KTH AF2611 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING ,ADVANCED COURSE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT DIVISION OF SOIL AND ROCK

K MECHANICS

Geotechnical Design Report

Temporary Sheet Pile wall Design for a Highway Project
Yohannes Kiflat 810214-5854 Yohannes Mehari 870110-0573

STOCKHOLM 2012-10-22

Geotechnical Design Report

Content
Table of Content ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Objective and Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Basis for Design and Valid Documents ............................................................................................................. 2 Geology and Ground Condition ........................................................................................................................ 4 Characterstic Values .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Design ................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Descripiton of Construction ......................................................................................................................... 8 Design Values............................................................................................................................................. 11 Assumptions ............................................................................................................................................... 13 Calculations ................................................................................................................................................ 14 Ultimate Limist State Design (ULS) .......................................................................................................... 14 Serviceability Limit State Design (SLS) .................................................................................................... 38 Control Program .............................................................................................................................................. 58 List of Symbols................................................................................................................................................ 60 Appendix ......................................................................................................................................................... 62 References .................................................................................................................................................. 62

Geotechnical Design Report

Objective and Purpose

It is a common sight in the modern engineering world to witness elevated bypasses or underpasses in highway construction. These structures are constructed to reduce the trafficable road demand in most cities where the available space is limited due to existing important structures. In the construction of the above stated bypasses or underpasses there is a need for a cut in to the existing ground (underpasses) or filling in to the existing ground (bypasses). In the case of underpasses there is a need for a deep excavation work where the depth of the soil is supposed to be retained by an earth retaining structure. This specific project is concerned with such kind of excavation work for a road ramp which is part of a bigger highway interchange. Since the depth of excavation is high (8.3 m below the surface) the ground will be unstable and risky as a construction site. The main objective of this project work is to design a temporary sheet pile wall to support 8, 3 m deep road side excavation using the ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state design .The eventual goal is to achieve a safe retaining structure with a maximum deformation of 50 mm. A suitable work order of notable purpose and efficiency is prepared .Such a work order and design shall guarantee a safe flow of work with respect to achieving the necessary deformation and safety requirements of the project. In performing this design, a geological model for the project is prepared from the available geological data. This geological model is used to determine geological parameters which can be used in the analysis part of this project. Using the ultimate limit state design method the strength parameters necessary for the determination of section sizes and dimensions of the various components of the temporary retaining structure such as sheet pile section , wale beam, struts and dowels are calculated. Finally using finite element software (PLAXIS) the deformations at each level of excavation are checked to comply with the requirement of maximum 50 mm displacement. To perform the construction a specific work order program is prepared for each excavation stage in the project. Suitable control points to measure and counter check deformations at each level of construction are also pointed.

Basis for Design and Valid Documents

The basis for design of this project is as per the Sponthandboken T18:1996 guidelines as presented in the course AF2609 for the ultimate limit state design where the basic principle is that the acting forces and moments should be less than the resisting force and moments determined. In this design guide lines the partial safety factors (m and n) have been used to determine the design values for the calculations. For this project the structure is designed in safety class 3. All the appropriate forces acting on the wall of the retaining wall are taken in to consideration. Moreover, Ground water table is established to act at the top of the dry crust level even though the
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site investigation data points out that it is below the dry crust level. This is done to cater for the unexpected pore pressures which are entrapped in the upper pockets of the clay from water in the rainy season. In specifying the necessary section properties for the sheet pile wall components, manufacturers tables have been used. The reference for these tables is presented in the appendix of this document. The site location map for this design and the points for core drilling tests are as presented in the figure below. One wall is considered for design due to symmetry with respect to the opposite side of the wall.

Fig.1 Location plan

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Geology and Ground Condition

An investigation into the geological formation of the area has been done and tests carried out to find the different soil layers that exist around the project site. These tests are carried out in different localities around the projects site. A total of 8 tests were done in 8 different locations. The tests include both probing tests ( Vim- Machine driven weight sounding test ; Jb-Rock drilling test; Cpt-cone penetration test ;Hfa-ram sounding test ) and Insitu test (Vb-Vane test). The results of the geological investigation reveal that in the shallow soil layers fill materials are predominant with varying layer thickness from 0,8 m to 1,4 m. Below the fill layer a dry crust layer of varying thickness ranging from 0,4 -1,2 m follows. This dry crust layer rests on a clay deposit of up 10 m depth. Below this clay layer deposits of sand /sil layer exists with a layer depth between 31,5 m. This friction soil continues to a more firm moraine further down. The investigation shows that the depth of the bed rock is found between 6- 19 m below the surface of the ground. Ground water in the soil exists in a magazine in the friction soil beneath the clay and sometimes the upper fill material. For the design purpose the ground level is taken at the top of the dry crust level even though the investigation shows that it is located in the upper part of clay and sometimes on the fill part. Based on the test results and engineering judgement a more conservative but yet optimal geological model is developed as shown below in the fig.

