A Report on

PROPELLER LED DISPLAY

Submitted by ANSON ANTO C. ANIL A.N.

Third Year Engineering (Electronics &Electrical Engineering)

Guided by

MR. JOSEN K.K.

Department of EEE

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CERTIFICATE

The project PROPELLER DISPLAY is a bona fide work completed under my supervision and guidance in partial fulfillment for award of Diploma of Engineering (Electronics & Electrical) in Thiagarajar Polytechnic College, Alagappanagar

Place : Alagappanagar Date :

Mr.K.K. JOSEN Project Guide

Mr.M.G.SASIKUMAR Head of the Department

Principal Thiagarajar Polytechnic College Alagappanagar

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Acknowledgement

First, we would like to express our best regards to our project guide Mr.K.K. Josen whose valuable guidance, encouragement, and provision of necessary facilities made this work possible.

We are also thankful to our respected Head of the Department Mr.M.G. SASIKUMAR whose help and shared knowledge was the main support to complete our project. Many thanks are owed to our classmates for their useful discussion and timely suggestions. Their technical support and encouragement helped us to finalize our project.

Our special thanks to Mr.Sumesh who helped us a lot through the problems we came across. We are absolutely grateful to all nonteaching staff for their assistance which is key factor behind our success. We would also like to express our gratitude towards the college for providing us with the best facilities and proper environment to work on our project.

Finally we offer our great thanks and regards to our family for their support which helped us through the difficulty and hardships of life to earn this achievement.

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Contents
i. ii. Abstract List of figures 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 27 27 28 29 30 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Literature survey 1.2 Block Diagram 1.3 Overview of Project 1.4 Overview of Block Diagram Chapter 2. Hardware Design 2.1 Interrupter Module 2.2 Mechanical Assembly 2.3 Power Supply Module 2.4 Circuit Diagram Chapter 3. Software Design 3.1 Overview of software used 3.2 Program Code Chapter 4. PCB Design 4.1 PCB designing steps Chapter 5.Results and Conclusion 5.1 Interrupt module testing results 5.2 DC motor RPM measurement 5.3 Power Supply Testing 5.4 Display of Generated Patterns Chapter 6. Appendix 6.1 Users guide 6.2Troubleshooting manual 6.3References 6.4Component cost list

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(i) ABSTRACT

This project is a special kind of circular LED display. With the help some mechanical assembly, LED count, hardware requirement, and hence overall cost is cut to very affordable price. Also, maintenance and repairing of the display is so easy, that anyone having a little electronics knowledge, can take care of this. All the synchronizing can be implemented through software.

First of its kind, made using the 20-pin 8051 series microcontroller, this project use the principle of Space Multiplexing This propeller display is mechanically scanned and displays the characters in digital format Made from scrap it can be used anywhere and everywhere and the most amazing fact about this display is its crystal clear display. This display consists of just 8 bright LEDs which are rotated to show the display.

For building this project, requirement is just a small 20 pin microcontroller, a position encoder, and LEDs. This display can show the messages, which will require a normal LEDs. So hardware and cost minimization is achieved.

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(ii) LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Name of Figure
BLOCK DIAGRAM INTERRUPTER MODULE OPERATION OF INTERRUPTER MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY POWER SUPPLY INTERRUPTER MODULE TESTING

Page no.
9 11 15 16 17 29

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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Literature survey 1.2 Block Diagram 1.3 Overview of Project

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1.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

This project was started with a simple principle which is frequently encountered in our everyday life, which is Persistence of Vision. This phenomenon makes one feel fast moving/changing objects to appear continuous. A television is a common example, in which image is re-scanned every 25 times, thereby appear continuous.

Further, a glowing object if rotated in a circle at fast speed, it shows a continuous circle. By modifying this basic idea, 8 LEDs can be rotated in a circle, showing 8 concentric circles. But if these LEDs are switched at precise intervals, a steady display pattern can be shown.

Existing Systems: Existing systems do employ POV principle, but for displaying each pixel, individual LED is used. This results in a huge number of LEDs even for small sized displays. By using a propeller type display, LED count can be kept to a bare minimum. Even 8 LEDs can perform a task of over 525 LEDs.

Applications: Applications can find their way into cost effective solutions for large public displays, information systems. It can directly replace Railway station information displays, bus stands and many more places.

