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    Assignment 4 Answers Math 130 Linear Algebra

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    Cody Sage
    This document provides solutions to exercises from a linear algebra textbook. It solves systems of linear equations by row reduction, determines if a vector is in the span of a set of vectors by solving vector equations, and proves some properties of spans of vector spaces including that the span of the union of two subsets equals the sum of their individual spans.

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    Assignment 4 Answers Math 130 Linear Algebra

    Uploaded by

    Cody Sage
    94 views3 pages
    This document provides solutions to exercises from a linear algebra textbook. It solves systems of linear equations by row reduction, determines if a vector is in the span of a set of vectors by solving vector equations, and proves some properties of spans of vector spaces including that the span of the union of two subsets equals the sum of their individual spans.

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    Advanced Linear Algebra

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    asmt4ans

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    This document provides solutions to exercises from a linear algebra textbook. It solves systems of linear equations by row reduction, determines if a vector is in the span of a set of vectors by solving vector equations, and proves some properties of spans of vector spaces including that the span of the union of two subsets equals the sum of their individual spans.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    94 views3 pages

    Assignment 4 Answers Math 130 Linear Algebra

    Uploaded by

    Cody Sage
    This document provides solutions to exercises from a linear algebra textbook. It solves systems of linear equations by row reduction, determines if a vector is in the span of a set of vectors by solving vector equations, and proves some properties of spans of vector spaces including that the span of the union of two subsets equals the sum of their individual spans.

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    of 3

    of homogeneous equations has a solution, namely 0. 2d. Solve the system of linear equations.

    Assignment 4 answers Math 130 Linear Algebra


    D Joyce, Fall 2012 Exercises from section 1.4, page 32, exercises 1, 2ad, 3ad, 5de, 6, 14. 1. True/false a. The zero vector is a linear combination of any nonempty set of vectors. True. Its 0 = 0v1 + + 0vn . Moreover, an empty sum, that is, the sum of no vectors, is usually dened to be 0, and with that denition 0 is a linear combination of any set of vectors, empty or not. b. The span of the empty set is . False. Its the trivial vector space that includes only the zero vector 0. For convenience, our text made that a special case of the denition. If you dene an empty sum to be 0, then you dont have to make it a special case. c. If S is a subset of a vector space V , then span(S) is the intersection of all subspaces of V containing S. True. See theorem 5. d. In solving a system of linear equations, it is permissible to multiply an equation by any constant. False. Its almost true, but you cant multiply it by 0. That would be the same as erasing the equation. e. In solving a system of linear equations, it is permissible to add any multiple of one equation to another. True. (But you cant add 1 times the equation to itself.) f. Every system of linear equations has a solution. False. There are inconsistent systems like xy = 3 and x y = 4. Note, however, that every system 1

    x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 = 2 x1 + 8x3 + 5x4 = 6 x1 + x2 + 5x2 + 5x4 = 3 You can solve this by hand in many ways using row operations. Heres one. Youd probably start by subtracting the rst from each of the second and third rows to get x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 = 2 2x2 + 6x3 + 5x4 = 8 x2 + 3x3 + 5x4 = 1 At this point theres more than one natural way to continue. Since I dont like to work with fractions, Ill switch the second and third rows, then negate the new second row to get x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 = 2 x2 3x3 5x4 = 1 2x2 + 6x3 + 5x4 = 8 Next, Ill add twice the second row to the third row to get x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 = 2 x2 3x3 5x4 = 1 5x4 = 10 And divide the third row by 5. x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 = 2 x2 3x3 5x4 = 1 x4 = 2 The system is now in echelon form. Im going to continue to put it into reduced echelon form. First Ill add 5 times the third row to the second. x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 x2 3x3 + x4 = 2 = 9 = 2

    Then subtract twice the second from the rst. x1 + x2 + 8x3 + 3x3 + x4 = 16 = 9 = 2

    d. (2, 1, 0), (1, 2, 3), (1, 3, 2) Solve the vector equation x(1, 2, 3) + y(1, 3, 2) = (1, 1, 0) by solving the system of linear equations

