DOW CHELATING AGENTS

Effective, economical metal ion control VERSENE, VERSENEX, and VERSENOL Chelating Agents

DOW CHELATING AGENTS

Almost any aqueous system can be affected by uncontrolled metal ions
Uncontrolled metal ions in your product or process can eat away profits by causing scaling, chemical degradation, discoloration, precipitation, emulsion instability, rancidity, and a host of other problems. In products, soluble metal ions accelerate chemical reactions which reduce quality, consumer appeal, shelf-life, and ultimate value. In processes, uncontrolled metal ions hamper process efficiency and increase equipment downtime. Since trace amounts of soluble iron, copper, manganese, calcium, and other metals occur naturally in many raw materials, the potential for scaling and undesirable metal-catalyzed reactions is widespread (see below). These metal ions are normally found in processing water, and can also be introduced during processing. Food products are vulnerable to metalcatalyzed spoilage and discoloration Even in concentrations as low as 0.05 ppm, metal ions can cause spoilage, rancidity, discoloration, off-odors, offflavors, and shortened shelf-life in foods. Metal ions also catalyze the oxidative degradation of fats and oils. Emulsified products are particularly sensitive. In products such as salad dressings, mayonnaise, sauces, and spreads, as little as 0.5 to 1.0 ppm copper or iron can lead to color changes, off-flavors, and emulsion instability. Another familiar example is the discoloration of white potatoes which begins when iron in the potato reacts with phenolic compounds during cooking. In canned seafood, naturally high levels of copper, zinc, tin, and iron combine with organics to cause discoloration, off-flavors, and off-odors. Uncontrolled metal ions also lead to problems in food processing equipment by causing scaling. Cleaning and laundering products can be rendered ineffective by metal ions in hard water Metal ions have long plagued formulators of soaps, detergents, and cleaning formulations. One of the major challenges is producing formulations that provide good cleaning performance and rinsability when used with hard water. Metal ions can also reduce shelf-life and cause cloudiness in liquid cleaning products and detergents. In combined detergent and disinfectant formulations, metal ions can inhibit germicidal performance. Metal ions shorten shelf-life and hamper performance in personal care products Metal ion reactions can seriously affect the quality, performance, consumer appeal, and shelf-life of personal care formulations. Oil-in-water emulsions such as creams, lotions, deodorants, and ointments are subject to metalcatalyzed oxidation and rancidity. In shampoos and soaps, metal ions can cause turbidity and reduce shelf-life.

Applications where metal ions cause problems

Agriculture Cleaning products Food and beverage Metalworking Oilfield applications Personal care products Pharmaceuticals Photography Polymerization Pulp and paper Scale removal and prevention Te x t i l e s Water treatment

VERSENE CA food-grade EDTA stabilizes vitamin content and inhibits color fading in yellow, orange, and other soft drink beverages.

Without provisions to control metal ions, these products can also exhibit poor detergency and lathering characteristics when used with hard water. In pulp and paper processing, metal ions reduce bleaching efficiency and cause brightness reversion Traces of heavy metals, which occur naturally in wood fibers and processing water, work against the best efforts of pulp and paper mills to produce brighter, whiter papers. Uncontrolled, these metal ions reduce the effectiveness of hydrosulfite and hydrogen peroxide bleaches used to brighten pulps. As a result, it takes more bleach to achieve and maintain the desired level of brightness. Because bleach chemicals are relatively expensive, pulp and paper mills have long worked to control metal ions through chelation chemistry. Metal ions cause scaling and sludge deposits in water systems Wherever water is used as a processing or heat exchange medium, metal ion reactions can lead to problemsboilers, heat exchangers, wood pulp digesters, processing equipment and evaporators are just a few examples. Scaling on interior surfaces of equipment is the major problem. Scaling can reduce heat exchange efficiency and increase equipment downtime. Scaling caused by soluble calcium, magnesium, or iron is the most common problem. Dow chelating agents provide an effective, economical solution to metal ion problems Chelating agents (also known as sequestering agents) can inhibit undesirable metal-catalyzed reactions by forming complexes with the metal ions. The resulting structure, called a chelate, deactivates the metal ion and prevents it from reacting with other components of the system.

