CSS/PMS ANSWERS On Khilafat Movement

Khilafat Movement
Trace the course of Khilafat movement and assess its significance for the
development of Muslim nationalism?
Q5. Evaluate the causes and effects of the Khilafat Movement on the
Muslim struggle for independence.
4)Critically evaluate the socio economic and religio-political effects

of the Khilafat Movement on the life of Indian Muslims.
3. "Though the Khilafat and Hijrat movements failed to achieve their immediate objectives
but they had great impacts on the lives of the Indian Muslims." Thoroughly analyse this
statement and give arguments in support of your viewpoint.
4. Trace the genesis of the Khilafat Movement? What were its effects on the history of
South-Asia?
Q5. trade the course of the khilafat Movement and assess its significance for the
development of Indian nationalism.
3. "Khilafat Movement was a real disaster". Comment.
1… Introduction
2..Back
3… Process
4… Objectives
5… Causes
6.. Importance
7…. Uniqueness
8… Effects
9… Advantages
10… Disadvantages
11… causes of failure of Khilafat Movement
12.. Critical analysis
13.. conclusion
1.Introduction
What is Khilafat Movement?
The Khilafat movement was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign

led by Muslims of Indo-pak subcontinent against the British
government and to protect the Ottoman Empire during the aftermath
of World War I.
2. Background
During World War I, the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) joined the war in
favour of Germany. But Turkey and Germany lost the war and the allied
forces decided to divide Turkey and put an end on the organization of
caliphate. Being brothers, the Indian Muslims realized their religious
duty to help the Muslim country. It was the extra territorial
attachments based on Islam. Another factor same to the first was that
the Indian Muslims considered Ottoman Caliphate a symbol of unity of
the Muslim world as Ummah.
The Treaty of Savers 1920 was imposed on Turkey and its territories
like Anatolia were wrested from it and distributed among European
countries. A wave of anger swept across the Muslims World and the
Indian Muslims rose against the British Government. Muslim leaders
like Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, Moulana Muhammad Ali Johar,
Moulana Shoukat Ali, Moulana Hasan Mohani and others reacted
against the British Government policy and were put behind the bars.
3.. Process /COURSE

The Muslims of India decided to launch a movement to safeguard the
institution of Caliphate. All India Khilafat Committee was formed at
Bombay in July 1919 to discuss the issues of Khilafat.
3.1 The first Khilafat Conference November 1919 at Delhi
The committee held its 1st Khilafat Conference in Delhi in November

23-24 1919 under the presided by AK Fazlul Haq. Gandhi and Nehru
also participated in 1st Khilafat Conference. In this session it was
stressed to seek cooperation from Non Muslims
following Steps were announced against the British government.

The four resolutions were passed were passed
3.2 Boycott the victory celebration
The British and the Allies had won the war and they were celebrating
even in India because India being a part of the British Empire was on
the side of the British therefore these people decided to boycott the
victory celebration to show displeasure on the state of affairs and to
express their point of view in an effective manner.
3.2 Boycott the British Goods
Boycotting the British goods, which will ultimately affect their economy
and force them to reverse their decision
3.3 Launch Non-Cooperation Movement.
Non Cooperation with the Government was the 3rd important

decision which they made at that time. Consequently, the non-co-
operation campaign was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi on
1st August, 1919.
In support of Khilafat Movement and the Congress gave a call to the
people to:
 Resign from Government offices

 Refuse to attend government
 Withdraw children from government operated schools
 Refuse to join military
 Boycott of British courts by lawyers
 Boycott of British made goods
 Boycott the elections to be held for councils as per the reforms of
1919
3.4..The second khilafat Conference at Amritsar in December 1919
The second Khilafat Conference (Amritsar) was held in Dec. 19 Maulana

Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali who were in British detention for
violating the British law in protest against the British policies were
released and they also joined the session after being released from
prison. Congress and Muslims decided to work together in 2nd
conference because there were issues in India which were agitating
others as well. One of the common issue issue was Rowlett Act,1919.
DELEGATION TO ENGLAND
In December 1919 both the Khilafat Committee and Congress held their
meetings simultaneously at Amritsar and a delegation was prepared
which was sent to England under the leadership of Maulana
Mohammad Ali Johar to see the British Prime Minister, Cabinet
Member and Members of Parliament and to explain the Indian point of
view regarding the Khilafat. The delegation visited England in 1920. The
leaders of the delegation addressed the House of Commons and saw
the British Prime Minister, Lloyd George who paid no heed to the
delegations demand. The delegation stayed at London for eight months
and won many hearts and sympathies of people in Britain delivering
speeches. However, the delegation returned to India unsuccessful in
October 1920.
Hijrat Movement
Under the hypnotism of Mr. Gandhi, Muslim ulama had issued a verdict
and declared India as Dar-ul-Harab and the Muslims therefore needed
to migrate to some other country or Dar-ul-Salam. Thousands of
families sold out their properties for a tenth of their value and hastily
left for Afghanistan, in August 1920. As many as eighteen thousand
people marched towards Afghanistan, which was unable to bear the
influx of the people. Thus, the Afghan authorities closed their frontiers.
Eventually the Muhajarins had to return to their homes. A great
number of old man, women and children died on their way during
returning to homes and those who luckily reach alive their former
places. They found themselves homeless and penniless. In fact they
faced great difficulties. Even the preachers of Khilafat Movement
realized the fact.
Moplahs revolt
In 1921 The Moplah of Malabar revolted against the Britishers and

declared Khilafat in their district. British reacted and killed 4000 Moplah
Muslims.
Gandhi;s betrayal
The Khilafat Movement came to an end when thousands of Indians
were put behind the bar. The leaders in spite of their best efforts could
not maintain the Hindu-Muslim Unity. One of the main reasons which
caused a death blow to Khilafat Movement was the indirect
announcement of Gandhi to discontinue the Non Co-operation
Movement. Gandhi used an incident of arson on February 1922, when a
violent mob set on fire a police choki at Chora Churi at district
Gorakpur, burning twenty one constables to death as an excuse to call
off the non-cooperation movement. It adversely affected the Khilafat
Movement which thought to be integral part of movement. In 1924,
Kamal Ataturk set up a government on democratic basis in Turkey by
abolishing Khilafat as a system of government which served a finishing
blow to Khilafat Movement in India and people had lost whatever
interest that they had in the movement.
4… Objectives/DEMANDS
2. To protect the territorial and sovereignty of Turkey.
3. Caliphate(Khilafat) must remain intact.
4. The Holy place should remain in the custody of Turkish Government.
5. Jazirat-ul-Arab including Mesopotamia, Arabia, Syria and Palestine with the

Holy places must remain under the control of Turkey.
5.. Causes /origin:

