University of Engineering & Technology,

Peshawar, Pakistan

CE-409: Introduction to Structural Dynamics and Earthquake

Engineering

MODULE 7

RESPONSE OF INELASTIC SDOF SYSTEMS TO

EARTHQUAKE LOADING

1
 BASIC ASPECTS OF SEISMIC DESIGN
Buildings are designed only for a fraction of the force that they
would experience, if they were designed to remain elastic during
the expected strong ground shaking (see given below figure) , and
thereby permitting damage (inelastic range) see figure on next
slide.

Basic strategy of earthquake design: Calculate maximum elastic forces and

2
reduce by a factor to obtain design forces.
 BASIC ASPECTS OF SEISMIC DESIGN
Structures must have sufficient initial stiffness to ensure the non-
occurrence of structural damage under minor shaking. Thus, seismic
design balances reduced cost and acceptable damage, to make the
project viable.
For this reason, design against earthquake effects is called as
earthquake-resistant design and not earthquake-proof design.

Earthquake-Resistant and NOT Earthquake-Proof: Damage is expected

during an earthquake in normal constructions (a) undamaged building, and
3
(b) damaged building.
BASIC ASPECTS OF SEISMIC DESIGN
Two aspects are worth consideration:
1. Force carrying ability under seismic demand
2. Ability to absorb energy under seismic demand
Note: Compromise can be made on force carrying ability

4
BASIC ASPECTS OF SEISMIC DESIGN
The design for only a fraction of the elastic level of seismic
forces is possible, only if the building can stably withstand large
displacement demand through structural damage without collapse
and undue loss of strength. This property is called ductility.
It is relatively simple to design structures to possess certain
lateral strength and initial stiffness by appropriately
proportioning the size and material of the members. But,
achieving sufficient ductility is more involved and requires
extensive laboratory tests on full-scale specimen to identify
preferable methods of detailing.
Earthquake-Resistant Design Philosophy for buildings:
Designing buildings to behave elastically during earthquakes without
damage may render the project economically unviable.
As a consequence, The design philosophy for earthquake resistant
design of structure is to allow damage and thereby dissipate the energy
input to it during the earthquake.
Therefore, the traditional earthquake-resistant design philosophy
requires that normal buildings should be able to resist:
(a) Minor and frequent shaking with no/un-notable damage to structural
and non-structural elements;
(b) Moderate shaking with minor to moderate damage (repairable) to
structural and non-structural elements; and
(c) Severe and infrequent shaking with damage to structural elements,
but with NO collapse (to save life and property inside/adjoining the
building). 6
 Earthquake-Resistant Design Philosophy for buildings:

Earthquake-Resistant Design Philosophy for buildings:

(a) Minor (Frequent) Shaking – No/Hardly any damage,
(b) Moderate Shaking – Minor to moderate structural damage, and
(c) Severe (Infrequent) Shaking – Structural damage, but NO collapse

7
Earthquake-Resistant Design Philosophy for buildings:
Performance levels

8
 Earthquake-Resistant Design Philosophy for buildings:
Various level earthquakes
Operating Basis or Operating Level Earthquake (OBE or OLE):The
earthquake for which a structure is designed to remain operational, with
the damage being readily repairable following the event. The OBE/OLE is
likely to occur during the design life of the structure. Based on
probabilistic methods, and is generally the 50%/50 year earthquake
motion.
Contingency Level Earthquake (CLE):Earthquake event that is
expected to produce significant damage, but damage that is repairable.
Based on probabilistic method, and is generally the 10%/50 year
earthquake motion
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE): Used by the building codes
and building code documents (UBC,IBC, ASCE 7-05, NEHRP, etc.) to
define the 2%/50 year earthquake motion
Design Earthquake: Used by the building codes as 2/3 of the MCE
(considered) motion. 9
 Earthquake-Resistant Design Philosophy for buildings:
Under the Poisson Law, if you expect over some period of time n
occurrences of “something”, the probability of O occurrences is e–n. If the
“something” is exceedance of some ground motion, the probability of
getting an exceedance is 1 – P(O).
So, one can work backwards to find the
annual rate of exceedance corresponding
to “the probability of exceedance is 10 % in
Y=50 years.”
1 – P(O) = 10/100 (10%)
P(O) = 1 - 0.1 = 0.9 = e–n

Take the log to the base e of both sides of

the last equality.

n = – ln (0.9) = 0.01054 = Y*r = 50* r

r = 0.01054 / 50 = 0.002017= 1/474.6
Where r is known as return period i.e. the
period after which the event/occurrence is
10
repeated
Earthquake-Resistant Design Philosophy for buildings:
Performance levels
Below is a graphical representation of a performance objective matrix that
matches chosen earthquake hazard levels (y axis) with selected target building
performance levels (x axis), etc.