Fig.2 Geological Model

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Characteristic Values
The characterstic values for this project are summarized in the table below. The undrained shear strength for clay varies and has to be corrected. This is done as follows: The uncorrected undrained shear strength of clay sample test has been collected from the boreholes of LID_7, LID_3 and RV584. According to the figure below there is a worst and best line for the undrained shear strength of clay. If we take the best line we may have some failure in the passive part of the soil.to be conservative with undrained shear strength we have taken a line in between the worst and best line.hence the dash line in the figure used as corrected undrained shear strength for this project. Corrected undrained shear strength where = (0,43/WL)0,45 and Cuk = uncorrected shear strength WL= liquid limit

corrected undrained shear strength

30

undrained shear strength

25 20 15 10 5 0 undrained shear strength LID_7 LID_3 RV584 corrected

depth

Fig.3 Corrected Undrained shear Strength

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Loads Loads from traffic and build traffic shall be applied. The characteristics load from build traffic can be set 10 kPa. If higher loads exist, like crane load, these should be considered in design. the active earth pressure in saturated clay should be complemented by hydrostatical pore water pressure through the clay layer from at least the upper surface of the clay.

Characteristic Values for the project

Soil type Internal angle friction (k) Saturated Unit Weight k (kN/m )
3

Fill 35 18 18 18 20 0

Dry crust 18 18

Clay

Sand & silt 32 21 18 19

Moraine 38 22 19 21 40

17 17

Unsaturated Unit Weight k (kN/m3) Unit weight of unsaturated k (kN/m3) Young's modulus Ek (Mpa) Undrained shear strength Cuk (Kpa)

6 25

250*Cuk 16

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Table 1. Characteristic Values

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Recommendations
Based on the analysis of the retaining structure both in ultimate limit state (ULS) and the serviceability limit state (SLS) , the following results and recommendations can be made.

A. Sheet Pile wall

# Sheet Pile

Msd (KN m/m) 314.2

Wxd (cm3/m) 1142.

Wact (cm3/m) 1405

t (mm) 10

Profile AU 14

B. STRUTS Strut Strut 1 Strut 2 Strut 3 Strut 4 Nsd (KN /m) 396 340.2 327 336 Msd (KN m/m) 25.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 Wel (cm3/m) 328 270 270 270 t (mm) 10 8 8 8 d (mm) 219.1 219.1 219.1 219.1 Profile STEEL TUBE STEEL TUBE STEEL TUBE STEEL TUBE

C. WALE BEAMS

Strut Level 1 2 3 4

Msd (KN m/m) 132 113.4 109 47.3

Wx (cm3/m) 461 396 380 165

Wel (cm3/m) 570 426 426 216

t (mm) 15 14 14 12

A (mm2) 7808 6525 6525 4296

Profile HEB-200 HEB-180 HEB-180 HEB-140

D. DOWELS

Circular dowels of high strength steel (fy =355 MPa) witha diameter of 90 mm shall be used.

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Design
Description of Construction
The following figures depict specifically what goes on the construction of the project.

1. FIRST EXCAVATION STAGE

Fig.4 Construction stage 1

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2. SECOND EXCAVATION STAGE

Fig.5 Construction stage 2 3. THIRD EXCAVATION

Fig.6 Construction stage 3

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4. FOURTH EXCAVATION

Fig.7 Construction stage 4

5. FINAL EXCAVATION

Fig.8 Construction stage 5

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Design Values Parital Coefficients

The Partial safety factor for this design are summarized in the table below. Soil Material Partial coefficients of soil material Existing fill, tan Existing fill Clay,Cu Clay,E Friction material and moraine( tan) Friction material and moraine E Ultimate limit state (m) 1.1 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.2 serviceability limit state (m) 1 1 1 1 1 1