Following were the reasons behind the Khilafat Movement:-
5.1.. Defeat of Turkey in World War-I generated sense of insecurity

among Indian Muslims regarding safety of the Ottomon Empire and
holy places.
World War I(1914-1918) had ended in a defeat for Ottoman Turkey,

dealing a fatal blow to the centuries-old Ottoman Empire. Ottomon
Empire also covered area that had holy places like Masjid-e-Aqsa and
Holy Kabba. Muslims were concerned about security of this area. This
angered the Muslims who took it as an insult to the Khalifa. The Ali
brothers, Shoukat Ali and Mohammad Ali started the Khilafat
Movement against the British government.
5.2.. Violation of demands of Indian Muslims regarding the safety of

sacred places.
In India, the Muslims demanded from the British that
1) The Khalifa’s control over Muslim sacred places should be retained
2) The Khalifa should be left with sufficient territories after territorial
arrangements.
Under the Treaty of Savres 1920 large part of Ottomon empire were
wrested from the Ottomon Empire. This act of British and the allied
forces went against the aspirations of Indian Muslims. Resultantly,
Indian Muslims under Ali brothers launched a movement for the
restoration of Caliphate.
5.3… Rowlett Act was used a tool of suppression against Indian
Muslims, paving way for the Khilafat Movement.
The government enacted the 1919 Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes

Act, popularly called the Rowlatt Act, based on the findings of the
Rowlatt Committee. This act allowed the government to imprison any
person suspected of terrorism for a maximum period of two years
without trial. The government passed Montagu Chelmsford Reforms
and Rowlatt Act in succession, which were part of the British ' Carrot
and Stick policy. Law was protested both by the Muslims as well as the
Hindus. The Rowlatt Acts were much resented by an aroused Indian
public. All nonofficial Indian members of the council (i.e., those who
were not officials in the colonial government) voted against the acts.
This action gave the movement a new direction. At all levels of India,
Gandhi organized a mass protest.
5.4.. Incident of Jallianwala Bagh filled new enthusiasm and anger

among Indian masses against British rule.
Jallianwala Bagh was situated in the city of Amritsar where people

gathered against the backdrop of the Rowlett Act. In order to crush the
demonstration General Dyer of the British Indian Army opened open
fire on the mob of the people. Approximately 1,000 people were
massacred and the Martial law was imposed in Punjab. This Jallianwala
Bagh incident also mobilized congress and other groups to move ahead
and to pull their resources and to challenge the authority of the British
govt. Both Muslims and Hindus cooperated by launching Khilafat
Movement after the Jallianwala Bagh genocide.
5.5.. Non-Cooperation Movement of Gandhi gave a renewed direction
to the Khilafat cause.
Rowlett Act, the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre, martial law in Punjab, the
neglect of the Khilafat Committee aspirations, high prices of
commodities, drought and epidemics led Indians to launch Non-
Cooperation Movement (NCM) under the leadership of Gandhi. The
Non-cooperation Movement was launched formally on 1 August, 1920.
The Movement was initiated in support of the Khilafat Movement.
Gandhi along with Ali-brothers made extensive tours to preach the
message of national unity and non-cooperation with the
government.In support of Khilafat Movement and the Congress gave a
call to the people to:
 Resign from Government offices

 Refuse to attend government
 Withdraw children from government operated schools
 Refuse to join military
1919
5.6.. The failure of Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms to fulfill aspirations

of Indians regarding the self-government in India
The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms with their illconceived

scheme of Dyarchy failed to satisfy the rising demand of the Indians
for self-government. The 1919 Government of India Act was enacted
based on the 1918 Montagu - Chelmsford proposals recommendations.
This Act introduced the ' Dyarchy ' system and divided topics into lists –
Reserved and Transferred. The Legislative Assembly (lower house) was
introduced with direct elections, but the right to vote was severely
curtailed. In addition, there was no control over the Governor General
and his Executive Council by the Legislative Assembly. AIML and INC
both had already iterated demand of self-government that was not
materialized by Montague reforms. Subsequently, the failure of
reforms triggered Indians to rise against British rule.
5.7… Anti Muslim Posture of British pushed Muslims to cooperate

Hindus and launch Khilafat Movement.
Since the time of annulment of partition of Bengal in December 1911,

the British were becoming increasingly anti-Muslim. The anti-Muslim
attitude of Muslim could be seen in reversal of partition of Bengal
(December 1911) , Kanpur Mosque tragedy (July 1913), British support
for the Italian invasion of Tripoli (1911) and finally British support for
Balkan’s war against the Turkey (1912) convinced Muslims that British
were no well wishers of Muslims. To preserve rights of Muslims in the
face of gradual anti-policies of the British government, the Khilafat
Movement was launched.
6.. Significance/IMPORTANCE/uniqueness
6.1.. Beginning of Popular Muslim politics.
This was the first major Muslim political Movement in India which
involved the common man. Muslims rendered innumerous sacrifices for
the protection and restoration of the Khilafat Movement. Khilafat
Movement was the 1st movement in which the ordinary Muslims were
involved, people in the streets were involved and therefore politics at
that time came down to the ordinary masses. So it marked the
beginning of popular Muslim politics.
Ahmed saeed writes in Trek to Pakistan Khilafat Movement put end to

drawing-room politics
6.2 Provided fodder for the Pakistan movement
This Movement paved the way for the Pakistan Movement which
ultimately culminated into the inception of Pakistan. With the
disintegration of Ottomon Empire in ( 1922 ), the Muslims were
deprived of caliphate which generated sense of a need for
establishment of another Muslim country that could compensate loss
of Ummah. Secondly, it provided training to new generation of
Muslims. Thirdly the betrayal of Gandhi to Khilafat Cause furthered the
Muslim separatism. The realization of separatism of Muslims was
converted into the sound base for the Pakistan Movement which
culminated the dream of Pakistan into a reality.
6.3 Provided foothold to the Islamic clergy in the political sphere.
Khilafat Movement put the Muslim clergy at the center of the modern
political arena, armed with a political organization in the form of the
Jamiat-e-Ulama-e-Hind which the clergy used to intervene actively in
both the political as well as the ideological sphere. Never before in
Indian Muslim history was the clergy ever accorded such a place in
political life.
I.H Qureshi writes in his book Muslim community in Subcontinent that

Khilafat movement brought Ulema to politics who were crucial for the
agitational politics.
Trek To Pakistan Ahmed Saeed that Khilafat movement compelled

