UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

FHMM1324 MATHEMATICS FOR BUSINESS II

FOUNDATION IN ARTS

TUTORIAL 2 : PROBABILITY

Counting Rule

1. A student is to select three courses for next semester. If Anne decides to select randomly one
course from each of 8 economics courses, 6 mathematics courses and 5 computer courses,
how many different outcomes are possible?

2. For a set lunch at a restaurant, you may choose to have only one of fish and chip, chicken
chop or lamb chop. For beverage, you may choose one from coffee, tea, fruit juice or soya
milk. For dessert, you may choose either ice cream or mango pudding. How many different
ways can a customer place an order for his lunch?

3. There are four blood types, A, B, AB, and O. Blood can also be Rh+ and Rh–. Finally, a blood
donor can be classified as either male or female. How many different ways can a donor have
his or her blood labeled?

Permutation

4. Given the digits 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, you are required to form a 3-digit number with value greater
than 400. How many different numbers can be formed if
(a) none of the digits are to be repeated,
(b) each digit can be used repeatedly?

5. The letters from the word AGILE are to be arranged in a row. Find the number of possible
arrangements if
(a) all the letters are used,
(b) any 3 letters are used,
(c) all the letters are used and all the 3 vowels are not next to each other.

6. The letters in the word BANANA are to be arranged.

(a) How many different arrangements are possible?
(b) How many of these arrangements have the two N’s side-by-side?

7. Given the word “ENTREPRENEUR”. Find the number of possible arrangements if

(a) no condition is imposed,
(b) all E’s are together.

8. The letters in the word TOYOTA are to be arranged. Find the number of arrangements if
(a) no restriction is imposed,
(b) the two O’s must be at the middle positions,
(c) it must begin with T and end with O,
(d) the two O’s are not next to each other.

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9. A teacher, 3 male students and 2 female students line up in a row for a photograph session.
Find the number of different arrangements if
(a) the teacher stands at the end of the line,
(b) all the male students stand next to each other.

10. The chairman and four other committee members, 2 males and 2 females, are to be seated in a
row for photo taking. In how many ways can they be arranged if
(a) the chairman has to be at the centre seat,
(b) the chairman has to be at the centre seat and the males are on one side while the
females are on the other side?

Combination

11. A committee of 3 men and 2 women are to be formed from 5 men and 6 women. In how many
ways can the committee be formed?

12. A team comprising 4 people is to be selected from 5 women and 6 men. Find the number of
possible selections if
(a) no conditions are imposed,
(b) the team must have more men than women?

13. A club committee consists of three married couples, two single women, and four single men.
A delegation of five members from the committee are to be chosen at random to represent the
club at a conference. How many ways can the delegation be formed if the delegation will
consist of
(a) two men and three women,
(b) at least three men?

14. There are 6 boys and 5 girls. Find the number of ways a team of 5 people can be formed if at
most 3 people are of the same gender.

15. There is a couple in a group of 10 people. In how many ways can a team of 6 people be
formed from the group if
(a) the couple must be included,
(b) both the husband and wife cannot be in the same team?

16. The committee of the PTA of a school is to have 6 representatives chosen from among 7
parents, 4 teachers and the principal. In how many ways can the committee be formed if it
must include
(a) the principal,
(b) exactly 3 parents,
(c) not more than 3 parents.

17. A box contains 4 banana cakes and 3 velvet cakes of different shapes. Find the number of
ways 3 cakes can be selected from the box if
(a) any type of cakes can be selected.
(b) two must be of banana and one must be of velvet.
(c) they must all be of the same type.

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Probability

18. List the sample space S for each of the following statistical experiments.
(a) One roll of a die.
(b) Three tosses of a coin.
(c) One toss of a coin and one roll of a die.

19. A box contains a few red and a few green marbles. If two marbles are randomly drawn and the
colours of these marbles are observed, how many different outcomes are possible? Show all
the outcomes in a Venn diagram.

20. Refer to Q19, list all the outcomes included in each of the following events. Indicate which
events are simple and which are compound.
(a) Both marbles are of different colours.
(b) At least one marble is red.
(c) Not more than one marble is green.
(d) The first marble is green and the second is red.

21. A hat contains 40 marbles of which 18 are red and 22 are green. If one marble is randomly
selected from this hat, find the probability that the marble is
(a) red,
(b) green.

22. Find the probability of obtaining an even number in one roll of a die. Draw the Venn diagram
for the experiment.

23. A bag contains 4 red marbles, 2 white marbles and 8 black marbles. What is the probability
that a marble picked from the bag in random is either red or white?

24. In a statistics class of 45 students, 12 have strong interest in statistics.

(a) Find the probability that a randomly selected student from this class has a strong
interest in statistics.
(b) If two students are selected at random from this class, what is the probability that both
of them have strong interest in statistics?

25. Two cards are drawn randomly from an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards. What is the
probability of getting two aces if the drawing is done
(a) with replacement;
(b) without replacement?

26. The probability that a family owns a washing machine is 0.78, the probability that it owns a
VCR is 0.71 and that it owns both a washing machine and a VCR is 0.58. What is the
probability that a randomly selected family
(a) owns a washing machine or a VCR,
(b) owns a washing machine knowing that it owns a VCR?

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27. A university president has proposed that all students must take a course in ethics as a
requirement for graduation. Three hundred faculty members and students from this university
were asked about their opinions on this issue. The following table gives a two-way
classification of the responses of these faculty members and students.

