community.
∙ The History of Pakistan is one of the
fundamental Topics of Pakistan Studies which
lets its reader know about the ideological root
or the origin and emergence of Pakistan as an
Independent State with reliable and authentic
material, cogent arguments, critical,
comparative and analytical approaches.
∙ Constitutional and Economic Developments In
Pakistan are such topics of Pakistan Studies
which address political and economic issues at
length(in detail) with their possible concrete
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solutions that help a reader have an in-depth

study of the nature of the issues or problems
offer/offered hindrance to the progress and
development of

1.2.1 Define Ideology.

A
∙ A systematic body of ideas and belief which
establishes a new political economic and
religious system or supports the old one.
B
∙ Set of principles of ideals for future​.
C

∙ A framework of action that gives meaning and

life to a nation.

Allied SLO. Give a few characteristics of

Ideology
CHARECTERISTICS OF IDEOLOGY
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a​. It is against or for the Status Quo (the existing

political and economic condition)
b. It provides basis to a POLITICAL and
ECONOMIC SYSTEM/ organized political actions.
c. It generates WE FEELING among the scattered
groups of a region or nation.
d. It controls and regulates the action of people
and the rulers of states.
e. It legitimizes and justifies actions performed
by nations and their rulers.
f. It reviews existing political, economic and
social arrangements.
g. It specifies and determines a goal and
destination for people of a region.
h. It develops and enhances the level of
intellectual and political awareness.
i. It determines the identity of a group of people
or a nation

Allied SLO. How does an Ideology help a nation

get to its destination?
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∙ Ideology gives a particular idea or thought to

deal with a particular situation--- as Muslims
of South Asia had been facing identity crisis
the Two Nation Theory gave them a particular
thought that they were different from Hindus
which eventually determined their religious
and political identity which took them
towards their final destination a separate
homeland--- Pakistan.
∙ The Ideology of Islam changed the entire
status quo of the Arabian Peninsula and the
Arab inspired by Islamic Ideology changed
their society Makkan Revolution came in 8
Hijra.
∙ People of Franc facing serious economic,
political, social and religious exploitation
before 1789 the Ideology of revolution based
on liberty and equality gave them a thought
to get rid of such exploitation and they
brought revolution in 1789 in Franc.
∙ The Marxist ideology helped people of Russia
to bring revolution in 1917 in Russia.

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1.2.2 Explain the basic components of Ideology

of Pakistan i.e. Islam, equity, justice, democracy
and equal rights for all.
∙ Islam is the most dominating principle of the
Ideology of Pakistan it offers three
fundamental concepts
Religious
∙ Tauheed (Oneness of God) which developed
Muslim nationhood in India and develops the
same as the majority of the people of Pakistan
are Muslim.
∙ Risalat (belief in the Prophet Hazrat
Muhammad Peace be Upon Him ---as the last
Prophet of Allah the Almighty) which
determines the definition of Muslim-- the
fundamental pillar of Ideology of Islam has
been incorporated into the constitution of
Pakistan in the article 260.
Political
∙ Sovereignty (the supreme power) belongs to
Allah the Almighty and the ruler uses this
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power as the sacred trust of Allah the

Almighty. It makes the ruler accountable and
answerable to Allah for his all actions as a
head of the state.
∙ Article 2(A) of the Constitution of 1973(Known
as Objectives Resolution) ensures the
sovereignty of Allah the Almighty which is the
reflection and incorporation of Ideology of
Pakistan.
∙ Article2(A)—the also says that people of
Pakistan will elect their representatives that is
really shows the reflection of democracy
which is a part of Ideology of Pakistan.
∙ Article 50 says there shall be a parliament
comprising national Assembly(directly elected
by people) and senate(elected by the elected
members of Provincial Assemblies) and the
president(elected by National Assembly, the
Senate and provincial Assemblies) all reflects
the incorporation of democratic procedure
(democracy) component of Ideology of
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Pakistan part of Pakistan.

Social and Political

∙ Equity means fairness and Impartiality

towards all citizens or an evenhanded dealing
with everyone.
∙ Justice means giving what is due to
others------bringing all people to
socio-economic equality.
∙ Both justice and equity are the components of
the ideology of Islam or Pakistan and speak of
fear treatment and equality in opportunities
for every citizens-- they have been
incorporated into the Principles of Policy in
the constitution of 1973 in article 31 and
Fundamental Rights under articles 08 to 28.
(SLO#1.2.1—1.2.2)
SUMMARY

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∙ Ideology is Greek in nature comprises two

words IDEO—ideas and LOGOS-----study
∙ According to Antoine Destutt De Tracy
ideology is Science of ideas.
∙ The main objective of ideology is to provide
basis to a political and economic, religious and
social system in a given society.
∙ In an Islamic society Justice means fair, equal
and balanced treatment for everyone.
∙ In an Islamic society equality means equality
in opportunity and equality before the law.
∙ In an Islamic society Brotherhood(fraternity)
means mutual respect, sanctity of life,
property and honor of fellow brothers
∙ In an Islamic society Sovereignty (the supreme
power/authority) is exercised by the ruler as a
Sacred Trust of Allah the Almighty Who is the
real ruler of the State.
∙ Article 2(A) of the Constitution of 1973(Known
as Objectives Resolution) ensures the
sovereignty of Allah the​ ​Almighty which is the
reflection and incorporation of Ideology of

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Pakistan.
∙ Articles 08 to 28 ensure the political and
economic justice and equality in the
constitution of 1973 which are regarded as
important pillars of Ideology of Pakistan.
∙ Article 2(A), 20,21,22 and 36 ensure the
protection of minorities living in Pakistan
emphasized and explained by Jinnah as an
important pillar of Ideology of Pakistan.