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1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Beam Interrupt In each revolution

IR Sensor

Micro controller

DC Regulated power supply

DC moto

Fig.1 : block diagram of Propeller LED display

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1.3 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT

What is PROPELLER LED DISPLAY???
PROPELLER: Propeller is a term associated with a circular rotating object. As this project needs to rotate whole circuit assembly, there must be some prime mover attached to it. So, the term Propeller.

LED DISPLAY: This project using bright light emitting diodes for displaying the characters and symbols on its assembly. Thats why this project is named as PROPELLER LED DISPLAY

Basic principle behind this project:

POV (Persistence Of Vision): This is the phenomenon which is related to vision capability of human eye by which an after- image is thought to persist for approximately 1/16th of a second. So, if someone is observing the images at a rate of 16 images per second, then they appear to be continuous. The best example of this property is the red circle we observe when we rotate the firecracker or incense stick in circle.

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1.4 OVERVIEW OF BLOCK DIAGRAM

In this section we will emphasize on detailed overview of each of the block shown in previous block diagram. In every description of the block respective schematics and working is explained.

The propeller display consists of following blocks, as shown in the block diagram. 1. Interrupter Module 2. Microcontroller 3. LED module 4. DC motor 5. DC power supply

1.

Interrupter Module
Interrupter module is our sensor module, consisting of the IR interrupt sensor. This sensor was selected from a variety of other alternatives, because of its small size, precise interrupt sensing, and sturdy casing.

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One great advantage of using this module is, interfacing it with the microcontroller is just a matter of two resistors and a general purpose transistor. Following is the complete circuit diagram of our interrupter module.

2.Microcontroller PIC16F722

This project is based around the microcontroller PIC16F722, which is a derivative of 8051 family, from Micro-ship Inc. This is a 28 pin IC packaged in DIP package. This small sized IC is used, mainly because of its reduced weight. This improves the performance of the display, because reduced weight gives advantage of increased RPM.

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3.LED MODULE
LED module consisting of 8 bright LED is fixed in another side of the arm of our project. These LEDs are connected with each of the port pin of microcontroller, with a series current limiting resistor of 330 ohm.

4.DC Motor
Repeated scanning of the display is must for continuous vision. This task is achieved using circular rotation of the whole circuit assembly. So, we used a DC motor as the prime mover. - 13 -

5.DC Power Supply

For microcontroller, as well as the DC motor, a regulated DC power supply is required. We have to provide +5V to the microcontroller, while +12V to the motor.

Chapter 2 Hardware Design

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2.1 Interrupter Module 2.2 Mechanical Assembly 2.3 Power Supply Module 2.4 Circuit Diagram

2.1 INTERRUPTER MODULE

It consists of IR LED and Photodiode mounted facing each other enclosed in plastic body. When light emitted by the IR LED is blocked because of some completely opaque object, logic level of the photo diode changes. This change in the logic level can be sensed by the microcontroller or by discrete hardware. This sensor is used to give position feedback - 15 -

In order to know when the system should restart displaying the current image on the propeller clock, we need a known reference point called 'home'. An IR emitter diode shines bright into a phototransistor. This turns the transistor 'On' connecting the +5v collector pin to the +0v Emitter pin. The PIC 16F722 will see this 'falling edge' transition and know right away it's back at the home location, 360. .

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Output

2.2 MECHANICAL ASSEMBLY

Mechanical assembly plays a vital role in proper functioning of this project. The display is scanned each time, by rotating the whole assembly in a circular path. The basic idea we developed is on our own, by implementing and modifying different ways to do this. Following diagram shows the most reliable way, that we finally selected.

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Here, one major challenge was how to bring +5V supply to the spinning circuit. We tried the same by adopting two-three different methods, but finally concluded on the method, as shown in the figure.

As seen in the diagram, one supply connection (GND) is provided through the motors shaft. Other terminal (Vcc) is connected, by arranging a friction disc-brush arrangement. The brush keeps its contact with the disc, so that current can be supplied.

Most critical objective was to achieve pristine balance and overall good mechanical strength. For weight adjustment, we have provided one long screw, and weight can be attached or removed by adding / removing metallic bolts. If the assembly is balanced perfect, then it can achieve stability, and rotate at high RPMs too. This will improve the overall efficiency of this display.

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2.3 POWER SUPPLY

A fixed voltage power supply producing constant +5V consists of step down transformer, a bridge rectifier, filter capacitors C1and 3 terminal regulator IC LM7805. A step down transformer is selected in such a way that it produces 9V at the input of IC. This power supply is capable of supplying +5v and load current up to 500m A.