Group I is representative of a
basic commercial structure,
while Groups II and III
represent structures that require
a higher level of protection
such as hospitals, fire stations,
data centers, key manufacturing
facilities.

11
 Base shear for elastic structural systems

Peak base shear induced in a linearly elastic system by ground

motion is Vb = (A/g)w. where w is the weight of the system and A is
the pseudo acceleration corresponding to the natural vibration period
and damping of the system.
Most buildings (as already discussed) are designed, however, for
base shear smaller than the elastic base shear ,Vb = (A/g)w
This becomes clear from figure on slide 15, where the base shear
coefficient A/g from the design spectrum of Fig. 6.9.5 from chopra’s
book (Slides 13 and 14) , scaled by 0.4 to correspond to peak ground
acceleration of 0.4g, is compared with the base shear coefficient
specified in the 2000 International Building Code

12
 Base shear for elastic structural systems
Acceleration sensitive region

Velocity sensitive region

Displacement
sensitive region

13
 Base shear for elastic structural systems

2.71

Figure: Pseudo- acceleration design spectrum (84.1 th percentile) drawn on linear

scale for ground motions with u  1g , u  48 in/sec, and u  36 in. ;
go go go
ζ = 1,2,5,10 and 20 %. 14 14
 Base shear for elastic and Inelastic structural systems

A/g= 0.4* (2.71g) =1.09

R=1.5

R, is discussed in detail in
the slides to follow. This is a
factor which primarily R=8
depend upon material ,
structural system and
detailing and is used to work
out the design base shear. In
the literature, it is generally Comparison of base shear coefficients
referred to as force reduction from elastic design spectrum and
factor for a structural system International Building Code 2000.
 Response of Elastoplastic SDOF system to
Earthquake loading

In this lecture, we will study the earthquake response of

elastic-perfectly plastic ( referred as elastoplastic systems) SDOF
systems to earthquake motions. Note that elastoplastic system is an
idealized response of a non-linear system u

fs
Lateral force, fS

Lateral displacement, u

16
 Elastoplastic idealization of a non-linear system

fy= Lateral force at which

yielding start in idealized
elastoplastic system. Also
known as yield strength
uy= Yield displacement in
elastoplastic system. It is also
k
called yield deformation
um = Maximum displacement in
idealized elastoplastic system
Force-deformation curve : actual and
Note That initial stiffness, k, of elastoplastic idealization based on equal
both the systems must be same energy principle
17 17
Elastic system corresponding to a given elastoplastic
system u
fs
Elastoplastic system and k, m and ζ are same
corresponding elastic system has for the two systems
the same stiffness. Similarly
both systems have same mass
and damping. Consequently,
natural vibration period, Tn, of
elastoplastic system and
corresponding elastic system is
the same as long as u ≤ uy.

um = peak deformations in elastoplastic system; and, uo = peak

deformation in the corresponding linear elastic system when both
are subjected to same ground motion.
18
 Normalized yield strength of an elastoplastic
system, f y
The normalized yield strength f y of
an elastoplastic system is defined as:
f y
f 
y
f o

Where fo and uo are the peak values of force and deformation,

respectively, in the linear elastic system corresponding to
elastoplastic system under the same ground motion.
For brevity the notation fo is used instead of fso (elastic resisting
force) as followed in previous lectures

19
 Normalized yield strength of an elastoplastic
system, f y
fo can be interpreted as the strength required for the structure to
remain within its linear elastic limit during the ground motion.
If the normalized yield strength, f y  f y /f o of a system is less
than 1.0, the system will deform beyond its linearly elastic limit.
e.g., f y = 0.75 implies that the yield strength of the elastoplastic
system is 0.75 times the strength required for the system to remain
elastic during the ground motion.

f y  f y /f o  0 .75

20
Normalized yield strength of an elastoplastic
system, f y
fy ku y uy
fy can also be expressed as: fy   
fo ku o uo

Please note again that uy is the displacement at which yielding

start in the elastoplastic system .
Whereas, uo is the peak displacement in the corresponding
elastic system .
This uo must not be confused with the peak displacement in
the elastoplastic system, um

21
 Yield strength reduction factor, Ry
fy can also be related to fo through a yield strength reduction factor,
Ry as: f u
o o
Ry  
fy uy
f 1 1
In other words R  o

f f
y
y y f y
f o

Ry is greater than 1 for a system that deforms into inelastic range.