Ulemas to come out of their religious schools and participate in
politics.
6.4 Introduced the religious flavour in the life Indian Muslim politics
The Khilafat Movement also introduced the religious idiom in the

politics of Indian Muslims. It was not the Muslim League who
introduced religious ideology in the politics of India but it was this
movement who did this.
6.5 Khilafat Movement was a movement of Muslims
Muslim Nationalism was a movement of Muslims and not a movement

of Islam. It was an ethnic movement of disaffected Muslim
professionals and the government-job-seeking educated Indian Muslim
middle class, mainly those of UP and Bihar and urban Punjab objectives
were modest, for they demanded not much more than fair quotas in
jobs for Muslims and certain safeguards for their interests. Similarly
they were voicing for the Muslims of Turkey not because of Islam but
because Muslims of Turkey were facing similar issues as Indian
Muslims. Muslim Nationalism in India was a secular rather than a
religious movement.
6.6 Khilafat Movement was an all India movement.
By virtue of the Lucknow Pact of 1916 Khilafat Movement provided a

common platform with the flavor of broader Indian National
Movement. It reflected the unity of Hindus-Muslims. The Congress
threw its support behind the Muslim cause. Mahatama Gandhi, Syed
Ameer Ali, Sir Agha Khan all supported the movement therefore, this
Movement flourished all over India and it was all-India movement.
6.7 Strengthened the Muslim nationalism in India
The intervention of the Khilafat Movement in Indian Muslim politics has

had a considerable ideological influence on the modern Indian Muslim
mind. As the movement was to preserve the idea of Caliphate which is
driven by Islam the movement was labeled as the movement for the
protection of Islam. This idea of protection of Islam through a political
struggle is still creeping in Muslim thinking to this date and in their
politics in present day India and Pakistan. Resultantly, multiple religious
political parties have taken birth in South Asia. Therefore, Khilafat
Movement has strengthened the Muslim nationalism in South Asia.
6.8 It generated anti-British consciousness among Muslim masses.

Khilafat Movement cultivated anti-British feelings among Muslim
masses. The Muslims departed from the pro-British teaching of Sir
Syed. The brief era of British-Muslim alliance could not be sustained
and was buried under the weight of constant anti-Muslim policies of
the British. Resultantly, Khilafat Movement marked the first
confrontation between the Britishers and Muslims after the war of
Independence 1857 and since the entry of Muslims on the political
scene of India. Since then British-Muslim relations kept on
deteriorating, finally culminating into the creation of Pakistan.
’’The Khilafat Movement carried the hostility against the British far
greater than the Congress’’, Abdul Hamid writes in Muslim separatism
in India.
6.9. Muslims felt need of education
The muslims felt need for educating themselves as many students were
at lose due to the boycott of government run schools. Hence, they felt
need for having alternative institutions owned and operated by the
Muslims. Due to realization of education Jamia Milia Islamia, National
College Patna, Madarsa Islamia Calcutta were founded. Around 98000
students were registered with Jamia Islamia. Thus the nation building
efforts were put on fast-track due to the Khilafat Movement.
6.10 Khilafat Movement signified the unity among Muslims first time
after the end of Mughal Empire.
After the fall of Mughal Empire In 1857, Muslims were divided on the
basis of language, politics and princely states. However, Khilafat
Movement ignited new fire of Muslim nationalism among Muslim
masses pushing them in arms of each other. The Muslims of India
voiced for the Khilafat in one voice from Peshawar to Mysore.
6.11 Khilafat Movement popularized Mahatma Gandhi and Indian

National Congress throughout India.
In support of Khilafat Movement and with the help of donations of

Muslims collected by the Muslims, Gandhi took tour of India,
addressing large gatherings of Indians that gained him popularity.
Moreover, Muslims also joined rank and file of Congress, converting
into a formidable political force.
6.12 Khilafat Movement saw the entry of Muslim women in the

politics
The Muslim women were also not behind in struggle for Khilafat
Movement. Most notable Muslim women leader was Bi Amman (Abida
Bano). After the arrest of Ali Brothers, she took charge of the moment
and rallied across Punjab to gather the support of masses for the
Khilafat cause. Muhammad Ali’s wife Amjadi Bano also actively
participated in the Khilafat movement. These noble women latter were
instrumental in Pakistan movement. Hence, Khilafat Movement also
generated consciousness among Muslim women.
6.13 Gandhi’s betrayal for the Khilafat cause deteriorated the Hindu-
Muslim relations.
Gandhi's suspension of his movement in 1922 and his arrest in March

1922 weakened the Khilafat movement still further. Gandhi’s decision
did affect this movement. Gandhi without consulting the leaders of
Khilafat Movement, called of Non Cooperation Movement since, they
were working together and suddenly the Non Cooperation Movement
was called off that adversely affected the Movement and created
distrust between the Muslims and the Hindus. The gains of Lucknow
Pact was reversed and the dream of Hindu-Muslim unity was never
realized.
6.14 Khilafat Movement gave birth to a failed Hijrat Movement.
Khilafat Movement gave birth to another movement, known as Hijrat

Movement, Maualana Azad wrote fierce articles in Newspapers in
which he declared India as Dar-ul-Harb(house of war) and asked
Muslims to seek refuge in any other country as living under the British
ruled India was unislamic. More than 30000 Muslims migrated to Kabul
from India. Around 750 Muslims from Sindh sold their properties and
headed towards Kabul under the leadership of Barrister Jan
Muhammad Junejo. However, The Muslims of India were not well
received in Afghanistan. Muslims lost their property at the hands of
Hindus against the cost equivalent of peanuts, suffered in the hands of
Afghans and lost shelter for their kids.
7… Effects-
Religio-political
7.1.. Beginning of Popular Muslim politics.
beginning of popular Muslim politics.

7.2 Provided fodder for the Pakistan movement
of Ummah. Secondly, it provided training to new generation of Muslims
like Muhammad Ali, Chaudhry Khaliq uz Zaman, Sardar Abdur Rab
Nishtar, AK Fazulul Haq, Maulana Shabbir Ahmed Usmani and Sir
Abdullah Haroon, history stands witnessed of services of these political
figures in the Pakistan movement. Thirdly the betrayal of Gandhi to
Khilafat Cause furthered the Muslim separatism. The realization of
separatism of Muslims was converted into the sound base for the
Pakistan Movement. All the above factors that shaped due to the
Khilafat Movement culminated the dream of Pakistan into a reality.
Jamiat-e-Ulama-e-Hind ( formed in November 1919) which the clergy
used to intervene actively in both the political as well as the ideological
sphere. Never before in Indian Muslim history was the clergy ever
accorded such a place in political life.

politics.

politics of Indian Muslims. It was not the Muslim League that
movement who did this. Muslims were ready to sacrifice their lives for
the cause of protection of Khilafat which they see as a symbol of Islamic
unity. Furthermore, Muslims were not ready to let the shadow of
whiteman cast upon their sacred places. Indian Muslims anticipated
Islam under danger from all sides. The Islam assumed the role of centre
of gravity for the Muslim politics in the subcontinent throughout 20 th
century.
7.5 Khilafat Movement saw the entry of Muslim women in the politics
7.6 Gandhi’s betrayal for the Khilafat cause deteriorated the Hindu-
Muslim relations in the long run.