Precipitation or cloudiness in liquid products can degrade the consumer appeal, shelf-life, and ultimate value of the product. As shown in the bottle on the right, small amounts of Dow chelating agents prevent these problems by complexing with the metal ions responsible.

Of the different types of metal ion control agents in use today, Dow chelating agents produce the most stable complexes with metal ions and generally provide the most effective control of metal ion problems. Dow products are aminopolycarboxylic acids available as VERSENE* EDTA, VERSENOL* HEDTA, VERSENEX* DTPA and VERSENE NTA chelating agents (generically referred to as EDTA, HEDTA, DTPA and NTA). Although often more expensive than other materials on a per-pound basis, Dow chelating agents are frequently the least costly option for metal ion control due to their effectiveness at remarkably low concentrations. Unique advantages of Dow chelating agents include predictable performance, high thermal stability, chemical stability, pH stability, and resistance to bacterial or mold breakdown.

Whenever water is used as a heat transfer or processing medium, salts can deposit to form scale. Dow chelating agents are used successfully to remove calcium and other types of scale and also to prevent scale formation.

*Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company

DOW CHELATING AGENTS

How Dow chelating agents control troublesome metal ions
Dow locks problem ions in a highly stable complex Soluble trace metals in aqueous systems exist as positively charged ions. Each of these ions has a fixed number of reactive sites. Most metal ions have either four or six reactive sites. EDTA, DTPA, and HEDTA have six, eight, and six metal-complexing sites respectively, enabling one molecule to interact with all the reactive centers of a metal ion. NTA has four metal complexing sites, enabling one molecule to interact with the majority of the reactive centers of a metal ion. Figure 1 illustrates how VERSENE EDTA can block up to six reactive sites on a metal ion, completely deactivating the ion. Equally important, the intrinsically strong, five-membered ring structures in this complex are highly stable even under heat, light, and pH extremes. This can translate into trouble-free processing and better protection for products, even in adverse conditions. By comparison, other metal ion control agents, such as phosphates and citrates, may form relatively weak complexes with metal ions and cant always provide the protection you need. Effective at remarkably low concentrations, Dow chelating agents can help you reduce operating and material costs Because they are so efficient, Dow chelating agents can often provide the protection you need at much lower concentrations than citric acid, phosphates, or other competitive metal ion control agents. A dramatic example is in treating frozen potatoes to inhibit after-cooking darkening. In this application, 20 times less VERSENE EDTA is required for protection than sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP). Excellent heat and pH stability make Dow chelating agents compatible with most aqueous systems and processes The complexes formed by many other types of chelating agents can break down during processing and storage of products, releasing metal ions to cause undesirable reactions. Long-chain phosphate molecules also tend to hydrolyze and break down in aqueous systems, particularly at elevated temperatures. In contrast, Dow chelating agents are stable up to, and beyond, 400F (204C). In addition, many chelating agents function within a restricted pH range. Figures 2 and 3 show that EDTA complexes of iron and copper retain their stability over a wider pH range than citric acid and pyrophosphate complexes, making Dow chelating agents compatible over a wide range of processing, storage, and use conditions. Higher stability means more reliable protection for your product or process One measure of the efficiency of metal ion control agents is the conditional stability constant of the complex they form with a metal ion. The higher the stability constant, the stronger the complex formed and the more efficiently the metal ions are controlled. Figures 2 and 3 compare the conditional stability constants of complexes formed by VERSENE EDTA, citric acid, and pyrophosphate with iron and copper ions. In each case, EDTA forms the most stable complex. In practical terms, the higher stability of EDTA complexes means better protection for your product or process.

Dow chelating agents are used in hard surface cleaners and laundry detergents to improve product performance characteristics including foaming, detergency, and rinsability in hard water.

Figure 1: VERSENE EDTA surrounds and immobilizes problem ions in a stable ring structure called a chelate

Figure 2: Conditional stability constants for iron with EDTA, citric acid, and pyrophosphate versus pH
18 16 EDTA 14
Conditional Constant, K M'Y'(MY)'

12 10 P2O7 (pyrophosphate) 8 6 Citrate 4 2 0

5
pH

Figure 3: Conditional stability constants for copper with EDTA, citric acid, and pyrophosphate versus pH
18 16 14 EDTA 12
Conditional Constant, K M'Y'(MY)'

10 8 6 4 2 0

This illustration shows how the EDTA molecule can block up to six reactive sites on a metal ion, completely deactivating the ion. The highly stable ring structures contribute excellent pH, heat, and light stability to these complexes.