Table 2. Partial Coefficient Soil Materials

Steel Material

Partial coefficent for steel material Steel Material sheet pile wale beam strut dowel

m 1 1 1 1.6

Table 3. Partial Coefficient Steel Material

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Design Results

1. Sheet Pile

# Sheet Pile

Msd kNm/m 314,2

Wx cm^3/m 1142,5

2. Struts

Strut St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4

Nsd 396 340,2 327 336

Msd (kN/m) 25,8 20,8 20,8 20,8

Wx cm^3/m 328 270 270 270

3. Wale Beams

Strut Level 1 2 3 4

Msd 132 113,4 109 47,3

Wx cm^3/m 461 396 380 165

4. Dowel # Dowel Nsd 308,07 Msd 80,1 Wx cm^3/m 276

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Assumptions
The following terms are assumed in the design of the temporary sheet pile in the ultimate limit state (ULS) design approach.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

A homogenous soil layer is assumed in the design of the temporary retaining structure. A horizontal ground surface is assumed when doing the calculations. No friction or cohesion between the soil and the sheet pile structure. Deformations are high enough that the full active and passive pressures are developed. In cohesive soils the active soil pressure is at least equal to the pore water pressure from the top of the soil layer. 6. The Sheet pile wall is assumed to be symmetric with respect to the other side of the wall and hence one wall is analyzed. 7. Dowel partial safety factor is assumed to be 1.6 as it is for deep excavation.

The following terms are assumed in the design of the temporary sheet pile in the serviceability limit state design approach.

1. Plain Strain condition is chosen for the analysis of the structure in PLAXIS. 2. The analysis is also done in two dimensional analyses where in fact a 3 dimensional analysis will give more accurate results. 3. Mohor-columb soil failure mode is used in analysis. 4. Deformation is high enough that full active and passive pressures are developed. 5. Soil wall interaction is taken into account by assuming and doing sensitivity analysis of different interface values.

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Calculations Ultimate Limit State Design

The following formulas have been used to calculated the active and passive pressures in the following tables:

Active Pressure

Friction Soil:

(
Clay :

Passive Pressure :

Friction Soil :

Clay :

The table of calculations for each step of excavation and the respective force distribution for the calculations of the anchor forces and sheet pile moments are presented below.

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1. First Excavation Stage Active earth pressure

Soil Profile Level Fill Dry crust 3.8 2.8 2.8 1.8 1.8 0.8 -0.2 -4.2 -4.2 -6.4 -6.7 -6.7 -8.7 h 0.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 8.0 8.0 10.2 10.5 10.5 12.5 w 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 q 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 k 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 22.0 22.0 Cuk k 35.0 35.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 38.0 38.0 m 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 n Cud d d ka v u v' 10.0 23.6 25.0 25.9 25.9 36.0 26.5 27.8 27.8 38.1 39.7 39.7 50.6 a 3.6 8.6 -4.8 -29.8 16.7 26.8 36.9 77.4 80.6 106.4 110.3 107.3 130.7

Clay

Sand/Silt

Moraine

0.0 25.0 25.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1.2 0.0 13.6 27.9 0.4 10.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 13.6 27.9 0.4 23.6 0.0 1.2 14.9 10.7 0.0 1.0 25.0 0.0 1.2 14.9 10.7 0.0 1.0 35.7 9.8 1.2 9.5 10.1 0.0 1.0 35.7 9.8 1.2 9.5 10.1 0.0 1.0 45.8 9.8 1.2 9.5 10.1 0.0 1.0 56.0 29.4 1.2 9.5 10.1 0.0 1.0 96.4 68.7 1.2 0.0 14.6 23.5 0.4 96.4 68.7 1.2 0.0 14.6 23.5 0.4 128.1 90.0 1.2 0.0 14.6 23.5 0.4 132.9 93.2 1.2 0.0 15.3 28.5 0.4 132.9 93.2 1.2 0.0 15.3 28.5 0.4 163.4 112.8

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Passive Earth Pressure

Soil Profile Level 0.8 -0.2 -4.2 -4.2 -5.2 -6.7 -6.7 -8.7 h w q k Cu k m n Cud 9.5 9.5 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 d 10.1 10.1 10.1 14.6 14.6 14.6 15.3 15.3 d 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.5 23.5 23.5 28.5 28.5 kp vp u v' P a P(netto) 8.5 8.5 8.5 -28.0 -34.3 -7.3 1.8 28.1

Clay

Sand/Silt

Moraine

0.0 9.8 1.0 9.8 5.0 9.8 5.0 9.8 6.0 10.8 7.5 9.8 7.5 9.8 9.5 9.8

17.0 16.0 0.0 1.4 1.2 17.0 16.0 0.0 1.4 1.2 17.0 16.0 0.0 1.4 1.2 21.0 0.0 32.0 1.2 1.2 21.0 0.0 32.0 1.2 1.2 21.0 0.0 32.0 1.2 1.2 22.0 0.0 38.0 1.2 1.2 22.0 0.0 38.0 1.2 1.2