The capacitor C2 connected between output terminal and ground cancels out any inductive effect due to long distribution leads. Input capacitor C1 is used to improve transient response of the regulator IC, i.e. response of regulator to sudden changes in load. It is also helpful in reducing the noise present in the output. Dropout voltage (Vin-Vout) needs to be at least 2V under all operating conditions for proper operation of regulator.

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2.4 Circuit diagram

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Chapter 3 Software Design

3.1 Overview of software used 3.2 Program Code

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3.1 SOFTWARE USED MPLAB(IDE)

The PIC Development Kits are a complete solution for creating software for the PIC family of microcontrollers. The Development Kits comprise many different tools that allow projects ranging from simple to highly complex to be developed with relative ease. You will find that with the PIC Development Kits you can rely on tools that have been tested by real users over a long period of time.

PIC Kit2 provides a familiarity to the tools that will provided a basis for using more complex features. It is assumed that the user is familiar with Windows and has at least some familiarity with the pic microcontroller family and the C programming language

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3.2 PROGRAM CODES

#include<pic.h> #include<htc.h> __CONFIG(0x3ff5); void dispa( int r, int u,int s,int k,int m,int n); void delaye(unsigned int k); const unsigned char ptrn [10][5] = { { 0x7C, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x7C },// 0 { 0x04, 0x04, 0x7C, 0x24, 0x04 }, // 1 { 0x74, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54, 0x5C }, // 2 { 0x7C, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54 }, // 3 { 0x10, 0x10, 0x7C, 0x10, 0x70 }, // 4 { 0x5C, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54, 0x74 }, // 5 { 0x5C, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54, 0x7C }, // 6 { 0x10, 0x7C, 0x50, 0x50, 0x40 }, // 7 { 0x7C, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54, 0x7C }, // 8 { 0x7C, 0x54, 0x54, 0x54, 0x74} // 9 }; void main() { ANSELB=0x00; TRISB=0xff; - 23 -

TRISC=0x00; PORTC=0; //if(RB0==1) //{PORTC=0xff;} while(1) { for(int n=0;n<2;n++) {for(int m=0;m<1;m++) { for(int k=0;k<6;k++) { for(int s=0;s<10;s++) {for(int x=0;x<6;x++) { for(int p=0;p<10;p++) { dispa(p,x,s,k,m,n); delaye(1); }}}}}} void dispa( int r, int u,int s,int k,int m,int n) { for(int v=0;v<15;v++) { while(!RB0); - 24 -

for(int e=0;e<5;e++) { PORTC=ptrn[r][e]; for(unsigned int c=0;c<60;c++); } PORTC=0x00; for(unsigned int j=0;j<200;j++); for(int l=0;l<5;l++) { PORTC=ptrn[u][l]; for(unsigned int c=0;c<60;c++); } PORTC=0x00; for(unsigned int c=0;c<200;c++); PORTC=0x24; for(unsigned int c=0;c<200;c++); PORTC=0x00; for(unsigned int j=0;j<200;j++); for(int l=0;l<5;l++) { PORTC=ptrn[s][l]; for(unsigned int c=0;c<60;c++); } PORTC=0x00; - 25 -

for(unsigned int j=0;j<200;j++); for(int l=0;l<5;l++) { PORTC=ptrn[k][l]; for(unsigned int c=0;c<60;c++); } PORTC=0x00; for(unsigned int c=0;c<200;c++); PORTC=0x24; for(unsigned int c=0;c<200;c++); PORTC=0x00; for(unsigned int c=0;c<200;c++); for(int l=0;l<5;l++) { PORTC=ptrn[m][l]; for(unsigned int c=0;c<60;c++); } PORTC=0x00; for(unsigned int c=0;c<200;c++); for(int l=0;l<5;l++) { PORTC=ptrn[n][l]; for(unsigned int c=0;c<60;c++); } - 26 -

PORTC=0x00; } } void delaye(unsigned int k) { for(unsigned int y=0;y<k;y++) { for(unsigned int p=0;p<800;p++);

} }

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Chapter 4 PCB DESIGN

4.1 PCB DESIGNING STEPS
The most important requirement of this project was to build a PCB with minimum weight and size. A Zero PCB is a drilled board. Drilling process removes a lot of material from board, and the weight is reduced. Designing method is as follows.

1. Decide proper places for components 2. Actual Placement of components on Zero PCB 3. Connecting Tracks with solid wires 4. Testing for continuity and Debugging

Four PCBs are designed in this project. The main PCB, the LED module, and power supply PCB. All PCBs are constructed on simple zero PCB, and interconnection of components was done by single stranded wires.