Citrate P 2O 7 (pyrophosphate)

7
pH

10

11

12

These graphs show the EDTA complexes of iron and copper remain stable at high pH levels and are much more stable than citric acid and pyrophosphate complexes. In addition, the EDTA complexes retain their stability over a wider pH range.

DOW CHELATING AGENTS

Table 1: Common Symptoms of Undesirable Trace-Metal Reactions In Your Product or Process

Application
Food & Beverage Canned seafood products Dressings, sauces, spreads Canned beans Beverages Potato products Pickled vegetables Cleaning Products Heavy-duty laundry detergents Hard surface cleaners

Typical Symptoms
Discoloration Rancidity Off-odors/off-flavors Precipitation Loss of clarity Deterioration of texture Crystal formation Shortened shelf-life Poor performance in hard water Poor foaming characteristics Poor rinsability Haze formation or precipitation Poor shelf-life Discoloration Rancidity Need to reduce phosphate levels Poor performance of germicides Hard water stains Bathtub ring Dishwater spots Poor performance in hard water Poor rinsability Haze formation or precipitation Oxidation, rancidity, or off-odors Viscosity shifts Poor shelf-life Degradation of texture or appearance Need for an effective heavy metal poisoning treatment Poor drug performance in presence of hard water

Benefits of Using Dow Chelating Agents

Protects the natural flavor, color, texture, and nutritive value of your food products Improves shelf-life and consumer appeal Effective at low concentrations, VERSENE food-grade EDTA is frequently more economical than citrates or phosphates

Better foaming, detergency, and rinsing in hard water Helps remove metal oxides and salts from fabrics Enhances shelf-life by inhibiting rancidity, clouding, and discoloration Improved consumer appeal and product value Improved germicidal action USDA approved for many indirect food uses (e.g., sanitizing solutions)

Personal Care Products Creams, lotions Oils Bar and liquid soaps Shampoos Hair preparations Pharmaceuticals Lead poisoning treatment Drug stabilization

Better lathering in shampoos and soaps, particularly in the presence of hard water Improves shelf-life and consumer appeal Prevents softening, brown spotting, and cracking in bar soaps Improves stability of fragrances, fats, oils, and other water-soluble ingredients EDTA is approved by the FDA for use in heavy metal poisoning treatment Deactivates metal ions that interfere with drug performance VERSENE food- and pharmaceutical-grade EDTA products comply with USP/NF/FCC requirements Enhanced effectiveness of sodium sulfite Enhanced effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide and hydrosulfite bleach Higher brightness and/or lower bleaching costs Less need to overbleach to ensure specified brightness level Controls scaling and reduces costly downtime Water-soluble Dow chelating agents are ideal for pulping since water is the processing medium Dow offers a unique system-approach to silicate-free peroxide bleachingAsk your Dow Sales Representative for more information Dow chelating agents are approved for many indirect food uses (e.g., food wrap paper) Dissolves common types of scale during normal operation Effective in off-line and on-line scale removal Improves process efficiency and reduces downtime Works over a wide range of temperatures, pH levels, and pressures

Pulp & Paper Mechanical pulp bleaching Chemical pulping Reduction of brightness reversion Chemithermomechanical pulping

Poor performance of hydrogen peroxide or hydrosulfite bleaches Problems meeting brightness needs Excessive bleach usage Process scaling Brightness reversion in finished paper

Water Treatment Boilers Heat exchangers Evaporators Filter cloths Glass-lined kettles

Scale deposits Frequent shut-downs for cleaning Reduced heat transfer efficiency

Application
Metalworking Surface preparation Metal cleaning Metal finishing and plating

Typical Symptoms
Drag-in and contamination of succeeding plating baths Poor rinse solution performance at elevated temperatures Oxidation of cleaned iron or steel during storage Streaking after pickling Rough deposits, reduced efficiency, dulling, and unsuitable metal deposition during plating Poor performance of hydrogen peroxide bleach Fabric contaminated with deleterious materials Dye shade change