1.0 0.0 1.0 10.1 1.0 50.6 2.3 50.6 2.3 65.2 2.3 87.1 2.8 87.1 2.8 117.6

0.0 0.0 19.0 -20.2 9.8 0.3 29.2 -10.4 49.1 1.5 69.6 28.8 49.1 1.5 52.6 80.6 60.0 5.2 72.0 106.4 75.0 12.1 103.0 110.3 75.0 12.1 109.0 107.3 95.0 22.6 158.8 130.7

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Fig.9 Pressure diagram excavation stage 1

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Fig.10 Shear Force Diagram 18

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2. Second Excavation Stage Active earth pressure

Soil Profile Level Fill Dry crust 3.8 2.8 2.8 1.8 1.8 -0.2 -1.2 -4.2 -4.2 -6.4 -6.7 -6.7 -8.7 h 0.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 8.0 8.0 10.2 10.5 10.5 12.5 w 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 q 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 k 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 22.0 22.0 Cuk k 35.0 35.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 38.0 38.0 m 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 n Cud d d ka v u v' 10.0 23.6 25.0 25.9 25.9 26.5 26.9 27.8 27.8 38.1 39.7 39.7 50.6 a 3.6 8.6 -4.8 -29.8 16.7 36.9 47.0 77.4 80.6 106.4 110.3 107.3 130.7

Clay

Sand/Silt

Moraine

0.0 25.0 25.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

1.2 0.0 13.6 27.9 0.4 10.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 13.6 27.9 0.4 23.6 0.0 1.2 14.9 10.7 0.0 1.0 25.0 0.0 1.2 14.9 10.7 0.0 1.0 35.7 9.8 1.2 9.5 10.1 0.0 1.0 35.7 9.8 1.2 9.5 10.1 0.0 1.0 56.0 29.4 1.2 9.5 10.1 0.0 1.0 66.1 39.2 1.2 9.5 10.1 0.0 1.0 96.4 68.7 1.2 0.0 14.6 23.5 0.4 96.4 68.7 1.2 0.0 14.6 23.5 0.4 128.1 90.0 1.2 0.0 14.6 23.5 0.4 132.9 93.2 1.2 0.0 15.3 28.5 0.4 132.9 93.2 1.2 0.0 15.3 28.5 0.4 163.4 112.8

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Passive Earth Pressure

Soil Profile Level Clay -1.2 -4.2 -4.2 -5.4 -6.7 -6.7 -8.7 h 0.0 3.0 3.0 4.2 5.5 5.5 7.5 w 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 q k Cu k m n Cud 9.5 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 d 10.1 10.1 14.6 14.6 14.6 15.3 15.3 d 0.0 0.0 23.5 23.5 23.5 28.5 28.5 kp 1.0 1.0 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.8 2.8 vp 0.0 30.4 30.4 47.9 66.8 66.8 97.4 u 0.0 14.7 14.7 26.5 39.2 39.2 58.9 v' P a P(netto) -11.8 -11.8 -29.6 -30.2 -7.0 9.8 36.8

Sand/Silt

Moraine

17.0 16.0 0.0 1.4 1.2 17.0 16.0 0.0 1.4 1.2 21.0 0.0 32.0 1.2 1.2 21.0 0.0 32.0 1.2 1.2 21.0 0.0 32.0 1.2 1.2 22.0 0.0 38.0 1.2 1.2 22.0 0.0 38.0 1.2 1.2

0.0 19.0 57.1 15.6 49.4 77.4 15.6 51.0 80.6 21.4 76.1 106.4 27.6 103.3 110.3 27.6 117.1 107.3 38.5 167.6 130.7

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Fig.11 Pressure diagram excavation stage 2 21

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3. Third Excavation Stage Active earth pressure

Soil Profile Level Fill Dry crust 3.8 2.8 2.8 1.8 1.8 -0.2 -2.2 -4.2 -4.2 -4.5 -6.4 -6.7 -6.7 -8.5 -8.6 -8.7 -8.7 h 0.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 8.3 10.2 10.5 10.5 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.5 w 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 q 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 k 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 Cuk 0.0 0.0 25.0 25.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 k 35.0 35.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 m 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 n Cud d d ka v u v' a

