Mathematics QS 026 2009/10 Topic 10 : Probability - Tutorial _________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 10 : PROBABILITY 1.

. An unbiased die and a fair coin are tossed together. List down all the possible outcomes in the sample space, S. Find the probability of obtaining: a) a number 3 and a tail, b) a head and a number greater than 2, c) a tail and an odd number One marble is drawn at random from a bag containing four white marbles, five red marbles and six green marbles. Find the probability that the marble is a) red marble b) purple marble c) not a white marble d) white or green marble In class F3T1, there are 35 of them. Everybody must participate in either drawing or singing competition that will be held on the same day. The monitor has decided that 24 of them will participate in drawing competition and 20 of them will participate in singing competition. How many students will represent in both competitions? A bag contains 25 packets of nuts, 9 packets of groundnut, 15 packets of hazelnut and a packet of almond. What is the probability of Chris choose randomly a packet groundnut or almond? Tips: It is mutually exclusive events because a packet of nut cannot be groundnut and almond on the same time. In a class of 24 male students, 9 are in both team A and team B. There are 16 students involved in team A and 10 involved in team B. Find the probability that a student chosen at random a) is only in team A b) is in either team A or team B c) is in neither team A nor team B A fair blue dice and a fair red dice are rolled and the scores on the dice are added. Find the probability that a) the sum of the scores is 7 or 10 b) the scores on both dice are equal c) the scores are unequal An automobile manufacturer is concerned about a possible recall of their best selling four-door car. From past records, recalls were related to defects detected with probabilities of 0.14, 0.30, 0.20, 0.36 respectively to the brake system, transmission, fuel system, and some other areas. a) What is the probability of defect in the brake or fueling system if the probability of defects in both systems simultaneously is 0.18? b) What is the probability that there are no defects in either brakes or the fuel system?

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

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Mathematics QS 026 2009/10 Topic 10 : Probability - Tutorial _________________________________________________________________________ c) What is the probability of defects in both transmission and other areas if the probability of defects in transmission or other areas is 0.35? 8. A unbiased cubical dice is labeled so that it has two 2, one 5 and three 6. The dice is tossed once and the events A and B are defined as follows: A: the number showing is 2 B: the number showing is even a) Find P ( A ) , P ( A B ) and P ( A ' B ) b) Write down two pairs of non-mutually exclusive events. A box contains 31 books as shown in the following table: Red Blue Yellow White History 4 3 6 0 Economics 3 7 3 5 Three books are selected randomly from the box. Events X and Y are defined as follows: X : no white books are selected Y : the books selected include an economics books of red color. Find (i) P( X ) (ii) P( Y ) The Venn diagram ( Figure 1 ) shows the relationship between the three sets A, B 12 and C such that n ( ) = 145 , P ( A ) = P ( B ) = P ( C ) = , n ( A B ) = 30, n ( B C ) = 25 29 and n ( A C ) = 20. If n ( A B C ) = x , find p, q and r in term of x. Find the probability of P ( A B C ) if n ( A B C ) ' = 25.

9.

10.

A p x q

r Figure 1 C

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11.

Mathematics QS 026 2009/10 Topic 10 : Probability - Tutorial _________________________________________________________________________ 2 1 Given that X, Y and Z are mutually exclusive events and P ( X ) = , P ( Y ) = and 5 6 1 P ( Z ) = . Find 4 a) P ( X Y Z ) b) P ( Y ' ( X Z ) ) Given that P ( E ) = 0.3, P ( E F ) = 0.28 and P ( E 'F ) = 0.32 . Find a) P ( E F ' ) b) P ( E | F ) Given that A and B are two events such that P ( A) = P( A | B) = 8 1 , P( A B ) = and 15 3

12.

13.

4 . Find 7 a) P ( B ) , P ( B / A ) and P ( B / A ') b) State the reason whether A and B are i ) independent ii ) mutually exclusive

. 14. There are 60 students in the sixth form of a certain school. Mathematics is studied by 27 of them, physics by 20 and 22 students study neither mathematics nor physics. a) Find the probability that a randomly selected student studies both mathematics and physics. b) Find the probability that a randomly selected mathematics student does not study physics. A student is selected at random. c) Determine whether the event studying mathematics is statistically independent of the event studying physics. 15. The table below shows the information of a sample of a 100 people in a study of genetics in Malacca Matriculation College. Male (M) Female (F) Total Color Blind (C) Not Color Blind(C) Total 4 40 44 1 55 56 5 95 100

Find the probability that a person a) Is color blind, given that the person is a male b) Is not color blind, given that the person is a female

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16.