1922 politically weakened the Khilafat movement. Gandhi’s decision did
affect this movement. Gandhi without consulting the leaders of Khilafat
Movement, called off Non Cooperation Movement 1922 since, they
were working together and suddenly the Non Cooperation Movement
was called off that adversely affected the Movement and created
distrust between the Muslims and the Hindus. The gains of Lucknow
Pact was reversed and dream of Hindu-Muslim unity was never
realized.
7.7 Khilafat Movement popularized Mahatma Gandhi and Indian

National Congress throughout India.

into a formidable political force.
7.8. Khilafat Movement buried the doctrine of loyalty of Sir Syed for
the British rulers.
The Khilafat Movement totally put Muslims in the confrontational

posture against Britishers. The Muslims were no longer believed in
practicing loyalty for the British government as was prescribed by Sir
Syed. The westernized leaders like Jinnah and Muhammad Shafi who
were unfavourable confrontation against Britishers dominated by the
religious leaders like Maulana Azad and Ali brothers from 1919 to 1922.
The Muslims during this period were convinced that only agitational
politics and not the constitutional process would confer them with their
due rights. The Sir Syed school of thought was dominated by the over-
zealous religious ideology of Ali brothers.
7.9. Khilafat Movement convinced Indians to adopt agitational

methods over the political and constitutional method to achieve its
objectives.
The machinations applied by the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation

Movement were different than their usual political tactics. Indians
participated in the constitutional process of India since the introduction
of Indian Council Act 1861. The Khilafat Movement rather adopted the
agitational method to achieve its objectives. Methods like boycott,
protests, Non-cooperation were given preference over participation in
constitutional process. It was due to the non-constitutional methology
of Khilafatists that Jinnah, infact, opposed the Khilafat Movement as he
anticipated it could damage the Hindu-Muslim relations, moreover, he
was less appreciative of agitational methods adopted by the
Khilafatists. Jinnah firmly believed in the constitutional way to achieve
political aims. Voicing against the Khilafat Movement, Jinnah stated
‘’mine is right way- the constitutional way’’. Jinnah stands vindicated
in History as agitational method of Khilafat Movement failed to achieve
its objectives through extra-constitutional methods.
Khilafat Movement u
socio-economic,
7.1 Khilafat Movement provided platform to Muslims to voice their

economic alienation
Muslim Nationalism was a movement of Muslims and not a movement

of Islam. It was an ethnic movement of economically disaffected
Muslim professionals and the government-job-seeking educated Indian
Muslim middle class, mainly those of UP and Bihar and urban Punjab
objectives were modest, for they demanded not much more than fair
quotas in jobs for Muslims and certain safeguards for their economic
interests. Similarly they were voicing for the Muslims of Turkey not
because of Islam but because Muslims of Turkey were facing economic
misery as Indian Muslims due to the World War-I. Hence, Khilafat
Movement mainstreamed the economic concerns of the Muslims.
7.2 Khilafat Movement was an all India movement above any caste
creed or religion.
By virtue of the Lucknow Pact of 1916 Khilafat Movement provided a

common platform with the flavor of broader Indian National
Movement. It reflected the unity of Hindus-Muslims. Indians from all
walks of life rise up to support the movement. The Congress threw its
support behind the Muslim cause. Mahatama Gandhi, Syed Ameer Ali,
Sir Agha Khan all supported the movement therefore, this Movement
flourished all over India and it was all-India movement that included all
social segments of the Indian society.
Another social aspect of this movement was solidification of Muslim

nationalism by this movement. The intervention of the Khilafat
Movement in Indian Muslim politics has had a considerable ideological
influence on the modern Indian Muslim mind. As the movement was to
preserve the idea of Caliphate which is driven by Islam the movement
was labeled as the movement for the protection of Islam. This idea of
protection of Islam through a political struggle is still creeping in
Muslim thinking to this date and in their politics in present day India
and Pakistan. Resultantly, multiple religious political parties have taken
birth in South Asia. Therefore, Khilafat Movement has strengthened the
Muslim nationalism in South Asia.
7.4 It generated anti-British consciousness among Muslim masses.

deteriorating, finally culminating into the creation of Pakistan.
According to Subhas Chandra Bose, “during the middle of 1920, the

anti-British feeling amongst the Musalmans was stronger than the
rest of Indian population”
in India.
7.5. Muslims felt need of education
Socially Muslims of India never appreciated the English dominated

education system of India. As a result of Khilafat Movement the
muslims felt need for educating themselves as many students were at
lose due to the boycott of government run schools and the universities.
Hence, they felt need for having alternative institutions owned and
operated by the Muslims. Due to realization of education Jamia Milia
Islamia, National College Patna, Madarsa Islamia Calcutta were
founded. Around 98000 students were registered with Jamia Islamia.
Education became the top priority of Muslims after the Khilafat
Movement.
7.6 Khilafat Movement signified the unity among Muslims first time
voiced for the Khilafat in one voice from Peshawar to Mysore. Orthodox
and liberal segments both collectively strived for the Khilafat cause. Be
it conservatives like Maulana Hasrat Mohani, Maulana Azad, Maulana
Muhammad Ali, Maulana Shaukat Ali, Hakim Ajmal Khan or liberals like
Sir Agha Khan, Syed Ameer Ali all rendered their support for the
Khilafat Movement. Muslims were united in their voice and actions.
Such unity in the Muslim ranks was continued to be witnessed
throughout Muslim political struggle till creation of Pakistan in 1947.
7.7 The Hijrat Movement added into economic hardship of Muslims.

from India, out of which 18000 were poor Muslim peasants who lost
their lands in the hands of Hindu landlords. Around 750 Muslims from
Sindh sold their properties and headed towards Kabul under the
leadership of Barrister Jan Muhammad Junejo. However, The Muslims
of India were not well received in Afghanistan. Muslims lost their
property at the hands of Hindus against the cost equivalent of peanuts,
suffered in the hands of Afghans and lost shelter for their kids. Hijrat
Movement worsened economic hardships for the Muslims.
7.8 The rise of sun of Muslim journalism.
The Muslim journalism was equally active during Khilafat Movement.

The Al-Hilal of Maulana Azad and Comrade of Ali Brothers increased its
circulation to create awareness among Muslims regarding the anti-
Muslim policies of British imperialism. Due to the honest and just
journalism, Maulana Azad, Maualana Ali and Maulana Jouhar were
arrested in 1919 under the Defence of India, Act and publications of
their newspapers were banned. The suppression of British availed
nothing but invited more hatred of Muslims for the colonial rule.
7.9 The communal antagonism shattered the social fabric of
subcontinent.
Gandhi’s decision to withdraw its support for the Khilafat Movement