Clay

Sand/Silt

Moraine

1.2 0.0 13.6 27.9 0.4 10.0 0.0 10.0 3.6 1.2 0.0 13.6 27.9 0.4 23.6 0.0 23.6 8.6 1.2 14.9 10.7 0.0 1.0 25.0 0.0 25.0 -4.8 1.2 14.9 10.7 0.0 1.0 35.7 9.8 25.9 -29.8 1.2 9.5 10.1 0.0 1.0 35.7 9.8 25.9 16.7 1.2 9.5 10.1 0.0 1.0 56.0 29.4 26.5 36.9 1.2 9.5 10.1 0.0 1.0 76.2 49.0 27.2 57.1 1.2 9.5 10.1 0.0 1.0 96.4 68.7 27.8 77.4 1.2 0.0 14.6 23.5 0.4 96.4 68.7 27.8 80.6 1.2 0.0 14.6 23.5 0.4 109.7 71.6 38.2 88.0 1.2 0.0 14.6 23.5 0.4 128.1 90.0 38.1 106.4 1.2 0.0 14.6 23.5 0.4 132.9 93.2 39.7 110.3 1.2 0.0 15.3 28.5 0.4 132.9 93.2 39.7 107.3 1.2 0.0 15.3 28.5 0.4 160.4 110.9 49.5 128.4 1.2 0.0 15.3 28.5 0.4 161.9 111.8 50.1 129.6 1.2 0.0 15.3 28.5 0.4 162.7 112.3 50.4 130.2 1.2 0.0 15.3 28.5 0.4 163.4 112.8 50.6 130.7

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Passive Earth Pressure

Soil Profile Level Clay Sand/Silt Moraine -2.2 -4.2 -4.2 -6.7 -6.7 -8.7 h 0.0 2.0 2.0 4.5 4.5 6.5 w q k Cu k m n Cud 9.5 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 d 10.1 10.1 14.6 14.6 15.3 15.3 d 0.0 0.0 23.5 23.5 28.5 28.5 kp 1.0 1.0 2.3 2.3 2.8 2.8 vp 0.0 20.2 20.2 56.7 56.7 87.3 u v' P a P(netto) -21.9 -21.9 -59.6 -7.9 12.5 71.6

9.8 10.0 17.0 16.0 0.0 1.4 1.2 9.8 10.0 17.0 16.0 0.0 1.4 1.2 9.8 21.0 0.0 32.0 1.2 1.2 9.8 21.0 0.0 32.0 1.2 1.2 9.8 22.0 0.0 38.0 1.2 1.2 9.8 22.0 0.0 38.0 1.2 1.2

0.0 0.0 19.0 57.1 19.6 0.6 39.3 77.4 19.6 0.6 21.1 80.6 22.1 34.6 102.4 110.3 22.1 34.6 119.7 107.3 24.1 63.1 202.4 130.7

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Fig.12 Pressure diagram excavation stage 3 25

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4. Final Excavation Stage

Active earth pressure

Soil Profile Level Fill Dry crust 3.8 2.8 2.8 1.8 1.8 -0.2 -2.2 -4.2 -4.2 -4.5 -6.4 -6.7 -6.7 -8.5 -8.6 -8.7 -8.7 h 0.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 8.3 10.2 10.5 10.5 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.5 w 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 q 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 k 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 Cuk 0.0 0.0 25.0 25.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 k 35.0 35.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 m 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 n Cud d d ka v u v' a

Clay

Sand/Silt

Moraine

1.2 0.0 13.6 27.9 0.4 10.0 0.0 10.0 3.6 1.2 0.0 13.6 27.9 0.4 23.6 0.0 23.6 8.6 1.2 14.9 10.7 0.0 1.0 25.0 0.0 25.0 -4.8 1.2 14.9 10.7 0.0 1.0 35.7 9.8 25.9 -29.8 1.2 9.5 10.1 0.0 1.0 35.7 9.8 25.9 16.7 1.2 9.5 10.1 0.0 1.0 56.0 29.4 26.5 36.9 1.2 9.5 10.1 0.0 1.0 76.2 49.0 27.2 57.1 1.2 9.5 10.1 0.0 1.0 96.4 68.7 27.8 77.4 1.2 0.0 14.6 23.5 0.4 96.4 68.7 27.8 80.6 1.2 0.0 14.6 23.5 0.4 109.7 71.6 38.2 88.0 1.2 0.0 14.6 23.5 0.4 128.1 90.0 38.1 106.4 1.2 0.0 14.6 23.5 0.4 132.9 93.2 39.7 110.3 1.2 0.0 15.3 28.5 0.4 132.9 93.2 39.7 107.3 1.2 0.0 15.3 28.5 0.4 160.4 110.9 49.5 128.4 1.2 0.0 15.3 28.5 0.4 161.9 111.8 50.1 129.6 1.2 0.0 15.3 28.5 0.4 162.7 112.3 50.4 130.2 1.2 0.0 15.3 28.5 0.4 163.4 112.8 50.6 130.7