Mathematics QS 026 2009/10 Topic 10 : Probability - Tutorial _________________________________________________________________________ In a lecture class of 100 students, 12 are left-handed. If two students are chosen at random, what is the probability that : a) both are left-handed b) neither are left-handed Extend your probability tree diagram to show the possible outcomes if three students are chosen. What is the probability that the second student and the third student are chosen is left-handed and right-handed respectively?

17.

Given that A and B are two events such that P ( A) = 0.1 and P ( B ) = 0.8 . Find P ( A B ) if A and B are independent events a) P ( A | B ) if A and B are not independent events and P ( A B ) = 0.7 . b) A bag contains 3 blue marbles and 2 yellow marbles. 3 marbles are randomly drawn from the bag one after the other without replacement. Find the probability of drawing a) the second marble is blue b) the third marble is blue c) the second marble is yellow given that the first marble is blue A company orders laptops from three different contractors: 20% from A, 40% from B and 40% from C. The defective rates are 1%, 3% and 2% respectively. a) Determine the probability that a defective laptop is obtained. b) If a defective laptop is returned, find the probability that it came from contractor A and C

18.

19.

20.

According to a firms internal survey, of those employees living more than 3 miles from work, 85% travel to work by car. Of the remaining employees, only 55% travel to work by car. It is known that 75% of employees live more then 3 miles from work. Find a) the overall proportion of employees who travel to work by car. b) the probability that an employee who travels to work by car lives more than 3 miles from work. PAST YEAR QUESTIONS 1. A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.1 and P(B) = 0.8. Find (a) P(A B) if A and B are independent. (b) P(A/B) if P(A B) = 0.7, where A and B are not independent. [2001/ 6 marks] Hotels A and B offer two package price of services, (i) accommodation (ii) accommodation including breakfast. In a group of 300 tourists, 30 of them prefer hotel A for accommodation only and 120 of them prefer hotel B for accommodation including breakfast. Given that 110 of the tourists had chosen hotel A. A tourist is selected at random. 72

2.

Mathematics QS 026 2009/10 Topic 10 : Probability - Tutorial _________________________________________________________________________ (a) What is the probability that the selected tourist had chosen hotel A or only the package of accommodation ? (b) What is the probability that the tourist had chosen the package of accommodation including breakfast if it is known that he or she had chosen hotel B ? (c) What is the probability that the selected tourist was accommodated in hotel A if he or she didnt take breakfast ? (d) What is the probability that the tourist chose the package of accommodation in hotel A or the package of accommodation including breakfast in hotel B ? [2001/ 12 marks] 3. In November, 30% of 30 days in a given area rains . A survey found that when it rains, there is a probability of 0.7 that an accident will occur, but when it does not rain, the probability that an accident will occur is 0.2. (a) Find the probability that an accident will occur. (b) If an accident has occurred, what is the probability that it is a raining day. [2002/ 6 marks] A survey was done in a private college to find out the car models, Kancil, Kelisa and Kenari, owned by the students. The following table summarizes the result. Car models Kancil Kelisa Kenari Male 44 28 24 Female 56 30 18

4.

A student is selected at random. Find the probability that the student is (a) a female (b) a male given that the student owned a Kancil. (c) a female who owned a Kelisa. (d) a male who owned a Kenari or a female who owned a Kancil. [2002/ marks] 5. (a) For any sets R and S, P(R) = P(S ' R) + P(S R) . Show that P(S/R) = 1 - P(S ' /R) . (b) If P(R) = 0.5, P(S ) = 0.3 and P(S / R) = 0.4, evaluate P(R S)

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[2003/ 7 marks] 6. A total of 120 students of a private college ride 3 types of motorcycles (KRISS, SUZUKI and HONDA) to campus.. From the total, 75 riders are males. Out of 50 students who ride KRISS, 30 are females. There are 30 males who ride SUZUKI and 5 females who ride HONDA. If one student who rides a motorcycle to campus is chosen at random, find the probability that the student 73

