Wing Hong Tony Wong: ND TH
Wing Hong Tony Wong: ND TH
Wing Hong Tony Wong: ND TH
LECTURE 1
WING HONG TONY WONG
Course information
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HW
Mid-term
Final
15%
35%
50%
In the past, we have dealt with calculus about functions on a single variable, i.e.
f : R ! R. Examples of such functions include
p
Polynomials: f (x) = 4x3 + 83 x
5;
Trigonometric functions: f (x) = sin(x), f (x) = cos(x3 );
Exponentials and Logarithms: f (x) = ex , f (x) = 34x+2 , f (x) = log6 (x).
Calculus has two branches: dierentiation and integration.
Dierentiation
df 0
, f (x).
dx
Tangent lines, slopes.
Product rule, Quotient rule, Chain rule.
Taylors theorem.
Implicit dierentiation.
Finding maximum/minimum of f (x).
Integration
Z
Z b
f (x)dx,
f (x)dx.
a
Question 1.
(a) What does the equation x2 + y 2 4y 2 = 0 correspond to in R2 ?
(b) What does the inequality 3x 2y > 8 correspond to in R2 ?
(c) What does the inequality y x2 correspond to in R2 ?
(d) Why is there a correspondence between an algebraic equation or inequality and a
geometric figure in R2 ?
Question 2.
(a) What is the equation of the x-axis in R2 ?
(b) What does the equation x = 3 correspond to in R2 ?
2
x0 )2 + (y
y0 )2 + (z
z0 )2 = r 2 .
12.2 Vectors
More generally, we can talk about the n-dimensional Euclidean space
Rn = {(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) : x1 , x2 , . . . , xn 2 R}.
and the distance between points x and y is given by the norm of the vector y
p
ky xk = (x1 y1 )2 + + (xn yn )2 .
x, i.e.
In this course, a scalar is simply a real number. The relationship between x and the
scalar multiplication x = ( x1 , . . . , xn ) is given by the following table.
>0
<0
| |>1
| |<1
x
x
x
x
a b
For a 2 2 matrix
, the determinant is given by
c d
a b
= ad
c d
bc;
1
a b c
for a 3 3 matrix @d e f A, the determinant is given by the arrow method
g h i
a b c
d e f = aei + bf g + cdh
g h i
1
x1 + y1
xn + yn
m = (x + y) =
,...,
.
2
2
2
12.3 Dot product
In Rn , the dot product, or the inner product between x and y is defined to by
x y = x1 y1 + x2 y2 + + xn yn .
5
x x.
ky
L.H.S. = (y
x) (y
= y (y
x)
=yy
xy
= (y
= kyk2
x) y
x. By cosine law,
2kxkkyk cos .
x)
x (y
(y
x)
x) x
yx
2x y + kxk2 .
(by distributivity)
(by commutativity)
xx
(by distributivity)
(by commutiativity)
Corollary 11. The nonzero vectors x and y are orthogonal to each other if and only if
x y = 0.
Let projy x be the projection vector of x onto the direction of y. By the definition of
projection,
kprojy xk = kxk cos ,
b. Therefore,
where is the angle between x and y. Also, projy x takes the direction y
y
projy x = kxk cos
kyk
y
= kxkkyk cos
kyk2
xy
=
y,
yy
and
xy
b.
kprojy xk =
=xy
kyk
Example 12. Find projy x and kprojx yk if x = (5, 2, 6) and y = (3, 1, 2).
b.
(4) Find a component of a vector: x v
(5) Cauchy-Schwarz inequality:
Proof. L.H.S. = x y = (kxkkyk cos )2 = kxk2 kyk2 cos2 kxk2 kyk2 = R.H.S.
Example 13.
12.1
26b, 38, 59.
12.3
22.