    Its in reduced echelon form. The third equation x + y = 1 tells me that x4 = 2; the second that x2 = 3x3 + 9; 2x 3y = 1 and the rst that x1 = 8x3 16. None of them 3x + 2y = 0 say what x3 is, and thats because x3 can be any which has the solution (x, y) = ( 2 , 3 ), so the rst 5 5 number. Thus, the general solution is vector is a lin combo of the other two. (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (8x3 16, 3x3 + 9, x3 , 2) 5. Determine if the given vector v is in the span where x3 can be any number. Weve found the gen- of a set S. eral solution parameterized by the variable x3 . d. v = (2, 1, 1, 3), You may have done it dierently and found the S = {(1, 0, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1, 1)}. general solution parameterized some other way. This is the same question as exercise 3, but All solutions will describe the same set in R4 . Its worded dierently, so you can answer it in the same a particular straight line that doesnt pass through way, namely, by solving the vector equation the origin. Thats easier to see if you write the x(1, 0, 1, 1) + y(0, 1, 1, 1) = (2, 1, 1, 3). solutions as x = t(8, 3, 1, 0) + (16, 9, 0, 2) where t = x3 is a parameter. 3. Is the rst vector a linear combination of the other two? a. (2, 0, 3), (1, 3, 0), (2, 4, 1) The general method to solve questions like this is to solve a vector equation, in this case, the vector equation x(1, 3, 0) + y(2, 4, 1) = (2, 0, 3). That corresponds to a system of three equations in two unknowns x + 2y = 2 3x + 4y = 0 y = 3 This one is particularly easy to solve. x has to be 2 for the rst coordinate to work out, and y has to be 1 for the second coordinate. And with those values of x and y, the third and fourth coordinates match, too. So there is a solution, and that means v is in the span of S. e. v = x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 3, S = {x3 + x2 + x + 1, x2 + x + 1, x + 1}. Here, the vector space is the set of polynomials of degree 3 or less. There are various shortcuts, but you could use the same method of solving the vector equation s(x3 + x2 + x + 1) + t(x2 + x + 1) + u(x + 1) = x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 3. That corresponds to the system of linear equations (one equation for each power of x) s = 1 s + t = 2 s + t + u = 3 s + t + u = 3

    Then use whatever method you want to solve the system. This particular system has a solution, (x, y) = (4, 3). Therefore, the rst vector is a Since theres a solution, namely, (s, t, u) = (1, 1, 1), therefore v is in the span of S. linear combination of the other two. 2

    6. Show that the vectors (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1), and where v1 , . . . , vk S1 and vk+1 , . . . , vn S2 . Then (0, 1, 1) generate F 3 . w is the sum of the two vectors, c1 v1 + + ck vk Here, F is the scalar eld. We need to show that in the span of S1 , and ck+1 vk+1 + + cn vn in the every vector (a, b, c) in F 3 is a linear combination span of S2 . And, of course, the sum of two such of the three vectors. There are a couple approaches vectors is a vector in the span of S1 S2 . The primary advantage of the more detailed you could take. proof is that it emphasizes that the terms in the One way is to show that the three standard vectors (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1) are linear com- sum need to be rearranged to express the sum w as binations. Since all vectors in F 3 can be generated the sum of two vectors, one from span(S1 ) and the by them, if we can generate them, well be able to other from span(S2 ). generate all vectors. (This depends on the theoMath 130 Home Page at rem: a linear combination of linear combinations http://math.clarku.edu/~djoyce/ma130/ is a linear combination.) So, how can you get (1, 0, 0)? You can nd it by the techniques of the earlier exercises or just look for it. Youll nd (1, 0, 0) = (1, 1, 0) + (1, 0, 1) (0, 1, 1). The other two standard vectors are similarly two of the given vectors minus the third. An alternate way is to show that an arbitrary vector (a, b, c) in F 3 is a linear combination of the three vectors. In other words, solve the vector equation x(1, 1, 0) + y(1, 0, 1) + z(0, 0, 1) = (a, b, c) for x, y, and z in terms of a, b, and c. 14. Show that if S1 and S2 are arbitrary subsets of a vector space V then the span of their union, span(S1 S2 ), equals the sum of their spans, span(S1 ) + span(S2 ). An element of span(S1 S2 ) is a linear combination of vectors in S1 S2 , while an element of span(S1 ) + span(S2 ) is the sum of two vectors, one being a lin combo of vectors in S1 , the other being a lin combo of vectors in S2 . But a lin combo of vectors in S1 S2 is the sum of a lin combo of vectors in S1 and a lin combo of vectors in S2 , and vice versa. We can add details to the argument as follows. Let the vector w be the linear combination of vectors in S1 S2 , and arrange the terms so that the vectors in S1 come before the vectors in S2 . w = c1 v1 + + ck vk + ck+1 vk+1 + + cn vn 3

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