Q.2 Define the concept of Ideology

along with the components the
Ideology of Pakistan.
∙ A systematic body of
ideas/concepts/philosophies and thoughts
presented by renowned scholars, thinkers,
philosophers and reformers to present a
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permanent solution to a major crisis face by

majority of a particular area.
∙ Ideology is the combination of such
principals or ideas which either shape a new
political religious and economics system or
reform or revise the previous systems.
∙ Ideology of Pakistan comprises Islam
(sovereignty of Allah, Superiority of Islamic
principles in political and economic life of
the country) Two Nation theory, acquiring a
separate territory homeland for Muslims
and a democratic system guided by Islamic
principles.

1.2.3 Analyze how Pakistan has been

successful in implementing the basic
components of its ideology.
Implementation Of Ideology Of Pakistan In
Pakistan

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• Theoretical ASPECT--------​Pakistan’s Ideology

has successfully been incorporated into the
Constitution of Pakistan (1973) such as Article
01,02, 2(A),227 ,228 and 230 which reflect
the domination of Islam an inseparable
element of Ideology of Pakistan.
∙ Article 2(A) of the Constitution of
1973(Known as Objectives Resolution)
ensures the sovereignty of Allah the
Almighty which is the reflection and
incorporation of Ideology of Pakistan.
∙ Articles 08 to 28 ensure the political and
economic justice and equality in the
constitution of 1973 which are regarded as
important pillars of Ideology of Pakistan.

∙ Articles 31 ensures the promotion of such

steps (brotherhood, unity, justice, equality,
tolerance, Life according to Quran and
Sunnah) which will enable the Muslims to
order their live as per Islamic Principles.

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∙ Article 2(A),20,21,22 and 36 ensure the

protection of minorities living in Pakistan
emphasized and explained by Jinnah as an
important pillar of Ideology of Pakistan.
• Practical/Implementation Aspect
• The components of Ideology of Pakistan
although have been incorporated into the
constitution of Pakistan, the lack of political
will, personal interest, the ideological tussle
between the old and rigid mind-set and the
so-called liberalists have the major
hinderances towards the implementation of
these components in Pakistan.
• Pakistan tried half-heartedly to implement
the basic components- Islam, Islamic
Democracy, Social Systems of Islam and social
Responsibility and Fundamental Human
Rights in Society as such. These factors can be
seen scattered in society but as an organized
concerted systematic effort is lacking
altogether-

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1.3.1 Discuss the reasons that led to the

start of Aligarh Movement in 1858.
Building a Positive Image

After the War of 1857 Indian Muslims were

facing an Image Problem------British regarded
them as a big threat to their Rule in South Asia
and Sir Syed wanted to build a positive political
image of Muslims before the British which was
the sole objective of his Aligarh Movement.

Policy of Victimization

∙ As Muslims led the War of 1857 that’s why

they became the sole victim of British
oppressive policies towards the Indians ---Sir
Syed through the Aligarh Movement wanted
the policy of victimization to be transformed
into the policy of upliftment(political and
economic) of Indian Muslims by the British.
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​Restoration of Economic Status

∙ British removed four main sources of Income
of the Indian Muslims------Persian Language,
Muslim Courts, Muslim Armies, Muslim
Agricultural Property--- Sir Syed wanted to
make such efforts which could revive the
economic status of Indian Muslims through
the Aligarh movement.
Removal of Mistrust and Misunderstanding
A wall of hatred, mistrust and
∙

misunderstanding had been erected between

British and Muslim Community after the War
of 1857.​ ​Sir Syed wanted to demolish that
wall and bridge that communication gap
between British and Muslims of India​ ​That’s
why he started Aligarh Movement​.

