01 - QL Interpretation

Advanced Log Interpretation

Quick-Look Techniques

E. Standen
NExT Training
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Petrophysical Integration –
“What does it mean?”

Sir Winston Churchill once said:

“You may take the most gallant sailor, the most intrepid
airman, and the most audacious soldier, put them at a
table together – and what do you get?

… The sum of their fears!”

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01 - QL Interpretation

Reservoir Integration –
“the sum of their fears.”

• Geologist – “There is no way I can extrapolate facies away

from the wellbore with so little core and this well spacing!”
• Geophysicist – “Do they realize the assumptions built into
our attribute maps? We’re lucky to have any meaningful
velocity data after our de-multiple processing!”
• Reservoir Engineer – “I don’t even know what layers
they’re injecting into and now they tell me, with the new
mapping, the grid blocks are ¼ the size before!”
• Petrophysicist – “I can’t even get a Phi-K relationship from
modern logs in this reservoir and 80% of the wells have only
resistivity and one porosity log for rock typing!” 3

Definitions for Log Analysis

• Porosity Φ = Pore Volume / Bulk Volume

– Total Porosity – Total Φ available for fluids
– Effective Porosity – Φ that allows fluid flow
• Water Saturation Sw = Water Volume
Pore Volume
– Oil Saturation = Oil Volume / Pore Volume
– Gas Saturation = Gas Volume / Pore Volume
• Sw x Φ = Bulk Volume Water (BVW)

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01 - QL Interpretation

Formation Log Symbols & Terms

R = resistivity (ohmm)
eg. Rt, Rw, Rxo, Rmf

S = saturation (dec. %)
eg. Sw, Sxo, So, Sgas

d = diameter (in. or mm)

h = bed thickness (ft or m)

Log Measurements
• Resistivity – SP – GR
• Porosity / Lithology – GR
• Sonic
• Litho-Density
• Neutron
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
• Auxiliary
• Micro-resistivity
• Caliper
• Pressure (MDT)
• Imaging Tools (FMI / UBI)
• Borehole Seismic
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01 - QL Interpretation

AIT-20’’
Consonant Sensors AIT-10’’
CNL

Sonic

Consonant Tools :

- CMR, EPT
- Lithodensity
- APS (Neutrons)
- Rxo

Mud
Rt

ROCK VOLUME
CROSS-SECTION

Tools Characteristics

CMR EPT R xo Pef APS ρb Σ C N L Sonic

Azimuth 23 23 23 23 45 45 45 360 360

(deg)
DOI (inch) 1.5 1.5 3 3 7 4 6 9 9
Vert. Resol. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2.5
(ft)

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Consonant ratio values

APLC ρb Σ CNL Sonic

CMR/EPT 44 14 32 1152 1440

Rxo/Pef 11 3.5 8 288 360

ρb 3 ----- 2.2 81 101

U 3 /11 1 2.2/8 81/288 101/360

APLC ------ 3 1.4 27 34

0 10 20 30 % Por

Clay
Truer Porosity/Oil saturation
Core Plug:
30% porosity
80% So
5m 3m 0m Sand

What is the volumetric ratio

between a core plug (1”dia.
X 2in) and an induction log
that sees 4’h x 7.5’dia.?
Apparent Porosity/Oil saturation
Clay
A: Ratio of the equivalent
volumes. eg. Porosity (30%)
Core = .2355 cu in.
AF90= 2035.2 cu in. Different apparent thickness with different
Ratio = 1 : 8642 0 40 60 80 So 13
porosity/saturation cutoff

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BQ Example Log Suite

Correlation Resistivity Track Correlation Porosity Track
Track Track

Gamma Ray
0 150
Spontaneous (API units)
Potential (mv) Caliper log
- |--| + 5in 15in

Dual Induction SFL Density & Neutron Φ

.2 1.0 10 100 2000 45 30 15 0 −15
(logarithmic ohmm) (sandstone porosity units)

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Rock Matrix, Porosity & Fluids

Ro = F Rw
where

F = a / Φm
2
Rt = Rw Rt = Ro Rt = F Rw / Sw

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Archie’s Equation

Empirical constant
(usually near unity) Resistivity of
a Rw formation water,

Sw = n
Ω-m

φ
Water
saturation,
m Cementation
exponent
fraction
Saturation
exponent
Rt (usually near 2)

(also usually Resistivity of

near 2) Porosity, uninvaded
fraction formation, Ω-m
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Pore Types - Sandstones

The Good

The Bad

The UGLY
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Pore Types - Carbonates

Carbonate Porosity - Example

Moldic
Pores
• Due to dissolution
Dolomite and collapse of ooids
(allochemical particles)
• Isolated pores
Moldic • Moderate total porosity
Pore • Low effective porosity
• Low permeability

Calcite
Blue areas are pores.
Thin section micrograph - plane-polarized light
Smackover Formation, Alabama 18
(Photograph by D.C. Kopaska -Merkel)

Rock - Pore Saturations

Pc

19
Sw

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01 - QL Interpretation

ß HC

ß HC

ß Water Wet

ß Water

ß hc?

ß hc?

ß hc

ß HC

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ß Water Wet

Simple Shaley-Sand Model

Φtotal = Φ effective

Clean Sand Matrix (Quartz) HC

In a clean sand the irreducible water volume is a function
of the surface area of the sand grains and therefore, the Irreducible
grain size. water
Φ effective
Bound water

Clay +
Clean Sand Matrix (Quartz)
Silt
In a shaley-sand the addition of silt + clay usually decreases
effective porosity due to poorer sorting and increases the Φtotal
irreducible water volume with the finer grain size. In
addition, there is clay bound water that is non-effective
porosity that adds conductivity to the formation.
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01 - QL Interpretation

Quick-Look Shaley-Sand Analysis

Sw = √1/Φ T**2 x Rw/Rt

Φ total = (PhiN + PhiD)/2
Φ effective = Φ total x (1 – Vsh)

In a clean formation PhiN = PhiD and Phi-Total is Phie.

In a shaley formation PhiN + PhiD / 2 usually increases slightly

as shale volume increases (Shale total porosity is usually higher
than the total porosity of a clean sand until significant
compaction occurs).

As shale increases Rt will decrease so the net effect on the

saturation computation is minimal as shale volume increases.
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Archie’s Equation

a Rw
Sw = n
φ
m
Total
Rt
As Shale (clay) volume increases – What is the effect on Sw?
Up to about 20% Vshale not much effect will be seen on Sw as long
as the porosity input is Total Porosity, not Effective porosity. 31

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Production Prediction

• Calculation of Swirr
• Correlation of log responses to Capillary
Pressure curves
• Calculation of moved hydrocarbon
• Flow unit identification
• Flow estimation from drill stem tests.

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