effected the social fabric of Indian society. The religious harmony
between two communities was soon turned into animosity for one and
other. According to Ahmed Saeed who writes in Trek To Pakistan that
‘’During Khilafat Movement, the Hindu-Muslim relations were such
that Muslims considered Gandhi as the Prophet’’. However, The
collapse of Khilafat Movement dented the Hindu-Muslim harmony,
which resulted into several clashes between Hindus and Muslims. One
such incident took place in 1921 when Mappilahs of Mysore revolted against
Hindu landlords whose treatment was very brutal with them. Similarly, in March
1922 riots took place in Punjab, Bengal during Muharram. The Hindu reform
movements like Shuddhi and Sangthan were initiated by the Hindu extremists
Pandit Madan Mohan Malvia and Lala Rajpat Rai in order to convert Muslims into
Hinduism. Gandhi’s decision took both communities to the point of no return.
That is how, Gandhi’s ill-conceived decision altered the social dynamics of Hindu-
Muslim relations.
7.10. Provided economic edge to the Hindus against Muslims.
Though the Hindus and the Muslims jointly were striving for the
Khilafat Movement but it was only Muslims who made sacrifices.
Muslims boycotted education institutes, courts, resigned from
government services and invited wrath of government on themselves.
While Hindus on other hand continued to enjoy privileges of British rule
and contributed nothing to exert pressure on suppressors. For instance,
Banaras Hindu University refused to refuse the financial aid of
government. While officers that were left by the Muslim employees
were filled by the Hindus. Such sacrifices of the Muslims caused
immense economic misery for their community.
7.11 Thousands of families starved as their bread earners either died

or rotted in jails in the wake of Khilafat Movement
Many families lost their beloved ones during the agitational phase of
Khilafat Movement. In Malabar Moplah Muslims lost around 4000 men
during rebellion against British government. While dozen of Muslim
political workers were hounded in jails under Rowlett Act 1919. As a of
result of political victimization of Muslims, many families were deprived
of men who were source of income for these families resulting into
abject misery for the Muslim families.
Effects on muslim nationalism
5.1.. Defeat of Turkey in World War-I generated sense of insecurity

among Indian Muslims regarding safety of the Ottomon Empire and
holy places.

angered the Muslims who took it as an insult to the Khalifa. The Ali
brothers, Shoukat Ali and Mohammad Ali, Maulana Azad endeavoured
for the protection of Khilafat and holy sites of Islam. Hence, the concern
about holy places and defeat of Turkey ignited fire of Muslim
nationalism among Indian Muslims through Khilafat Movement

sacred places reignited fire among Indian Muslims
arrangements.
giving a new direction to Muslim nationalism
5.3… Rowlett Act furthered the anti-British sentiments of Muslims.
The government enacted the 1919 Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes

Act, popularly called the Rowlatt Act, based on the findings of the
Rowlatt Committee. This act allowed the government to imprison any
person suspected of terrorism for a maximum period of two years
without trial. The government passed Montagu Chelmsford Reforms
and Rowlatt Act in succession, which were part of the British ' Carrot
and Stick policy. Law was protested both by the Muslims as well as the
Hindus.Under the Rowlett Act prominent Muslim leaders like Maulana
Muhammad Ali, Maulana Shaukat Ali and Maulana Azad were detained
that angered the Muslim community and increased their hatred for the
British Raj. The insult of Muslim leaders assured the revival of Muslim
nationalism among the Muslim masses.
5.4.. Incident of Jallianwala Bagh filled new enthusiasm and anger

among Indian masses against British rule.
Jallianwala Bagh was situated in the city of Amritsar where people

gathered against the backdrop of the Rowlett Act. In order to crush the
demonstration General Dyer of the British Indian Army opened open
fire on the mob of the people. Approximately 1,000 people were
massacred and the Martial law was imposed in Punjab. This Jallianwala
Bagh incident also mobilized congress and Muslims to move ahead and
to pull their resources and to challenge the authority of the British govt.
Both Muslims and Hindus cooperated by launching Khilafat Movement
after the Jallianwala Bagh genocide.
5.5.. Non-Cooperation Movement of Gandhi gave a renewed direction

to the Khilafat cause.
The Non-cooperation Movement was launched formally on 1 August,

1920. The Movement was initiated in support of the Khilafat
Movement. Gandhi along with Ali-brothers made extensive tours to
preach the message of national unity and non-cooperation with the
government. In support of Khilafat Movement, the Muslims took
following measures:
 Resigned from Government offices

 Refused to attend government
 Withdrew children from government operated schools
 Refused to join military
1919
These measures of Muslim pitted them against British rulers and

solidified Muslim nationalism.
1.. Beginning of Popular Muslim politics.

beginning of popular Muslim politics and solidified Muslim nationalism.

2 Provided fodder for the Pakistan movement
Pakistan Movement. All the above factors helped in shaping the Muslim
nationalism that led to turn dream of Pakistan into a reality.
3 Provided foothold to the Islamic clergy in the political sphere.
accorded such a place in political life. The Jamat continues to play vital
role in promotion of Muslim nationalism in India and Pakistan till this
day.


politics.
4 Introduced the religious flavour in the life Indian Muslim politics

politics of Indian Muslims. It was not the Muslim League that
movement who did this. Muslims were ready to sacrifice their lives for
the cause of protection of Khilafat which they see as a symbol of Islamic
unity. Furthermore, Muslims were not ready to let the shadow of
whiteman cast upon their sacred places. Indian Muslims anticipated
Islam under danger from all sides. The protection of Islam assumed the
role of centre of gravity for the Muslim politics in the subcontinent
throughout 20th century.
5 Khilafat Movement saw the entry of Muslim women in the politics
.6 Gandhi’s betrayal for the Khilafat solidified the sense of separatism

of Muslims.

affect this movement but strengthened their nationalism. Gandhi
without consulting the leaders of Khilafat Movement, called off Non
Cooperation Movement 1922 since, they were working together and
suddenly the Non Cooperation Movement was called off that adversely
affected the Movement and created distrust between the Muslims and
the Hindus. The gains of Lucknow Pact was reversed and dream of
Hindu-Muslim unity was never realized. Due to the betrayal of Gandhi,
the Muslim nationalism further cemented that was witnessed during
the constitutional developments in India.
7 The communal antagonism shattered the social fabric of

subcontinent and strengthened the Muslim nationalism

Muslim relations.
8. The Sir Syed school of thought was dominated by the over-zealous

Muslim nationalism promoted by the Ali brothers and Maulana Azad.
were unfavourable to confrontation against Britishers were eclipsed by
the religious leaders like Maulana Azad and Ali brothers from 1919 to
1922. The Muslims during this period were convinced that only
agitational politics and not the constitutional process would confer
them with their due rights. The Sir Syed school of thought was
dominated by the over-zealous Muslim nationalism promoted by the Ali
brothers.
9. It generated anti-British consciousness among Muslim masses.

masses. As already stated, Muslims departed from the pro-British
teaching of Sir Syed. The brief era of British-Muslim alliance could not
be sustained and was buried under the weight of constant anti-Muslim
policies of the British. Resultantly, Khilafat Movement marked the first
scene of India. The Mopliahs Muslims of Malabar fought with British
and took control of the district administration and declared Khilafat in
Malabar. The British Indian Army sent reinforcement and killed 4000
Mopliahs. Thus, the Khilafat Movement generated Muslim nationalism
to an extent where Muslims challenged the britishers first time after
the erosion of Mughal Empire.
in India.
10. Khilafat Movement strengthened the Muslim nationalism through

extra-constitutional confrontational methods.