Ry=2 implies that the yield strength of the elastoplastic system is
the strength required for the system to remain elastic divided by 2.
i.e ., f y  f o
2
22
 Displacement ductility factor

Ductility factor,μ, of an elastoplastic system is defined as the ratio of

peak (or absolute maximum) deformation to the yield deformation.

um

uy
fs

fy

uy um
u

23
Relation b/w μ and f y

fy 1 uyfy um um
fy       . fy
fo uo uo u y uo uy
um 
  . f y 
uo Ry

This relationship couples the peak displacements of elastoplastic

(um) and corresponding elastic (uo) system

24
 Elastoplastic system under cyclic loading

-fs +fs
b c

a g d

f e

Elastoplastic force-deformation relation

a-b-c =+ve loading, c-d = unloading, d-e-f = -ve loading , f-g= unloading, g-h= +ve
loading
25
 Elastoplastic system under cyclic loading
a b d
+fs c c
b c

h
a g d Loading Unloading

a-b-c c-d
f e g h
e f g
f - fs +fs
d

Unloading Reloading
Reloading
d-e-f
f-g g-h

26
 Elastoplastic system under cyclic loading

10 sec

Response of elastoplastic system with Tn = 0.5 sec, ζ = 0, and f y  0.125 to El-

Centro ground motion: (a) deformation; (b) resisting force and acceleration; (c) 27
time
intervals of yielding; (d) force–deformation relation.
 Equation of motion for elastoplastic system
The EOM for an elastic SDOF system subjected to ground
motion is:
mu  cu  f s  mug (t)
Force fs corresponding to deformation u, in case of inelastic system,
is not single valued and depends upon the history of deformations
and on whether the deformation is increasing (positive velocity) or
decreasing (negative velocity) see Figure on slide 26. Thus the
resisting force fs in case of inelastic system can be expressed as:
f s  f s (u, u )
 m u  c u  f s (u, u )   m ug (t)

28
 Equation of motion for elastoplastic system
c 1
 u  u  f s (u, u )   ug (t)
m m
f s (u, u ) ~
Substituting c  2 m  n and  f s (u, u )
fy
2 m  n 1 ~
u  u  f s (u, u )f y   ug (t)
m m
since f y  k .u y  ( n 2 m)u y
2 ~
 u  2 n u   n u y f s (u, u)  ug (t)

29
 Minimum strength required for a
u
system to remain linear elastic
Consider an elastic SDOF system with
Tn=0.5 sec,
weight w, Tn=0.5 sec, and ζ=0. The
ζ=0
deformation response history of the system
subjected to El Centro ground motion is
shown in the below given figure. g , g
u
 go  0.319g
u

30
 Minimum strength required for a system to remain
linear elastic
Time variation of fs/w (i.e ratio of elastic resisting force to the weight of
system) for the system on previous slide is shown. For an undamped
system, f s /w  ku/w  mA / w  A /( w / m )  u t /g
Thus deformation resonance history on previous slide can be transformed
to the new form as shown below

31
 Effect of f y on deformation response history of
elastoplastic system
Now we examine how the response of elastoplastic system is affected
by its yield strength. Consider four SDOF systems all with identical
properties in their linear elastic range (i.e Tn=0.5 sec and ζ=5%) but with
different normalized yield strengths of f y  1.0, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125
To keep the discussion simple at this stage, it is assumed that the
elastoplastic systems considered in discussion can indefinitely yield in
plastic range.
f y  1.0 implies a
linearly elastic system

f y  f y /f o

32
 Effect of f y on deformation response history of
elastoplastic system
(Tn=0.5 sec and ζ=5%) f  1.0
y
u, in

f y  fo
b c
b c
h
h
a g d
a g d

f e
f e

um=maximum displacement in elastoplastic system subjected to El-centro 1940

ground motion, up = permanent/residual displacement in the elastoplastic system
(at the end of El-centro 1940 ground motion). up=0 in case of elastic system
33
 Effect of f y on deformation response history of
elastoplastic system
(Tn=0.5 sec and ζ=5%) f y  0.5
u, in