Mathematics QS 026 2009/10 Topic 10 : Probability - Tutorial _________________________________________________________________________ (a) rides a KRISS or a SUZUKI. (b) is female or rides a SUZUKI. (c) rides a SUZUKI given that the student is female. (d) is male who rides a SUZUKI or female who rides a KRISS. [2003/ marks] 7. Given that two events E and F with P(E) = 0.1 and P(F) = 0.3 are independent. (a) State a condition for the two events E and F to be independent. (b) Find P ( E F ) . Are the events E and F mutually exclusive ? (c) Find P ( E F ) . [2004/ 7 marks] 8. The workers in a factory need to attend a competency course and pass three test. The probability of passing the first test is 0.9 and if a worker passes a test, the probability that the worker will pass the subsequent test is 0.7. Instead, if the worker fails, the probability that the worker will fail the subsequent is 0.8. (a) Construct a tree diagram for the events. (b) Find the probability that a worker will pass the first and the third test. (c) Find the probability that a worker will pass at least two tests. [2004/ 9 marks] 9. Given A and B are two events with the following probabilities: P( A ) = (a) (b) 10. 2 3 1 ,P( A / B') = and P( A B ) = 7 7 21 11

Find P( A B ) Determine whether A and B are independent events. [2005/ 7 marks ]

A game involves rolling a fair die followed by drawing a marble from either an urn A or B. If the outcome is less than 3, then a marble is drawn at random from urn A. Otherwise, a marble is drawn at random from urn B. Urn A contain 3 red marbles, 4 blue marbles and 3 green marbles. Urn B contains 3 red marbles and 1 blue marble. (a) Find the probability that i. a red marble is chosen. ii. the outcome of the die is less than 3 if it is known that the marble drawn is red. iii. it is a red or a green marble.

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Mathematics QS 026 2009/10 Topic 10 : Probability - Tutorial _________________________________________________________________________ (b) The similar game is repeated but two marbles are drawn instead from either urn A or B. Find the probability that both marbles are red if the first marble is taken i. with replacement. ii. without replacement. [2005/ 13 marks ] 11. Given two events A and B with the following probabilities: 2 3 1 P ( A) = , P A / B = , P ( A B ) = 5 5 15 Find a) P ( B ) b) P A / B

[2006/ 7 marks ] 12. Ali plans to buy a computer and the probability that he gets a loan is 0.6. The probability that he will buy the computer if he gets the loan is 0.9 and the probability that he will still buy the computer even though without getting the loan is 0.7. a) What is the probability that Ali will buy a computer? b) If it is known that Ali did not buy a computer, what is probability that he failed to get the loan? [2006/ 6 marks] The probability of a woman giving birth to a baby boy is 0.6. If the woman gave birth to 3 children, find the probability that a. The number of son exceeds the number of daughters. b. All three children are of the same gender.
ANSWER:

13.

[2007/ 6 marks]

1 12 1 2) a) 3 1) a)
3) 9

b)

1 3

b) 0

1 4 11 c) 15 c)

d)

2 3

4)

2 5 17 24 1 b) 6 b)
b) 0.84

7 24 1 6) a) 4 5) a)
7) a) 0.16

7 24 5 c) 6 c)
c) 0.31

1 1 1 , P ( A B ) = , P ( A ' B ) = 3 3 2 0.5784 0.2523 9) i) ii) 8) a) P ( A ) = 75

b) A and B , A and B

Mathematics QS 026 2009/10 Topic 10 : Probability - Tutorial _________________________________________________________________________ 3 10) p = x + 10, r = x + 15, q = x + 5 , 29 49 13 11) a) b) 60 20
12) a) 0.02 b) 0.467

7 5 15 13) a) P ( B) = , P ( B A) = , P ( B A ') = 12 8 28 b) i) A and B are not independent events 3 2 14) a) b) 20 3 1 55 15) a) b) 11 56 1 58 8 16) a) b) , 75 75 75
17) a) 0.82 b) 0.25 b)

ii) A and B are not mutually exclusive

3 18) a) 5
19) a) 0.022 20) a) 77.5%

3 5
b) 0.091 , 0.364 b) 0.823

c)

1 2

ANSWERS FOR PAST YEAR QUESTIONS 1. (a) 0.82 2. (a) 0.6 3. (a) 0.35 4. (a) 0.52 5. (b) 0.9 (b) 0.25 (b) 0.632 (b) 0.6 (b) 0.44 6. (a) 0.75 (c) 0.15 (b) 0.625 (c) 0.222 (c) 0.9 (d) 0.4 (d) 0.5 (c) 0.3 (d) 0.5

7. (b) 0.03 , E and F are not mutually exclusive 8. (b) 0.495 3 5 1 6 (c) 0.698 9. a)

43 b) A and B are dependent events 63 b) i ) 2 3 81 200 13. (a) 0.648 ii) 16 45

10. a. i)

ii) 0.167 2 5

iii). 0.7

11. (a)

(b)

12. (a) 0.82

(b)

(b) 0.28

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