‘’mine is right way- the constitutional way’’. Muslims started to
consider going to jail as a matter of pride and honour for them as for
them they were participating in holy war. Hence the agitational
methology of Khilafat Movement strengthened the Muslim nationalism.
11. Khilafat Movement provided platform to Muslims to voice their

economic alienation
Indian Muslims used Khilafat Movement to raise showcase their

economic misery. Muslims who were economically disaffected, the
Muslim professionals who were discriminated and the government-job-
seeking educated Indian Muslim middle class, mainly those of UP and
Bihar and urban Punjab objectives were modest, for they demanded
not much more than fair quotas in jobs for Muslims and certain
safeguards for their economic interests. Hence, Khilafat Movement
mainstreamed the economic concerns of the Muslims thereby
cementing Muslim nationalism.
12. Muslims realized importance of education
Historically, the Muslims of India never appreciated the English

dominated education system run by the Britishers. As a result of
Khilafat Movement the muslims felt need for educating themselves as
many students were at lose due to the boycott of government run
schools and the universities. Hence, they felt need for having
alternative institutions owned and operated by the Muslims
themselves. Due to realization of education Jamia Milia Islamia,
National College Patna, Madarsa Islamia Calcutta were founded.
Around 98000 students were registered with Jamia Islamia. Education
became the top priority of Muslims after the Khilafat Movement.
Institutes run by the Muslims helped in the promotion of Muslim
nationalism in Muslim youth.
13. Khilafat Movement signified the unity among Muslims first time
14. The Hijrat Movement added into economic hardship of Muslims.

leadership of Barrister Jan Muhammad Junejo. Hence Hijrat Movement
was also instrumental in the rise of Muslim nationalism in India during
the Khilafat Movement.
15. The iron role of Muslim journalism in promotion of Muslim

nationalism.

The Al-Hilal of Maulana Azad and Comrade of Ali Brothers increased its
circulation to create awareness among Muslims regarding the anti-
Muslim policies of British imperialism. The circulation of Al-Hilal
increased to 26000 copies/week during Khilafat Movement. Due to the
honest and just journalism, Maulana Azad, Maualana Ali and Maulana
Jouhar were arrested in 1921 under the Defence of India, Act and
Rowlett Act 1919 and publications of their newspapers were banned.
The suppression of British availed nothing but invited more hatred of
Muslims for the colonial rule, thereby promoting Muslim nationalism in
India.
16. Provided economic edge to the Hindus against Muslims.
immense economic misery for their community increased their
alienation vis-à-vis Hindus and British.
17. Thousands of families starved as their bread earners either died or

rotted in jails in the wake of Khilafat Movement
..9…Advantages
..1.. Khilafat Movement marked the Beginning of Popular Muslim

politics.
beginning of popular Muslim politics and solidified Muslim nationalism.

2 Provided fodder for the Pakistan movement
Pakistan Movement. All the above factors helped in shaping the Muslim
nationalism that led to turn dream of Pakistan into a reality.
3 Provided foothold to the Islamic clergy in the political sphere.
accorded such a place in political life. The Jamat continues to play vital
role in promotion of Muslim nationalism in India and Pakistan till this
day.


politics.
4 Khilafat Movement saw the entry of Muslim women in the politics
.5 Gandhi’s betrayal for the Khilafat solidified the sense of separatism
of Muslims.

affect this movement but strengthened their nationalism. Gandhi
without consulting the leaders of Khilafat Movement, called off Non
Cooperation Movement 1922 since, they were working together and
suddenly the Non Cooperation Movement was called off that adversely
affected the Movement and created distrust between the Muslims and
the Hindus. The gains of Lucknow Pact was reversed and dream of
Hindu-Muslim unity was never realized. Due to the betrayal of Gandhi,
the Muslim nationalism further cemented that was witnessed during
the constitutional developments in India.
6. Muslims realized importance of education
Historically, the Muslims of India never appreciated the English

dominated education system run by the Britishers. As a result of
Khilafat Movement the muslims felt need for educating themselves as
many students were at lose due to the boycott of government run
schools and the universities. Hence, they felt need for having
alternative institutions owned and operated by the Muslims
themselves. Due to realization of education Jamia Milia Islamia,
National College Patna, Madarsa Islamia Calcutta were founded.
Around 98000 students were registered with Jamia Islamia. Education
became the top priority of Muslims after the Khilafat Movement.
7. Khilafat Movement signified the unity among Muslims first time

8. Khilafat Movement converted Muslim journalism into a sharp edge.

The popularity that Muslim journalism gained during this period
revealed out to be beneficial for the Muslim community during latter
years when Muslim press countered the Hindu propaganda against the
Muslim interests quite boldly. During Khilafat Movement Al-Hilal of
Maulana Azad and Comrade of Ali Brothers increased its circulation to
create awareness among Muslims regarding the anti-Muslim policies of
British imperialism. The circulation of Al-Hilal increased to 26000
copies/week during Khilafat Movement. The popularity of Muslim
journalism gave birth to new outlets like Nawa-i-Waqt in 1940 and the
Dawn. The Muslim press potently projected and protected the case of
Muslims.
10. DISADVANTAGES
.1.. Introduced the religious flavour in the life Indian Muslim politics
The Khilafat Movement introduced the religious idiom in the politics of

Indian Muslims. It was not the Muslim League that introduced religious
ideology in the politics of India but it was this movement who did this.
Muslims were ready to sacrifice their lives for the cause of protection of
Khilafat which they see as a symbol of Islamic unity. Due to the
limitation of Khilafat. The protection of Islam assumed the role of
centre of gravity for the Muslim politics in the subcontinent throughout
20th century.
2. The communal antagonism shattered the social fabric of

subcontinent and poisoned the social ambiance.
Muslim relations
3. The Sir Syed school of thought was put to the rest against the
breeze of Muslim nationalism.

were unfavourable to confrontation against Britishers were eclipsed by
the religious leaders like Maulana Azad and Ali brothers from 1919 to
1922. The Muslims during this period were convinced that only
agitational politics and not the constitutional process would confer
them with their due rights. The Sir Syed school of thought was
dominated by the over-zealous Muslim nationalism promoted by the Ali
brothers.
4. The Hijrat Movement added into economic hardships of Muslims.

leadership of Barrister Jan Muhammad Junejo. Hence Hijrat Movement
was also instrumental in the rise of Muslim nationalism in India during
the Khilafat Movement.
5. Provided economic edge to the Hindus against Muslims.
immense economic misery for their community increased their
alienation vis-à-vis Hindus and British.
6. Muslim families starved as their bread earners either died or rotted

in jails in the wake of Khilafat Movement
7. Khilafat Movement put Muslims in the confrontation mode against

the Britishers.

masses. As already stated, Muslims departed from the pro-British
teaching of Sir Syed. The brief era of British-Muslim alliance could not
be sustained and was buried under the weight of constant anti-Muslim
policies of the British. Resultantly, Khilafat Movement marked the first
scene of India. The Mopliahs Muslims of Malabar fought with British
and took control of the district administration and declared Khilafat in
Malabar. The British Indian Army sent reinforcement and killed 4000
Mopliahs. Thus, the Khilafat Movement generated Muslim nationalism
to an extent where Muslims challenged the britishers first time after
the erosion of Mughal Empire.

in India.
8. Khilafat Movement put the Muslims on the unconstitutional path.

