MM74HC4046 CMOS Phase Lock Loop

February 1984 Revised October 2003

MM74HC4046 CMOS Phase Lock Loop

General Description
The MM74HC4046 is a low power phase lock loop utilizing advanced silicon-gate CMOS technology to obtain high frequency operation both in the phase comparator and VCO sections. This device contains a low power linear voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a source follower, and three phase comparators. The three phase comparators have a common signal input and a common comparator input. The signal input has a self biasing amplifier allowing signals to be either capacitively coupled to the phase comparators with a small signal or directly coupled with standard input logic levels. This device is similar to the CD4046 except that the Zener diode of the metal gate CMOS device has been replaced with a third phase comparator. Phase Comparator I is an exclusive OR (XOR) gate. It provides a digital error signal that maintains a 90 phase shift between the VCOs center frequency and the input signal (50% duty cycle input waveforms). This phase detector is more susceptible to locking onto harmonics of the input frequency than phase comparator I, but provides better noise rejection. Phase comparator III is an SR flip-flop gate. It can be used to provide the phase comparator functions and is similar to the first comparator in performance. Phase comparator II is an edge sensitive digital sequential network. Two signal outputs are provided, a comparator output and a phase pulse output. The comparator output is a 3-STATE output that provides a signal that locks the VCO output signal to the input signal with 0 phase shift between them. This comparator is more susceptible to noise throwing the loop out of lock, but is less likely to lock onto harmonics than the other two comparators. In a typical application any one of the three comparators feed an external filter network which in turn feeds the VCO input. This input is a very high impedance CMOS input which also drives the source follower. The VCOs operating frequency is set by three external components connected to the C1A, C1B, R1 and R2 pins. An inhibit pin is provided to disable the VCO and the source follower, providing a method of putting the IC in a low power state. The source follower is a MOS transistor whose gate is connected to the VCO input and whose drain connects the Demodulator output. This output normally is used by tying a resistor from pin 10 to ground, and provides a means of looking at the VCO input without loading down modifying the characteristics of the PLL filter.

Features
s Low dynamic power consumption: s Maximum VCO operating frequency: 12 MHz (VCC = 4.5V) s Fast comparator response time (VCC = 4.5V) Comparator I: Comparator II: Comparator III: 25 ns 30 ns 25 ns (VCC = 4.5V)

s VCO has high linearity and high temperature stability

Ordering Code:
Order Number MM74HC4046M MM74HC4046SJ MM74HC4046MTC MM74HC4046N Package Number M16A M16D MTC16 N16E Package Description 16-Lead Small Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC), JEDEC MS-012, 0.150" Narrow 16-Lead Small Outline Package (SOP), EIAJ TYPE II, 5.3mm Wide 16-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package (TSSOP), JEDEC MO-153, 4.4mm Wide 16-Lead Plastic Dual-In-Line Package (PDIP), JEDEC MS-001, 0.300" Wide

Devices also available in Tape and Reel. Specify by appending the suffix letter X to the ordering code.

2003 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation

DS005352

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Connection Diagram
Pin Assignments for DIP, SOIC, SOP and TSSOP

Block Diagram

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Absolute Maximum Ratings(Note 1)

(Note 2) Supply Voltage (VCC) DC Input Voltage (VIN) DC Output Voltage (VOUT) Clamp Diode Current (IIK, IOK) DC Output Current per pin (IOUT) DC VCC or GND Current, per pin (ICC) Storage Temperature Range (TSTG) Power Dissipation (PD) (Note 3) S.O. Package only Lead Temperature (TL) (Soldering 10 seconds) 260C 600 mW 500 mW

Recommended Operating Conditions

Min Supply Voltage (VCC) DC Input or Output Voltage (VIN, VOUT) Operating Temperature Range (TA) Input Rise or Fall Times (tr, tf) VCC = 2.0V VCC = 4.5V VCC = 6.0V 1000 500 400 ns ns ns 0 VCC V 2 Max 6 Units V

0.5 to + 7.0V 1.5 to VCC +1.5V 0.5 to VCC + 0.5V 20 mA 25 mA 50 mA 65C +150C

40

+85

Note 1: Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which damage to the device may occur. Note 2: Unless otherwise specified all voltages are referenced to ground. Note 3: Power Dissipation temperature derating plastic N package: 12 mW/C from 65C to 85C.