Benefits of Using Dow Chelating Agents

Improved product performance in hard water Improved rinsability More consistent performance Improved high-temperature performance

Textiles Preparation Desizing Scouring Bleaching Dyeing Agriculture Chelated micronutrients Herbicides

Deactivates metal ions that interfere with hydrogen peroxide performance Less need to overbleach to ensure specified brightness level Water soluble Dow chelating agents are ideal for metal ion control in textile processes Dye shade stability VERSENE AG micronutrients supply trace metals such as iron, zinc, manganese, magnesium, and copper as well as calciumwhich are vital to the metabolism of plants and animals Excellent water solubility makes metal chelants more readily utilized by plants than the inorganic forms of metals Stabilizes herbicides when formulated or mixed with hard water Stable polymerization rates Reduced polymer buildup in reactors Improved suspending agent performance Better polymer stability and shelf-life

Poor performance of herbicides in hard water Plant problems associated with micronutrient deficiencies Micronutrient deficiencies in animal feeds

Polymerization Styrene-butadiene polymerization PVC polymerization Stabilization of polymer systems Photography Developers Bleaches

Poor uniformity in polymerization rates Polymer buildup on reactor walls Coarse, off-grade polymer Polymer breakdown and discoloration Heat and light instability in polymer systems Scaling in photoprocessors Deposits or scratches on film Silver retention

Reduced scaling Less downtime for scale removal Higher quality prints and negatives Enhanced silver recovery Increased longevity of prints and negatives Prevents plugging, sealing, precipitation by deactivating metal ions Effective over wide temperature and pH range

Oilfield Applications Drilling Production Recovery

Formation plugging due to iron precipitation during acidizing and fracturing processes Scaling on well casings from brines normally coproduced with oil Scale buildup, precipitation, and plugging in enhanced oil recovery operations Scale deposits Reduced heat transfer efficiency Reduced flow rates

Scale Removal & Prevention Boilers Evaporators Heat exchangers Filter cloths Glass-lined kettles

Removes existing scale deposits Works in combination with other materials to prevent scale formation

DOW CHELATING AGENTS

Choose from over 40 different VERSENE, VERSENOL, and VERSENEX products to meet your needs
Dow offers a broad range of Dow chelating agents to meet specific needs. These products include general purpose and specialty VERSENE EDTA products as well as VERSENOL HEDTA products and VERSENEX DTPA products (Table 2). Unsurpassed quality and consistency Quality is the standard achieved by products that give you exactly what you want, every time. Thats the standard set by top management for Dow chelating agents. It serves as the driving force behind the people who make and distribute Dow products. At the heart of this program is a dedicated quality assurance plan that helps us maintain the highest possible quality and consistency for Dow chelating agents. Every aspect of production and distribution is carried out according to a formalized quality control plan which documents each action that must be taken to meet predetermined product specifications.

In textile manufacturing, Dow chelating agents are used to improve hydrogen peroxide bleach performance and to provide dye shade stability.