1.3.2. Discuss the role of Sir Syed Ahmed

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Khan as a reformer (educational, social and

political)

Educational Beliefs/Philosophy of Sir Syed

∙ Resistance to Orthodox (old/traditional)
Educational Methods and Curricula
(Syllabus---syllabi).
∙ Believing in Western Education as the prime
source of Muslims’ Educational
Enlightenment and Reformation
∙ Learning and promoting English Language in
Muslim Educational Institutions.
Focusing on Scientific Approach.
∙

Educational Services of Sir Syed

Educational Institutions/Society/Organization
In order to promote his educational
philosophy/reformatory approach comprising
Modernization, enlightenment and Political
obedience Sir Syed went for the establishment of

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a series of educational institutions, societies and

organizations
∙ Persian Madrassah (1859) at Moradabad (UP)
∙ Victoria School (1864)
at Ghazipur (UP)
∙ Muhammadan Anglo Oriental
School—MAO-School (1875)
At Aligarh (UP)
∙ MAO College (1877)

Society
∙ Scientific Society (1863) at Ghazipur to
translate the quality books about applied and
social sciences from Arabic, Persian, English,
Sanskrit into Urdu language
∙ To popularize Western knowledge and
∙ To inculcate Scientific and rational approach
among the Indians.
∙ To design a modern and enlightened syllabus
for the Indian Students.
Organization
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Muhammdon Educational Conference (1886)

∙ To address the educational issues faced by
Muslims students and teachers all over India.
∙ To promote liberal values and approaches
related to education in India.

Social Services of Sir Syed

In order to reform the Indian Muslims and to
change their social status quo Sir Syed
introduced the following social Reforms for the
Indian Muslims

Issuance of a Magazine

∙ Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq/The Muhamadon Social

Reformer (1876) to change the social outlook
of Indian Muslims Sir Syed issued a social
magazine.

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∙ The magazine attacked ignorance,

superstitions and evil customs prevalent in
Indian Muslim society.

Establishment of Orphanages

∙ In order to give monetary support to the

Muslim orphan children and save them from
Christian missionary schools Sir Syed
established orphanages for the Muslims
children.

Promotion of Urdu Literature

∙ Sir Syed brought a lot of reforms to the

promotion and protection of Urdu Literature
by introducing new ideas, concepts, topics,
opinions, critical thinking, and gathering
committed people around him known as
elements of Urdu Literature.

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1.3.3 Analyze the contribution of Aligarh

Movement towards the political and social
upliftment of the Indian Muslims.

Political Upliftment
* Created political awareness in the Muslim
community which helped them establish All
India Muslim League and then struggled for
Pakistan.
* It produced ​West​- ​Oriented​ leadership which
helped to run Pakistan movement in the
years to come.
* It broadened the political vision and approach
of Indian Muslims which helped them adjust
and mold their political attitude as per
existing political scenario and secure their
political future.
Social Upliftment
∙ Aligarh Movement tried to creat feeling of
self-respect among the Indian Muslims and to
a great extent was successful in its attempt.
∙ Through focusing on English Language and
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propagation of western thoughts and ideas

improved the communication skill of Muslims
and changed their rigid and intolerant
attitude towards other communities
particularly​ ​toward Christian community that
could be taken as positive and negative
development simultaneously.

1.3.4 Explain the reasons for the emergence

of Khilafat Movement (1919-1924​)
Integrity of Turkey
∙ Muslims were afraid/were afraid that Turkey
might lose its territorial integrity after losing
war to Allied Powers
Protection Of Muslim Holy Places
∙ Muslims of South Asia didn’t want Holy
Places controlled by Ottomans to be
disrespected.
Showing Religious Solidarity
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∙ Indian Muslims wanted to show their

religious solidarity with their Turkish
Brothers.
∙ The Ottoman were to lose their Arab
provinces—Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan)under
Treaty of Severes imposed by the victorious
powers of the WWI.
Protection Of Khilafat Seat
Muslims had an apprehension in their mind that
(​

after Turkish defeat in the War the Khilafat seat

might be abolished/removed​ which was the
symbol of religious and political power and
prestige of Muslims all over the world.
)​the hilafat seat might be 
aished/removed 

Protection Of Khilafat Seat 

(​Muslims had an apprehension in their 
mind that after Turkish defeat in the 
KProtection Of Khilafat Seat 
(Muslims had an apprehension in their 
mind that after Tu 

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1.3.5 Analyze the impacts (positive and

negative) of Khilafat Movement on the
Muslims of the subcontinent.
Positive Impacts
It let the Muslims experience the real politics
∙

which enabled them how get the maximum

political benefits at the cost of minimum
political loss in future politics.
* It promoted feeling of unity among the
Muslim community.
* It proved to be a litmus paper (Criterion) for
the Indian Muslims to check their strengths and
weaknesses.
* Khilafat Movement exposed the level of
friendship and corporation of Hindus and British
government with Muslim community.
* It boosted Muslim journalism and many
magazines and newspapers after the Khilafat
movement became the staunch advocate of
Pakistan movement.
* It taught the Indian Muslims how to mobilize
their community for a common objective.
* Khilafat Movement involved, for the first
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time, the students and teachers of Muslim

seminaries (Madrassas) who later on became
active supporters of Pakistan movement.

Negative Impacts
∙ Khilafat Movement shattered the
Hindu-Muslim unity which resulted in a new
wave of Communal Riots/clashes in India.
∙ The Hijrat Movement (1920) and
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) proved
disastrous for the Indian Muslims
economically and educationally as they
became jobless, homeless and illiterate due
to these movements.
∙ ​ uslims became more interested in national
M
affairs than international one.
• Muslim emotionalism gave nothing to them
as Khilafat was abolished not by British but by
Turks themselves.
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• Religious leaders for the time being

vanished/disappeared from political arena.

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