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Chapter 5 Results and Conclusions

5.1 Interrupt module testing results 5.2 DC motor RPM measurement results 5.3 Power Supply testing results 5.4 Display of generated patterns 5.5 Conclusion

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This project includes testing of three modules as stated below 1.Interrupter module testing 2.DC Motor RPM testing 3.Power supply module testing 4 Display of generated patterns

5.1 INTERRUPTER MODULE TESTING

1. Connect cathode of one LED to +ve terminal of DMM 2. Connect anode of the same LED to common terminal of DMM (means connect LED such that It gets reverse biased by DMM ) 3. Set DMM to measure resistance up to 2M Ohm. Check the reading. 4. Repeat above procedure with second LED. 5. In above process, when you get the reading of the few hundred Kilo Ohms on DMM, then it indicated that LED that you are testing is IR sensor. 6. In case of IR transmitter DMM will not show any reading.

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5.2 DC MOTOR RPM TESTING

DC Motor used in this project is 12 V dc motor which is tested by using digital contact-less tachometer. Arrangement was made so that the sensing circuit gives high to low pulse for each completion of revolution. By measuring the time difference between two successive pulses RPS can be calculated which further provide RPM value, as shown below: Power supply given to DC Motor = 9V Time interval between two successive pulses as seen on CRO = 30.4ms

RPS = 1 / (30.4ms)
=32.89

RPS = 33 RPM= 33x60

RPM = 1975

5.3 POWER SUPPLY MODULE TESTING

Power supply module was designed to provide 5V DC power supply necessary to drive both motor and circuit. AC input is given from 9V 750mA transformer. Results are as follows. Input voltage, Vs=9V AC

Output voltage observed ,Vo = 4.92V DC - 31 -

5.4 DISPLAY OF GENERATED PATTERNS

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CONCLUSIONS

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Chapter 6 Appendix

6.1 Users guide 6.2 Troubleshooting manual 6.3 References 6.4 Component cost list

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6.1 USERS GUIDE

STEPS TO BE PERFORMED BEFORE STARTUP:-

1. Connect the power cord to the AC mains power supply of 230V. 2. Check whether the output of IC LM7805 is 5V or not. The power supply is ok if the output is 5V. 3. Now, connect the voltmeters probes to the motors terminals. 5V is the desired voltage there. 4. See if the BLUE LED on the main PCB is glowing or not. Glowing LED indicates that it is receiving proper input voltage and so, on the Vcc of the microcontroller. 5. Adjust the interrupt ( Red strip) so that it easily passes through the sensor. 6. Check if the Pin 6 of the microcontroller receives LOW voltage when interrupt occurs, and HIGH voltage, otherwise. 7. Finally, ensure that the standing assembly does not have any discrepancies.

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6.2 TROUBLESHOOTING MANUAL

1. Output voltage of LM7805 is not 5V Test the continuity throughout the wires, as shown in the circuit diagram. Replace appropriate component, if needed. 2. DC motor is not rotating Check the current flowing through the motor. If it reaches above 750mA, then the motor is short, Replace it. In case of jamming, try to grease the bearing and shaft. 3. The display rotates, but not displaying garbage values. Check the red strip (Interrupt) is in proper position or not. If not, adjust it. 4. Some or all LEDs not glowing. Check the 2pin relimate connector, that connects the LED module to the microcontroller. Otherwise, check the continuity through each wire. If the connections are ok, then replace the particular LED.

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6.3 REFERENCES:-

1. www.nex-robotics.com 2. www.logicbrigade.com 3. www.8052projects.com 4. The 8051 microcontroller and Embedded Systems by M.A.Mazidi

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6.4 COMPONENT PRICE LIST

Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Part PIC16F722 LM7805 RUNNER 12V DC Motor LM7812 1A 1N4007 Resistors: 330 ohm 4.7k 10K 1k 360ohm 470ohm network Capacitors: 1000uF,25V 0.1uf Disc 4.7uF,25V Relimate connector (4pin) Relimate connector (2pin) Zero PCB Soldering Wire De soldering Wire LED 5mm LED 3mm DS1307 3V cell 28pin ic base Box Ir sensor & receiver (pair) 10*6 (inch) Transformer 230v/12v,500ma Qty. 1 1 5 1 1 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 3m 1m 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total: Cost 76/08/20/50/08/06/06/02/02/01/01/05/01/02/04/10/10/60/50/15/20/01/35/10/10/180/15/90/90 778/-

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 21 22 23 24

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