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Passive Earth Pressure

Soil Profile Level Sand/Silt Moraine -4.5 -6.7 -6.7 -8.7 h 0.0 2.2 2.2 4.2 w 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 q k 21.0 21.0 22.0 22.0 Cu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 k 32.0 32.0 38.0 38.0 m 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 n 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Cud 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 d 14.6 14.6 15.3 15.3 d 23.5 23.5 28.5 28.5 kp vp u v' P a P(netto) -88.0 -64.3 -56.0 -29.0

2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 88.0 2.3 32.1 21.6 10.5 46.0 110.3 2.8 32.1 21.6 10.5 51.2 107.3 2.8 62.6 41.2 21.4 101.7 130.7

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Fig.13 Pressure diagram excavation stage 4 29

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Design of sheet pile wall

Condition MRd Mmax Mmax = 314,2 KNm/m Mmax

3

/m

Design of struts

Strut q1 q2 q3 q4 Design load of the strut Strut one Nsd1 = 1,5 *q1*c NRd1=396 KN Strut two Nsd2 = 1,5 *q2*c Nsd2 = 340,2 KN Strut three Nsd3 = 1,5 *q3*c Nsd3 = 327 KN

Strut Force [KN/m] 132 113,4 109,4 112

where c is the spacing between strut which is 2m

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Strut four Nsd4 = 1,5 *q4*c Nsd4 =336 KN

From the hollow KCKR welded round, cold formed Diameter of the struts, D=219,1mm, t =10 mm, g (self-weight) = 51,6 kg/m (strut one ) Diameter of the struts,D=219,1mm, t =8 mm g (self-weight) = 41,6 kg/m (strut two ,three, four) Moment on the struts due to self-weight(g) where L =20 m length of strut

Axial resistance of the strut from the selected diameter NRd4 =563 kN, Ds = 219,1 mm , t =10 mm NRd4 =462 kN Ds = 219,1 mm , t =8 mm NRd4 =462 kN Ds = 219,1 mm , t =8 mm NRd4 =462 kN Ds = 219,1 mm , t =8mm Elastic section modulus of struts

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Moment resistance of the struts , Fyd =355 MPa , =1 =128,08 kNm =105,3 kNm =105,3 kNm =105,3 kNm

Check the struts against buckling ( )

Strut St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4

Nsd 396 340,2 327 336

Nrd 563 462 462 462

Msd (kN/m) 25,8 20,8 20,8 20,8

Mrd 128,084 105,435 105,435 105,435

Buckling Check 0,95608701 0,98011949 0,95572387 0,97237813

Design of wale beams

Wale beam at the first strut level Fyk= 275 MPa ,= 1,25 n= 1,2 (safety class 3) , m=1

Condition MRd1 Msd1 where c is spacing between struts where Wx1 is elastic section modulus

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Wx1

461 cm3

Wale beam at the second strut level Condition MRd2 Msd2 where c is spacing between struts where Wx2 is elastic section modulus Wx2 396 cm3

Wale beam at the third strut level Condition MRd3 Msd3 Where c is spacing between struts Where Wx3 is elastic section modulus Wx3 380 cm3

Wale beam at the fourth strut level Condition MRd4 Msd4 where c is spacing between struts where Wx4 is elastic section modulus Wx4 165 cm3

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Design of dowels Sheet pile width b = 750 mm Dowel spacing c/c = 2*b = 1,5m

h =d+ 60mm , where h is the effective gap and d is 0,2m (spohantboken) horizontal load along the toe of the wall qd =205,38 kn

Horizontal force per dowel NSd = qd*c/c NSd = 205,38 * 1,5 = 308,07 kN Msd is bending moment in the dowel Msd =N*(h +0,06) , Msd = 308,07 * 0,26m = 80,1kNm Shear force capacity of the dowel NRd = ((pi*d^2)/20)*fyd where d is diameter of dowel, d= 90mm

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Fyd =fy/(m*n) fy= 355 MPa for S355 m = 1,6 (material partial safety factor) , n=1,2 Fyd =290,4 MPa NRd = 369,48 KN (shear force capacity of of dowel NRd NSd Ok )

Elastic section modulus of dowel MRd MSd , , ,

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Serviceability Limit State

Analysis of the serviceability limit state design is done by finite element method software called PLAXIS.The deformations at each level of excavation are presented below.