9. Khilafat Movement weakened the AIML vis-à-vis the Congress.

into a formidable political force. As a result of Khilafat campaign,
Congress turned itself into a formidable force that was seen in 1937
Elections when Congress left its mark on 700 seats in six provinces of
India, cutting AIML to a size. The Congress Ministry from 1937-39 was
the darkest period for the Muslims of India when they were made to
live under the tyrannical Hindu rule of Congress. Congress victory could
be attributed to the Khilafat as due to the Congress’ support for the
Khilafat it heightened its popularity. With the help of this popularity
Congress formed ministry while turning its back on the Muslims.
11… Causes of failure
12… Critical analysis
13.. Conclusion
Khilafat mov as an emotional mov
2015 Khilafat Movement was emotional movement. Discuss
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT N PAK
Q.2 The Khilafat Movement Spearheaded the Pakistan Movement and provided the necessary
weapon through which a political war to identify the Muslims as such could be waged." Discuss.
Khilafat Movement
emotional movement
2015 Khilafat Movement was emotional movement. Discuss
Intro
Background
Why Khilafat Movement is an emotional movement
Critical analysis
Conclusion
1.Introduction
What is Khilafat Movement?
The Khilafat movement was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign

led by Muslims of Indo-Pak subcontinent against the British government
to protect the Ottoman Empire from the disintegration that erupted as an
aftermath of World War I. Since the movement was inspired by the
religion it believed to have an emotional element that was driving
actions of Muslims during and subsequent years of the Khilafat
Movement(1919-24). The Muslim emotionalism was converted into a
full blown nationalism that led ultimately led them to the establishment
of a separate homeland. The extent of impact that Muslim emotions
inflicted on the history of subcontinent compel us to analyze the
emotional factors behind Khilafat Movement and its impact that that
were instrumental in altering the map of subcontinent.
2. Background
During World War I, the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) joined the war in
favour of Germany. But Ottomon Empire and Germany lost the war and
the allied forces decided to divide Ottomon Empire and put an end on
the organization of Islamic caliphate. The Treaty of Savers 1920 was
imposed on Turkey and its territories like Anatolia were wrested from it
and distributed among European countries. A wave of anger swept
across the Muslims World and the Indian Muslims rose against the
British Government. Muslim leaders like Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad,
Moulana Muhammad Ali Johar, Moulana Shoukat Ali, Moulana Hasan
Mohani and others reacted against the British Government policy and
were put behind the bars.
Being brothers, the Indian Muslims realized their religious duty to help
the Muslim country. It was the extra territorial attachments based on
Islam. Another factor same to the first was that the Indian Muslims
considered Ottoman Caliphate a symbol of unity of the Muslim world as
Ummah. Thus, the emotional consciousness of Muslims put them in hot
waters that instigated them to launch
3.. what emotional factors led to the Khilafat

Movement
Following were the reasons behind the Khilafat Movement:-
3.1.. Defeat of Turkey in World War-I erupted emotions among Indian

Muslims regarding safety of the Ottomon Empire and holy places.
angered the Muslims who took it as an insult to the Khalifa. Thus therir
religious sentiments compelled Muslim leaders like Ali
brothers, Shoukat Ali and Mohammad Ali to initiate the Khilafat
Movement against the British government.

sacred places hurt the religious sentiments of Muslims
arrangements.
Indian Muslims under Ali brothers launched a movement for the
restoration of Caliphate.
3.3… Constant Anti Muslim Posture of British angered the Muslims to

cooperate Hindus and launch Khilafat Movement.
Since the time of annulment of partition of Bengal in December 1911,

the British were becoming increasingly anti-Muslim. The anti-Muslim
attitude of Muslim could be seen in reversal of partition of Bengal
(December 1911) , Kanpur Mosque tragedy (July 1913), British support
for the Italian invasion of Tripoli (1911) and finally British support for
Balkan’s war against the Turkey (1912) convinced Muslims that British
were no well wishers of Muslims. To preserve rights of Muslims in the
face of gradual anti-policies of the British government, the Khilafat
Movement was launched.
4. Impact of the emotions during Khilafat on the politics of

Subcontinent/ why Khilafat Movement was an emotional movement?
Since Khilafat Movement was inspired by the religion it put the Muslim
clergy at the center of the modern political arena, armed with a
political organization in the form of the Jamiat-e-Ulama-e-Hind that
born in 1920 which the clergy used to intervene actively in both the
political as well as the ideological sphere. Never before in Indian
Muslim history was the clergy ever accorded such a place in political
life.

politics.

politics of Indian Muslims. It was not the Muslim League who
movement who did this. The important aspect of this period is that
whole political process was taken over by the All India khilafat
Committee that was set up in 1919 and made Muslim league a non-
entity. The entry of Ulema into Politics during the Khilafat Movement
further islamised the politics for the Indian Muslims. Instead of creating
political understanding and analysing political issue purely on political
grounds, they supported or rejected all these issues on the basis of
religion. Once religion became supreme authority to understand and
act politically, the ulama gained ground and assumed leadership. This is
evident during the khilafat movement when attempts were made to
establish separate shriat court and collect zakat. As a result of the
movement religious and non- political consciousness was created
among the Muslims. While on the other hand, the Congress followed
the political agenda that promoted the political awakening among its
followers (majority of them were the Hindus).

The intervention of the Khilafat Movement in Indian Muslim politics has
had a considerable ideological influence on the modern Indian Muslim
mind. As the movement was to preserve the idea of Caliphate which is
driven by Islam the movement was labeled as the movement for the
protection of Islam. This idea of protection of Islam through a political
struggle is still creeping in Muslim thinking to this date and in their
politics in present day India and Pakistan. Resultantly, multiple religious
political parties have taken birth in South Asia. Therefore, Khilafat
Movement has strengthened the Muslim nationalism in South Asia.
According to KK AZIZ IN the Making of Pakistan, Khilafat Movement

was the first time when Indian Muslims started to refer themselves as
Muslim first and Indians afterwards. Hence the religious emotions
were running deep among the Muslims that subsequently entrenched
their religious identity in Indian subcontinent.
4.4 It generated anti-British emotions among the Muslim masses.

deteriorating, finally culminating into the creation of Pakistan. The
Mopliahs Muslims of Malabar fought with British and took control of
the district administration and declared Khilafat in Malabar. The British
Indian Army sent reinforcement and killed 4000 Mopliahs. Thus, the
Khilafat Movement generated Muslim nationalism to an extent where
Muslims challenged the britishers first time after the erosion of Mughal
Empire.