Table 2: VERSENE, VERSENOL, and VERSENEX Products

VERSENE EDTA ProductsThe Workhorses of Our Chelating Agent Product Line VERSENE 100Na4EDTAGeneral purpose chelant VERSENE 100ENa4EDTAVersion of VERSENE 100 available in Europe VERSENE 100E LCNa4EDTAUsed in cleaning products, Europe only VERSENE 100 XLNa4EDTAHigh purity version of VERSENE 100 VERSENE 100 EPNa4EDTAVersion of VERSENE 100 for electroless plating VERSENE Diammonium EDTA(NH4)2EDTALow sodium/high solubility VERSENE Tetraammonium EDTA(NH4)4EDTALow sodium/high solubility VERSENE PowderNa4EDTADry, powder form of VERSENE 100E VERSENE Powder ANa4EDTADry, powder form of VERSENE 100 VERSENE 220 CrystalsNa4EDTADry, crystalline form of VERSENE 100 VERSENE 220E CrystalsNa4EDTADry, crystalline form of VERSENE 100E VERSENE Na2 CrystalsNa2H2EDTAUsed primarily in cosmetics and toiletries VERSENE AcidH4EDTAUseful where sodium ion is undesirable or where only a slightly soluble material is desired VERSENE NA Disodium EDTANa2H2EDTA2H2OFood/pharmaceutical grade, complies with USP/FCC requirements; Kosher certified for year-round and Passover use VERSENE CACaNa2EDTAFood/pharmaceutical grade, complies with USP/FCC requirements; Kosher certified for year-round and Passover use VERSENEX DTPA Products VERSENEX 80Na5DTPAStable in strongly oxidizing systems VERSENEX 80ENa5DTPAVersion of VERSENEX 80 available in Europe VERSENEX 105Na5DTPAConcentrated version of VERSENEX 80E, available in Europe, Latin America and Pacific XUS-40864.00LNa5DTPADevelopmental, concentrated version of VERSENEX 80 VERSENEX DTPA AcidH5DTPADry version of VERSENEX 80 or VERSENEX 80E used as a specialty photobleach chelant VERSENOL HEDTA Products VERSENOL 120Na3HEDTAUsed for iron chelation at pH 8-10.5 VERSENOL 120ENa3HEDTAVersion of VERSENOL 120 available in Europe VERSENE NTA ProductsGeneral Purpose Chelating Agents VERSENE NTA 148Na3NTAUsed in cleaning products VERSENE NTA 152Na3NTAGeneral purpose chelant VERSENE NTA LCNa3NTALow color version of VERSENE NTA 148 VERSENE NTA CrystalNa3NTADry, crystalline form of VERSENE NTA 148 or VERSENE NTA 152 VERSENE NTA AcidH3NTADry, acid form of VERSENE NTA 148 or VERSENE NTA 152 Specialty ChelantsBased on Glycine and Readily Biodegradable VERSENE DEGNaDEGUseful for chelating iron in moderately alkaline solutions VERSENE EDGNa2EDGUseful for chelating iron in mildly alkaline solutions Agricultural MicronutrientsMore Readily Utilized by Plants Than Inorganic Forms of Metals VERSENE AG 3.0% Ca fully chelated micronutrient VERSENE AG 7.5% Cu fully chelated micronutrient VERSENOL AG Fe fully chelated micronutrient VERSENOL AG 5.0% Fe chelated micronutrient VERSENE AG 7.7% Fe chelated micronutrient VERSENE AG 13.2% Fe chelated micronutrient VERSENE AG 2.5% Mg chelated micronutrient VERSENE AG 6% Mn fully chelated micronutrient VERSENE AG 1-lb Zn fully chelated micronutrient Photo ChelatesUsed in Photoprocessing Solutions VERSENE Photo ChelateFeNH4EDTA VERSENE 1,3 PDTA1,3-PDTA acid VERSENE DAPTA Acid2-hydroxy-1,3-PDTA PhosphonatesUsed to Control or Remove Scale-Forming Calcium and Magnesium Salts VERSENEX CSI Corrosion and Scale InhibitorSuperior performance under severe operating conditions VERSENATE PS Peroxide StabilizerPromotes brightness in pulp bleaching VERSENATE SI Scale InhibitorRemoves and prevents scale

DOW CHELATING AGENTS

How Dow helps you get the most out of Dow chelating agents
METAL SIGNATURE analytical service The METAL SIGNATURE analytical service from Dow is an exclusive lab service that provides you with a detailed profile of the metal ions present in your product or process. Youll also get the results of lab studies which determine the type, amount, and addition point for Dow chelating agents to achieve optimum effectiveness and economy. All you need to do to initiate the service is provide us with basic information about your process, plus samples of your product or process water at key points in your process. The sophisticated PIMIC modeling service Another unique service available from Dow is the PIMIC modeling service using the predictive and interpretive metal ion control computer program. With specific data about your system, this computer model helps us predict and optimize the behavior of different chelating agents in the system. The result is a valuable data package that can minimize your laboratory work and help you determine the best route to take to solve your problem. The powerful PIMIC modeling service was developed by Dow researchers and is available only from Dow.

The Dow Technical Service and Development team for Dow chelating agents helps customers, and prospective customers, find solutions to metal ion problems.

Expert technical support In addition to valuable lab services, we also provide dedicated technical service support for Dow chelating agents. Qualified technical specialists who understand your process technology and can quickly help you find the best solution to metal ion problems are just a phone call away. Our more than 40 years of experience in metal ion control have provided us with a large data base of information covering almost every conceivable application. Dont hesitate to take advantage of this significant resource.