A. Deformation Table: Depth Vs Deformation # 1 2 3 4 Excavation Stage First Excavation Level Second Excavation Level Third Excavation Level Final Excavation Level Depth (m) 2 4 6 8.3 Maximum Deformation(mm) 36.1 38.2 45.1 49.3

B. Shear Forces on the Sheet Pile

Table: Depth Vs Shear Force # 1 2 3 4 Excavation Stage First Excavation Level Second Excavation Level Third Excavation Level Final Excavation Level Depth (m) 2 4 6 8.3 Maximum Shear Force(kN/m) 36.6 72.9 126.2 211.2

C. Bending Moment on the Sheet Pile Table: Depth Vs Bending Moment # 1 2 3 4 Excavation Stage First Excavation Level Second Excavation Level Third Excavation Level Final Excavation Level Depth (m) 2 4 6 8.3 Maximum Bending Moment(kN.m/m) 76 156 277.8 443

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Geometry

Fig14. Geometry and Boundary conditions on PLAXIS.

Soil Sheet Pile Interface The interface between the soil and the sheet pile are taken by taking an interface value of 0,85 . A sensitivity analysis is done by changing the values of this interface values . The sensitivity analysis results of Rint and deformation is summarized below.

Rinterface Value

Max. Deformation (mm)

1. 2. 3. 4.

1 0,9 0,8 0,7

48 49 51 51

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Deformation Phase 1: Initial Excavation Cantilever Case .Depth of Excavation at 2 m from top Surface.

Fig.15 Phase 1 , Cantilever Case , Depth of excavation 2 m , Max. Horizontal Deformation = 36.1 mm

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Phase 2 Second Excavation Stage After installation of strut -2 at 3 m from top surface. Depth of excavation at 4 m from top surface.

Fig.16 Phase 2 , Second Excavation , Depth of excavation 4 m , Max. Horizontal Deformation = 38.2 mm

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Phase 3 Third Excavation Stage After installation of strut -3 at 3 m from top surface. Depth of excavation at 6 m from top surface.

Fig17. Phase 3 , Third Excavation , Depth of excavation 6 m , Max. Horizontal Deformation = 45.1 mm

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Phase 4 Final Excavation Stage After installation of strut -4 at 7 m from top surface. Depth of excavation at 8.3 m from top surface.

Fig.18 Phase 4 , Final Excavation , Depth of excavation 8.3 m , Max. Horizontal Deformation = 49.3 mm

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Deformed Mesh Diagrams

Initial Excavation Stage Cantilever Depth at 2 m from top surface.

Fig.19 Initial Excavation , Depth of excavation 2 m , Max. Horizontal Deformation = 36.1 mm

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Second Excavation Stage After installation of strut -1 at 1 m from top surface. Depth of excavation at 4 m from top surface

Fig.20 Second Excavation , Depth of excavation 4 m , Max. Horizontal Deformation = 38.2 mm

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Second Excavation Stage After installation of strut -2 at 3 m from top surface. Depth of excavation at 4 m from top surface

Fig.21 Second Excavation , Depth of excavation 4 m , Max. Horizontal Deformation = 38.2 mm (Installation of strut 2)

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Third Excavation Stage After installation of strut -2 at 3 m from top surface. Depth of excavation at 6 m from top surface.

Fig.22 Third Excavation , Depth of excavation 6 m , Max. Horizontal Deformation = 45.1 mm

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Third Excavation Stage The installation of strut -3 at 5 m from top surface. Depth of excavation at 6 m from top surface

Fig.23 Third Excavation , Depth of excavation 6 m , Max. Horizontal Deformation = 45.1 mm

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Final Excavation Stage The installation of strut -4 at 7 m from top surface. Depth of excavation at 8.3 m from top surface

Fig.24 Final Excavation , Depth of excavation 8.3 m , Max. Horizontal Deformation = 49.5 mm

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Sheet Pile Shear Force Diagram

Shear for on Sheet Pile at initial Excavation Stage.

Fig.25 Initial Excavation Shear force diagram

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Shear Force Diagram after installation of 1st strut

Fig.26 Installation of 1st strut Shear force diagram

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Shear Force Diagram after installation of 3rd strut

Fig.27 Installation of 3rd strut Shear force diagram

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Shear Force Diagram after installation of 4th strut

Fig.28 Installation of 4th strut Shear force diagram

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Sheet Pile Bending Moment Diagrams

Bending Moment Diagram Initial Excavation Stage

Fig.29 Initial Excavation Stage Bending Moment diagram

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Bending Moment Diagram 2nd Excavation Stage

Fig.30 Second Excavation Stage Bending Moment diagram

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Bending Moment Diagram 3rd Excavation Stage

Fig.31 Third Excavation Stage Bending Moment diagram

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Bending Moment Diagram 4th Excavation Stage

Fig.32 Fourth Excavation Stage Bending Moment diagram

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Control Program
A Control plan is essential in such a way that the contractor will be able to know exactly where the sensitive locations of the project are and what he shall do when the deformation values exceed the alert value of 25mm. Moreover, it is essential to prescribe the steps of excavation as the load and deformation logically increase when the excavation go deeper. The following control program describes the procedures that shall take place at each level of progress of the construction.