4.5. The Muslims disregarded the English education system
The Muslim started to dislike English education system. The muslims

felt need for establishment of their own institutes that where their kids
could learn in accordance with the teachings of Islam. Many Muslims
students were at lose due to the boycott of government run schools.
Hence, Muslims felt need for alternative institutions that could be
owned and operated by the Muslims. Due to realization of education
Jamia Milia Islamia, National College Patna, Madarsa Islamia Calcutta
were founded. Around 98000 students were registered with Jamia
Islamia. The Muslims generated a contempt for the English schooling
system.
4.6 Since the Khilafat Movement was an emotional movement it
signified the unity among Muslims first time after the end of Mughal
Empire.
4.7 Khilafat Movement gave birth to an emotional Hijrat Movement.

ruled India was unIslamic. More than 30000 Muslims migrated to Kabul
from India. Around 750 Muslims from Sindh sold their properties and
headed towards Kabul under the leadership of Barrister Jan
Muhammad Junejo. However, The Muslims of India were not well
received in Afghanistan. Muslims lost their property at the hands of
Hindus against the cost equivalent of peanuts, suffered in the hands of
Afghans and lost shelter for their kids. During the whole campaign
hundreds died and thousands suffered in a process of rehabilitation.
Those who issued the fatwa did not follow it; both the rich and well off
did not leave India. The sacrifice of the common people did not create
any concern among the leadership. The Muslim paid the price for being
fallen prey to the notion of Muslim brotherhood.
4.8 The religious emotions sank the Hindu-Muslim relations for

forever.
The Hindu-Muslim unity was short lived because it was based on

emotionalism and not on political understanding and compromise.
After the collapse of non-cooperation, Gandhi was criticised and
condemned by the same ulama who adored him. It is said that he used
the Muslim leadership to propagate his non-violence philosophy and
left them in doldrums when he achieved his motives. Both symbols of
the khilafat and non-cooperation were quite different in nature and
could not be reconciled. The nationalist historians, who admire the role
of Gandhi as a champion of Hindu Muslim unity during this period,
forget the disastrous effects of the involvement of religion to politics.
The religious harmony between two communities was soon turned into
animosity for one and other. According to Ahmed Saeed who writes in
Trek To Pakistan that ‘’During Khilafat Movement, the Hindu-Muslim
relations were such that Muslims considered Gandhi as the Prophet’’.
However, The collapse of Khilafat Movement dented the Hindu-Muslim
harmony, which resulted into several clashes between Hindus and
Muslims. One such incident took place in March 1922 riots took place in
Punjab, Bengal during Muharram. The Hindu reform movements like
Shuddhi and Sangthan were initiated by the Hindu extremists Pandit
Madan Mohan Malvia and Lala Rajpat Rai in order to convert Muslims
into Hinduism. Gandhi’s decision took both communities to the point of
no return. Hence, the introduction of religion into politics made two
communities to think on the basis of emotional lines inspired of religion
rather than rational pragmatism that could have treaded Hindus and
the Muslims on the path of compromise.
4.9. The religious emotions in the wake Khilafat Movement put the
Muslims on the unconstitutional path.

Khalid Bin sayeed writes in The formative Phase of Pakistan that for
Hindus fighting for their country was an act of patriotism but for
Muslims Khilafat Movement was a Jihad.
Critical anaylsis
conclusion

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Khilafat Movement

development of Muslim nationalism?

4)Critically evaluate the socio economic and religio-political effects

3. "Khilafat Movement was a real disaster". Comment.

11… causes of failure of Khilafat Movement

12.. Critical analysis

The Khilafat movement was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign

3.. Process /COURSE

3.1 The first Khilafat Conference November 1919 at Delhi

The committee held its 1st Khilafat Conference in Delhi in November

following Steps were announced against the British government.

3.2 Boycott the victory celebration

3.2 Boycott the British Goods

3.3 Launch Non-Cooperation Movement.

Non Cooperation with the Government was the 3rd important

 Resign from Government offices

3.4..The second khilafat Conference at Amritsar in December 1919

The second Khilafat Conference (Amritsar) was held in Dec. 19 Maulana

In 1921 The Moplah of Malabar revolted against the Britishers and

2. To protect the territorial and sovereignty of Turkey.

3. Caliphate(Khilafat) must remain intact.

4. The Holy place should remain in the custody of Turkish Government.

5. Jazirat-ul-Arab including Mesopotamia, Arabia, Syria and Palestine with the

5.. Causes /origin:

5.1.. Defeat of Turkey in World War-I generated sense of insecurity

World War I(1914-1918) had ended in a defeat for Ottoman Turkey,

5.2.. Violation of demands of Indian Muslims regarding the safety of

The government enacted the 1919 Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes

5.4.. Incident of Jallianwala Bagh filled new enthusiasm and anger

Jallianwala Bagh was situated in the city of Amritsar where people

 Resign from Government offices

5.6.. The failure of Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms to fulfill aspirations

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms with their illconceived

5.7… Anti Muslim Posture of British pushed Muslims to cooperate

Since the time of annulment of partition of Bengal in December 1911,

Ahmed saeed writes in Trek to Pakistan Khilafat Movement put end to

6.2 Provided fodder for the Pakistan movement

6.3 Provided foothold to the Islamic clergy in the political sphere.

I.H Qureshi writes in his book Muslim community in Subcontinent that

Trek To Pakistan Ahmed Saeed that Khilafat movement compelled

The Khilafat Movement also introduced the religious idiom in the

6.5 Khilafat Movement was a movement of Muslims

Muslim Nationalism was a movement of Muslims and not a movement

6.6 Khilafat Movement was an all India movement.

By virtue of the Lucknow Pact of 1916 Khilafat Movement provided a

6.7 Strengthened the Muslim nationalism in India

The intervention of the Khilafat Movement in Indian Muslim politics has

6.8 It generated anti-British consciousness among Muslim masses.

6.9. Muslims felt need of education

6.11 Khilafat Movement popularized Mahatma Gandhi and Indian

In support of Khilafat Movement and with the help of donations of

6.12 Khilafat Movement saw the entry of Muslim women in the

Gandhi's suspension of his movement in 1922 and his arrest in March

6.14 Khilafat Movement gave birth to a failed Hijrat Movement.

Khilafat Movement gave birth to another movement, known as Hijrat

7.1.. Beginning of Popular Muslim politics.

Ahmed saeed writes in Trek to Pakistan Khilafat Movement put end to

7.2 Provided fodder for the Pakistan movement

7.3 Provided foothold to the Islamic clergy in the political sphere.

I.H Qureshi writes in his book Muslim community in Subcontinent that

The Khilafat Movement also introduced the religious idiom in the

Gandhi's suspension of his movement in 1922 and his arrest in March