Favor Oppose Neutral Total

Faculty 45 15 10 70
Student 90 110 30 230
Total 135 125 40 300

(a) Find the probability that a person selected randomly from these 300 persons is in favor
or neutral of this proposal.
(b) A student is selected randomly, find the probability that the student opposes the
proposal.

28. In a group of 250 persons, 140 are females, 60 are vegetarians, and 40 are females and
vegetarians. What is the probability that a randomly selected person from this group is a male
or vegetarian?

29. In a group of 100 people, 40 of them own cars, 25 of them own motorcycles and 15 of them
own both. A person is selected at random from the group. What is the probability that the
person
(a) owns a car or a motorcycle,
(b) owns either a car or a motorcycle but not both,
(c) owns a motorcycle if he owns a car,
(d) does not own a car, given that he owns a motorcycle?

30. Given that , and , determine

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)

31. The following table gives the survey results of all graduates of a college one year after their
graduation.
Employed Unemployed
Male 179 72
Female 109 49

If a graduate is selected at random from this group, find the probability that the graduate is
(a) unemployed,
(b) a male,
(c) employed given that the graduate is a female,
(d) a male who is employed,
(e) a male given that the graduate is employed.

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32. Events A and B are such that P(A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.4. Find P(A B) if
(a) A and B are mutually exclusive,
(b) A and B are independent.

33. Two events X and Y such that P(X) = 0.3 and P(Y) = 0.2. If X and Y are mutually exclusive,
find
(a) ,
(b) .

34. Let A and B be events such that , and .

(a) Find (i) ,

(ii) ,
(iii) .
(b) Show that A and B are not independent.

35. The following table, based on a survey, shows the number of male and female viewers who
prefer either documentary or drama programmes on television.

Documentary Drama
Male 96 24
Female 45 85

A television viewer involved in the survey is selected at random. F is the event that a female
viewer is selected, and D is the event that a viewer prefers documentary programmes.
(a) Find (i) ,
(ii) ,
(iii) .
(b) Determine whether F and D are (i) independent,
(ii) mutually exclusive.

36. A bowl contains three M&Ms, one red, one blue and one green. A child selects two M&Ms at
random. What is the probability that at least one is red?

37. A box contains 4 red and 6 green marbles. If two marbles are randomly drawn from the box
and the colours of these marbles are observed. Draw a tree diagram with probability values to
illustrate the situation. Hence, find the probability that
(a) both marbles are of different colours.
(b) at least one marble is red.
(c) not more than one marble is green.
(d) the first marble is green and the second is red.

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38. At a factory, it is known from past experience that the probability is 0.82 that a worker who
has attended a training program will meet the production quota, and the corresponding
probability is 0.53 for a worker who has not attended the training program. 60% of the
workers attended the training program.

(a) Construct a well-labelled tree diagram to illustrate the situation with all joint
probabilities calculated
(b) Find the probability that a randomly selected worker can meet the production quota.
(c) Find the probability that a randomly selected worker has attended the training program
given that he/she meets the production quota.

39. In a study, it was found that of the mid-night drivers in a town took alcoholic drinks. Under
the mid-night conditions, the probability that a non-drinker meets with an accident is 0.004,
whereas for a drinker, the probability goes up to 0.02.

(a) Construct a tree diagram to illustrate the situation with all joint probabilities
calculated.
(b) A car is being monitored at the mid-night hours in the town. What is the probability
that it will be involved in an accident?
(c) Given that a car is involved in an accident during the midnight, find the probability
that the car’s driver has taken alcohol.

Answers

1. 240
2. 24
3. 16
4. (a) 36 (b) 75
5. (a) 120 (b) 60 (c) 12
6. (a) 60 (b) 20
7. (a) 1663200 (b) 30240
8. (a) 180 (b) 12 (c) 24 (d) 120
9. (a) 240 (b) 144
10. (a) 24 (b) 8
11. 150
12. (a) 330 (b) 115
13. (a) 210 (b) 546
14. 350
15. (a) 70 (b) 140
16. (a) 462 (b) 350 (c) 462
17. (a) 35 (b) 18 (c) 5

18. (a) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

(b) {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
(c) {(H,1), (H,2), (H,3), (H,4), (H,5), (H,6), (T,1), (T,2), (T,3), (T,4), (T,5), (T,6)}

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20. (a) compound (b) compound (c) compound (d) simple
21. (a) 9/20 (b) 11/20
22. 1/2
23. 3/7
24. (a) 4/15 (b) 1/15
25. (a) 1/169 (b) 1/221
26. (a) 0.91 (b) 0.817
27. (a) 7/12 (b) 11/23
28. 0.6
29. (a) 0.5 (b) 0.35 (c) 0.375 (d) 0.4
30. (a) 0.77 (b) 0.18 (c) 0.31 (d) 0.23
(e) 0.574 (f) 0.561
31. (a) 121/409 (b) 251/409 (c) 109/158 (d) 179/409
(e) 179/288
32. (a) 0.7 (b) 0.58
33. (a) 0.5 (b) 0.5
34. (a) (i) 1/15 (ii) 2/5 (iii) 4/25
35. (a) (i) 9/50 (ii) 45/141 (iii) 113/125
(b) (i) dependent (ii) not mutually exclusive
36. 2/3
37. (a) 8/15 (b) 2/3 (c) 2/3 (d) 4/15
38. (b) 0.704 (c) 0.699
39. (b) 0.008 (c) 0.625