1. Driving of the Sheet Pile Wall: The temporary sheet pile wall is driven with a suitable pile driving machine to the bed rock level approximately 12.5 m below the ground surface. During the pile driving process care should be taken so that the vibration of the machine should not cause movements and vibrations beyond the prescribed value by the authorities. 2. Initial Excavation ( Cantilever Stage ) It was determined from the ultimate limit state design and the serviceability limit state design that excavating to a depth of 2 m below the surface will give deformation value less than the deformation limit of 50 mm in addition the total passive forces at this level are much bigger than the active forces which will cause rotation about the base of the sheet pile hence the structure is safe to excavate to this level without a strut. However to control and check the deformation, reflectors for total stations or bench marks are fixed at the top of the sheet pile . By taking measurements of this benchmark points the contractor can always control the deformations of the sheet pile wall. 3. Second Excavation Level ( To a depth of 4 m) After fixing the 1st strut at a depth of 1 m below the surface, excavation is proceeded to a depth of 4 m below the surface. Suitable deformation control should be taken at the top of the sheet pile wall and a distance half way on the sheet pile wall by fixing reflectors or benchmarks. Water stored in clay pocket might present water inflow problems into the excavation. The bottom of the excavation level shall always be pumped dry. At this stage the 2nd strut level is fixed along with the wale beams.

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4. Third Excavation Level ( To a depth of 6 m ) The third excavation follows to a depth of 6 m. At this stage also the deformation measurements shall continue in the same manner as described in the above excavation stage. The 3rd strut is installed and the ground water at the bottom of the excavation is pumped out. If the deformation in the sheet pile exceeds 25 mm, the contractor should be alerted in that the use of heavier vehicles around the construction site should be restricted not to exceed the allowable deformation limit. 5. Final Excavation Level (To a depth of 8.3 m) The final excavation shall be done after bracing the excavation with the 4th strut at a depth of 7 m from the ground surface. As the deformation increases as the excavation depth is increased proper note shall be taken of the deformation measurement locations on the sheet pile and proper alert preconditions shall as well be taken if the deformation values exceed the specified alert value of 25 mm. 6. Installation of Dowel A dowel separate drilling is done to insert the dowels at the bottom of the sheet pile wall. The dowels shall be adequately grouted as per the specifications. The dowels are introduced to partially take the large moment experienced at the bottom of the sheet pile wall.

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List of Symbols
Notation v v U a p d k d Cu Cud pnet ka kp qi Nbud Ncb Nsd i M Msd fyk fyd q C n m Pi As Ash Ish Is Definition Vertical stress Effective vertical stress Pore water pressure Active lateral earth pressure Passive lateral earth pressure Unit weight Characteristics angle of internal friction Design angle of internal friction Characterstic Undrained shear Stregth Design Undrained shear Stregth Net passive pressure Coefficient of active pressure Coefficient of passive pressure Load on strut level i Buckling capacity of the strut Stability number Design load on strut Moment Design moment Characteristics yield stress of sheet pile and wale beam Design yield stress Traffic load on soil Spacing between the anchors Design safety class factor Material factor Pressure on area i Area of strut Area of sheet pile Moment of inertia of sheet pile Moment of inertia of strut

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Ek Ed Wsh H

Characteristic Youngs Modulus Design Design Youngs Modulus Elastic section modulus of sheet pile Excavation height

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Appendix

References
1. Sponthandboken -T18:1996 2. Lecture Notes, AF2609 Foundation engineering 3. US Army of Corps Engineering Manual ,1994 ,Design of Sheet Pile Wall ,EM-1110-22504 4. ArcelorMittal, U-shape sheet pile walls design Cross section Table, http://www.arcelormittal.com/sheetpiling/page/index/name/usections 5. TIBNOR,Konstruktionstabeller , Steel Section Design Table, http://www.e-magin.se/v5/viewer/files/viewer_s.aspx?gKey=ndrj52ff&gInitPage=1 6. RUUKI infrastructure solutions data sheet, http://www.ruukki.com/Products-and-solutions/Infrastructure-solutions

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