The METAL SIGNATURE analytical service is used to profile metal ions present in Dow customers products or processes. The PIMIC computer modeling service is used to help Dow predict and optimize the behavior of different chelating agents in customers systems.

Service Mark of The Dow Chemical Company

10

For detailed information on safety and handling considerations for Dow chelating agents, we provide Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for each product. MSDS are available on request, and are included with each product order. We also offer brochures and technical data sheets on the complete range of applications for Dow chelating agents. These include materials on foods and beverages, cleaning products, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper processing, water treatment, metalworking solutions, textile processing solutions, agricultural micronutrients, polymerization, photography, oilfield applications and scale removal and prevention. Our excellent distributor network Our network of national and independent distributors offers the advantages of local inventories, convenient quantities, and individual service tailored to your needs. The Dow Chemical Company has a fundamental concern for all who make, distribute, and use our family of chelant products, and the environment we share. This concern is the basis for our Product Stewardship philosophy, by which we assess all available information on our products and then take appropriate steps to protect employee and public health and the environment. In addition, Dow is committed to implementing the guiding principles and management practices of the chemical industrys Responsible Care Initiative, which includes Product Stewardship as one of the Management Practices. As part of our Product Stewardship effort, information such as Material Safety Data Sheets and this brochure are provided to assist our customers in handling our chelant products in a safe and responsible manner.

Contact Dow for up-to-date information and samples of Dow chelating agents Contact Dow for more information on our chelating agents as well as samples for your developmental work. Contact information for your region is on the back cover of this brochure. If you have questions, a technical representative will be glad to assist you.

Responsible Care is a registered Service Mark of The American Chemistry Council 11

Why Dow chelating agents should be your first choice for metal ion control Provide reliable protection for the quality, shelf-life, and value of your products Improve processing efficiency Reduce scale formation Effectively dissolve inorganic scales Improve bleach performance Prevent metals from reacting with your process or product Improve product performance in hard water Soften process water Keep metal ions in solution Form more stable complexes than other metal ion control agents Offer unique thermal, light, and pH stability Effective at low concentrations, helping you reduce ingredient costs A long history of success in a broad range of applications

Why Dow is your best source for metal ion control solutions Unsurpassed quality and consistency in every Dow product Different product chemistries and many physical forms for formulating versatility The exclusive METAL SIGNATURE analytical service The sophisticated PIMIC computer modeling service Expert technical support Comprehensive technical and application literature Complete metal ion control systems tailored to your needs Global production facilities and our excellent distributor network Why not find out more about how Dow chelating agents can help you protect the value of your products and/or the efficiency of your processing? Well be happy to answer your questions, provide additional literature, and send samples of Dow chelating agents for your evaluation. Call today. The sooner you get started formulating with Dow chelating agents, the sooner youll start getting more reliable, cost-effective protection against detrimental metal ion reactions.

DOW CHELATING AGENTS

For more information, complete literature, and product samples you can reach a Dow representative at the following numbers: From the United States and Canada: Call 1-800-447-4369 Fax 1-989-832-1465 From Mexico: Call 95-800-447-4369 Fax 95-989-832-1465 In Europe: Call toll-free +800 3 694 6367* Telephone: + 32 3 450 2240 Fax + 32 3 450 2815 Or you can contact us on the Internet at www.versene.com
* Toll free from Austria (00), Belgium (00), Denmark (00), Finland (990), France (00), Germany (00), Hungary (00), Ireland (00), Italy (00), The Netherlands (00), Norway (00), Portugal (00), Spain (00), Sweden (00), Switzerland (00) and the United Kingdom (00).

NOTICE: No freedom from any patent owned by Seller or others is to be inferred. Because use conditions and applicable laws may differ from one location to another and may change with time, Customer is responsible for determining whether products and the information in this document are appropriate for Customers use and for ensuring the Customers workplace and disposal practices are in compliance with applicable laws and other governmental enactments. Seller assumes no obligation or liability for the information in this document. NO WARRANTIES ARE GIVEN; ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED.

THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY Midland, Michigan 48674

Printed in U.S.A.

Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company

Form No. 113-01259-1001AMS CH-113-008-E-1001AMS