fo

f y  0.5 f o b c

h
a g d

f e

Typical +ve loading-unloading and

-ve loading-unloading for a single cycle

34
Effect of f y on deformation response history of
elastoplastic system
(Tn=0.5 sec and ζ=5%) f y  0.25

fo

f y  0.25 f o b c

h
Typical +ve loading-unloading and a g d
-ve loading-unloading for a single cycle
f e
35
 Effect of f y on deformation response history of
elastoplastic system
(Tn=0.5 sec and ζ=5%) f y  0.125

fo

Typical +ve loading-unloading and

f y  0.125 f o
-ve loading-unloading for a single cycle

b c
h
a g d
36
f e
Effect of f y on ductility demand, μ, and residual
deformation, up , of elastoplastic system
um 1 up-in up
fy um in.  .
uo f y
1.00 2.25 1.00 0
0.50 1.62 1.44 0.17
0.25 1.75 3.11 1.1
0.125 2.07 7.36 1.13
Tn=0.5 sec, ζ=5% and peak value of disp.
in elastic SDOF system=uo=2.25" El-centro 1940
up is the residual displacement in the elastoplastic system at the end of ground
motion. up=0 in case of elastic system
37
 Ductility demand, μD
The values of μ as calculated on previous slide are known as
ductility demand.
Thus the ductility demand imposed by El Centro ground motion
on inelastic systems having f y = 0.5,0.25,0.125 are 1.44, 3.11 and
7.36 respectively.
Ductility demand represents a requirement on the design in the
sense that the ductility capacity, previously defined as displacement
ductility factor (i.e., the ability to deform beyond the elastic limit)
should exceed the ductility demand.
To put in a simple way ductility demand of a SDOF system for a
particular earthquake is the minimum ductility factor required to
survive that particular earthquake 38
 Ductility demand, μD
The ductility demand for the system with f y  0 . 25, Tn=0.5 sec
and ζ =5% was found to be 3.11 when subjected to El-Centro ground
motion.
A system with above mentioned properties and having ductility
capacity greater than 3.11 will survive collapse when subjected to El
Centro 1940 ground motion. However, another system with same
properties but having a ductility capacity of 3 will collapse when
subjected to El-Centro 1940ground motion
It may be noted that μ is used for displacement ductility factor (i.e
ductility capacity) as well as ductility demand in the text book being
followed. However, we will follow μD for ductility demand and μC
for ductility capacity ( i.e., ductility factor)
39
 Effect of Tn on ductility demand, μD

um 1
 .
uo f y

μ  8.0  1/f y  R y

μ  4.0  1/f y  R y

μ  2.0  1/f y  R y

μ  1.0  1/f y  R y

40
 Effect of Tn on ductility demand, μ
Following observations can be made from the figure given on
previous slide.
For systems with Tn in displacement sensitive region
(long period structures) the ductility demand is independent of Tn
and approximately equal to Ry (i.e. 1 / f y )
For systems with Tn in velocity sensitive region (intermediate to
long period structures) the ductility demand may be larger or
smaller than Ry; and the influence of f y , although small, is not
negligible.
For systems with Tn in acceleration sensitive region
(short period structures) the ductility demand must be much larger
than Ry, specially in case of very short structures
41
Construction of constant ductility response spectrum
uy corresponding to various values of f are determined by
y

the equation: u y
f 
y
or u  u .f y o y
u o
Constant ductility response spectrum for Dy is drawn using
Dy = uy.
Design spectrums for Vy (Pseudo-velocity response spectrum)
and Ay (Pseudo-acceleration response spectrum) can be constructed
using the relations:

2
 2π   2π  2
V  D .ω   D & A  D .ω    D
y y n y y y
n
y
T  n T  n

42
Relations b/w and yield strength ,fy , and base
shear coefficient for elasto plastic system, Ay/g

f  k.u  mω
y y
2
n u  m ω
y
2
n u   mA
y y

w A y
 f  .A 
y
.w y
g g

f Ay y
 
w g

43
Inelastic pseudo-acceleration response spectrum for
constant ductility factors

Effect of Tn on fy/w (i.e. change in the

value of yielding base shear coefficient)
is insignificant when Tn≥ 1.5 sec

44
Combined Inelastic Dy-Vy-Ay response spectrum
for constant ductility factors

45
 Inelastic Pseudo-velocity design spectrum
The very first step in the construction of inelastic design spectrum for
constant ductility is to develop the elastic design spectrum using
procedure explained in previous lecture
Once the elastic design spectrum is developed, the inelastic design
spectrum for constant ductility is obtained by dividing its various
branches by Ry (details given on next slide).
One of the proposal suggested by Newmark and Hall (Figure 7.11.3)
for correlating Ry with Tn is:
1 T n  Ta

R y   2μ  1 T b  T n  T c'
μ Tn  Tc

Where Ta,Tb,……… are mentioned on the inelastic design spectra given
on next slide. It must be noted that Ta=Ta′ ,Tb=Tb ′, Td=Td ′, Te=Te ′ and
Tf=Tf ′. 46
Inelastic Pseudo-velocity design spectrum (New-mark Hall)
Tc≠Tc ′ as V and A are divided Td=Td ′ as V and D are divided
by different values value of Ry by same value of Ry i.e. μ

47
Inelastic design spectra (Newmark-Hall) for firm
soil with PGA=1g

48
 Inelastic Pseudo-acceleration design spectrum
(Newmark-Hall)-log scale

Once Vy is calculated by Vy=V/μ, then

Ay can be be easily calculated by:

 2π 
Ay  V y  n    V y
 Tn 

49
Inelastic Pseudo-acceleration design spectrum
(Newmark-Hall)-normal scale

50
Relation between um and Ay determined from inelastic
pseudo- acceleration design spectrum

It is already known u  μu
m y

f
u  
mA  A
 y y y
Where
k ω m  ω
y 2 2
n n

2
T 
or u  A  y y
n

 2π 
2
T 
 u  μu  μ   A
m y
n
y
 2π 
51
 Inelastic deformation design spectrum (Newmark-Hall)-
log scale
In order to draw inelastic deformation design spectrum, inelastic
peak deformations, um, is calculated using following relation
2
 Tn 
um    Ay
 2 
where Ay is calculated
by equation mentioned
on slide 49 i.e
 2π 
A y  Vy  n    Vy
 Tn 

52
Application of the Inelastic design spectrum:
1. Structural design for allowable ductility (i.e. ductility capacity)
Consider a SDOF system having allowable ductility,μ, which is
decided on the ductility capacity of the material and design details
selected.
It is desired to determine the design yield strength, fy, and the design
deformation, um, for the system.
For the known values of Tn, ζ , μ the value of Ay/g is determined of
from Figure 7.11.5 or 7.11.6 (Chopra’s book) given on slides 49 and 50.
e.g., Ay=0.49g for Tn=1 sec, ζ=5% and μ (ductility capacity) = 4 as shown
on next slide. The required yield strength is determined from relation:
A y
For above determined value of Ay, the
f 
y
.w corresponding value of fy is 0.49gw/g =
g 0.49w

53
Application of the Inelastic design spectrum:
1. Structural design for allowable ductility (i.e. ductility capacity)

0.49g

54
 Relation b/w um and A
The peak deformation, um, can be related to Ay as follows
f
R  
A/g.w  A
o

y
f A /g.w  A
y y y
A
 Ay  Please recall that A is the elastic pseudo- acceleration
Ry
2
T 
We have already derived the relation u  μ   A n
m y

2
 2π 
μ T 
or u m   A n
The design is revised if calculated value
R  2π y of um exceeds the limit recommended
by seismic design code being used

55
Application of the Inelastic design spectrum:
2. Evaluation of existing structures

Consider the simplest possible structures, SDF system, having

mass m, initial stiffness k at small displacement.
The yield strength fy of the structure are determined from its
properties: dimensions, member sizes, and design details
(reinforcement in R.C. structures, connections in steel structures).
fy can be determined from any suitable method from existing
analytical methods based on extensive laboratory works. Result of
a pushover analysis? for determining fy is shown on next slide.
Tn for small oscillation is computed from k and m, and the
damping ratio ζ from field tests

56
 Application of the Inelastic design spectrum:
2. Evaluation of existing structures
Draw a sketch of frame
First plastic hinge with plastic hinges

Collapse
fs fs

fy
u u

uy um
Force-displacement curve of a building using Pushover analysis?
57
Application of the Inelastic design spectrum:
2. Evaluation of existing structures
For a system with known Tn and ζ, A is read from elastic design
spectrum
Ay for known value of fy and Ry can be determined using:
Ay fy
fy  .w or A y  and R y  A/A y
g  w 
 g
With Tn already known, μ (ductility demand) for calculated value
of Ry can be determined by using the applicable equation
determined from three 3 equations given on slide 47
peak deformation um , can be determined by using eqn. derived
on slide 56 2
The structure is strengthened if calculated value of um
μ T 
u 
m   A exceeds the value of um determined from both pushover
n

R  2π 
y
curve (slide 58) or seismic design code being used
58
Problem M7.1
A 12 ft high, single story RC structure is idealized as an
elasoplastic SDOF system. The design guidelines
recommend that maximum drift ratio in the structure shall
not exceed 2% during design earthquake. Check that
whether the displacement in structural system will be
within safe limit or not when it is subjected to PGA =
0.3g. Elastic stiffness of story is 250k/in and weight of
the floor system is 80 k. Take fy=0.2w and ζ=5% . Use
elastic design spectrum shown in Figure 6.9.5 scaled to a
PGA of 0.3g

59
Problems for Home practice

Solve problems 7.7 and 7.8 from chopra’s book

60
 Application of the Inelastic design spectrum:
3. Direct displacement based seismic design of structures
Displacement Based Seismic Design (DBSD) is defined broadly as any seismic
design in which displacement related quantities are used directly to judge
performance acceptability. This performance acceptability for various limit
states/performance levels in general is referred to as Performance Based
Seismic Design among earthquake engineering community
A simple DBSD approach could be to specify a drift limit corresponding to a
defined damage level, and then require that the drift under the specified
seismic loading does not exceed the specified drift. This procedure is in
contrast with Force Based Seismic Design (FBSD) procedure in which the
acceptability of structural performance is judged on the basis of force –based
quantities.
A simple example of a force-based procedure is the familiar requirement
that the design base shear strength under seismic loading shall not be less
than some fraction of base shear calculated assuming linear elastic structural
61
response.
 Application of the Inelastic design spectrum:
3. Direct displacement based seismic design of structures
We followed FBSD process in previous slides of this module due to the
reason that currently seismic codes are based on FBSD procedure because of
their familiarity for design against other loading such as gravity and wind.
After 1994 Northridge, USA and 1995 Kobe, Japan earthquake
engineering community is seriously making effort to Performance Based
Seismic Design which is essentially based on DBSD procedure.
It is worth mentioning that neither of the two procedures (i.e., FBSD and
DBSD) can be totally taken independent of the decision making parameters
involved in the two procedures. Inherently, both involves relevant
parameters related to forces and displacements, however, decisions are based
on Forces in FBSD and Displacements/Drifts in DBSD.

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Application of the Inelastic design spectrum:
3. Direct displacement based seismic design of structures
The inelastic design spectrum is also useful for direct Displacement-
based design of structures.
The goal is to determine the initial stiffness and yield strength of the
structure necessary to limit the deformation to some acceptable value.
Applied to an elastoplastic SDF system (Fig. 7.12.1), such a design
procedure may be implemented as a sequence of the following steps:
1. Estimate the yield deformation uy for the
system.
2. Determine acceptable plastic rotation θp of the
hinge at the base.
3. Determine the design displacement um from
um = uy + hθp

and design ductility factor from

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Application of the Inelastic design spectrum:
3. Direct displacement based seismic design of structures

Slide 52

64
 Application of the Inelastic design spectrum:
3. Direct displacement based seismic design of structures

Problem M 7.2: Consider a long reinforced-

concrete viaduct that is part of a freeway. The total
weight of the superstructure, 13 kips/ft, is supported
on identical bents 30 ft high, uniformly spaced at
130 ft. Each bent consists of a single circular
column 60 in. in diameter (Fig. E7.3a). Using the
displacement-based design procedure, design the
longitudinal reinforcement of the column for the
design earthquake has a peak acceleration of 0.5g and its
elastic design spectrum is given by Fig. 6.9.5 multiplied
by 0.5

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Problem M 7.2 contd….

Recommended
by design code

66
Problem M 7.2 contd….

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Problem M 7.2 contd….

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