DC Electrical Characteristics
Symbol VIH Parameter Minimum HIGH Level Input Voltage VIL Maximum LOW Level Input Voltage VOH Minimum HIGH Level Output Voltage

(Note 4)
VCC 2.0V 4.5V 6.0V 2.0V 4.5V 6.0V TA = 25C Typ 1.5 3.15 4.2 0.5 1.35 1.8 2.0 4.5 6.0 4.2 5.7 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 20 1.9 4.4 5.9 3.98 5.48 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.26 0.26 0.1 50 0.5 30 600 80 1500 TA = 40 to 85C TA = 55 to 125C Guaranteed Limits 1.5 3.15 4.2 0.5 1.35 1.8 1.9 4.4 5.9 3.84 5.34 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.33 0.33 1.0 80 5.0 130 2400 1.5 3.15 4.2 0.5 1.35 1.8 1.9 4.4 5.9 3.7 5.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 1.0 100 10 160 3000 Units V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V A A A A A

Conditions

VIN = VIH or VIL |IOUT | 20 A 2.0V 4.5V 6.0V VIN = VIH or VIL |IOUT | 4.0 mA |IOUT | 5.2 mA 4.5V 6.0V 2.0V 4.5V 6.0V VIN = VIH or VIL |IOUT | 4.0 mA |IOUT | 5.2 mA 4.5V 6.0V 6.0V 6.0V 6.0V 6.0V 6.0V

VOL

Maximum Low Level Output Voltage

VIN = VIHor VIL |IOUT | 20 A

IIN IIN IOZ ICC

Maximum Input Current (Pins 3,5,9) VIN = VCCor GND Maximum Input Current (Pin 14) Maximum 3-STATE Output Leakage Current (Pin 13) Maximum Quiescent Supply Current VIN = VCC or GND IOUT = 0 A VIN = VCC or GND Pin 14 Open VIN = VCC or GND VOUT = VCC or GND

Note 4: For a power supply of 5V 10% the worst case output voltages (VOH, and VOL) occur for HC at 4.5V. Thus the 4.5V values should be used when designing with this supply. Worst case VIH and VIL occur at VCC = 5.5V and 4.5V respectively. (The VIH value at 5.5V is 3.85V.) The worst case leakage current (IIN, ICC, and IOZ) occur for CMOS at the higher voltage and so the 6.0V values should be used.

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AC Electrical Characteristics VCC = 2.0 to 6.0V, CL = 50 pF, tr = tr = 6 ns (unless otherwise specified.)

Symbol Parameters AC Coupled Input Sensitivity, Signal In tr , tf Maximum Output Rise and Fall Time CIN Maximum Input Capacitance Conditions C (series) = 100 pF fIN = 500 kHz VCC 2.0V 4.5V 6.0V 2.0V 4.5V 6.0V 7 2.0V 4.5V 6.0V Phase Comparator II tPZL Maximum 3-STATE Enable Time tPZH, tPHZ Maximum 3-STATE Enable Time tPLZ Maximum 3-STATE Disable Time tPHL, tPLH Maximum Propagation Delay HIGH-to-LOW to Phase Pulses Phase Comparator III tPHL, tPLH Maximum Propagation Delay CPD Maximum Power Dissipation Capacitance All Comparators VIN = VCC and GND 2.0V 4.5V 6.0V 75 25 22 130 200 40 34 250 50 43 300 60 51 ns ns ns pF 2.0V 4.5V 6.0V 2.0V 4.5V 6.0V 2.0V 4.5V 6.0V 2.0V 4.5V 6.0V 75 25 22 88 30 25 90 32 28 100 34 27 225 45 38 240 48 41 240 48 41 250 50 43 280 56 48 300 60 51 300 60 51 310 63 53 340 68 57 360 72 61 360 72 61 380 75 64 ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns 65 25 20 200 40 34 250 50 43 300 60 51 Phase Comparator I tPHL, tPLH Maximum Propagation Delay ns ns ns TA=25C Typ 25 50 135 30 9 8 100 150 250 75 15 12 TA = 40 to 85C TA = 55 to 125C Guaranteed Limits 150 200 300 95 19 15 200 250 350 110 22 19 Units mV mV mV ns ns ns pF

Voltage Controlled Oscillator (Specified to operate from VCC= 3.0V to 6.0V) fMAX Maximum Operating Frequency C1 = 50 pF R1 = 100 R2 = VCOin = VCC C1 = 0 pF R1 = 100 VCOin = VCC Duty Cycle Demodulator Output Offset Voltage VCOinVdem Offset Variation Rs = 20 k VCOin = 1.75V 2.25V 2.75V 4.5V 0.65 0.1 0.75 V Rs = 20 k 4.5V 0.75 1.3 1.5 1.6 V 50 % 4.5V 6.0 12 14 MHz MHz 4.5V 6.0V 7 11 4.5 7 MHz MHz

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Typical Performance Characteristics

Typical Center Frequency vs R1, C1 VCC = 4.5V Typical Center Frequency vs R1, C1 VCC = 6V

Typical Offset Frequency vs R2, C1 VCC = 4.5V

Typical Offset Frequency vs R2, C1 VCC = 6V

Typical VCO Power Dissipation @ Center Frequency vs R1

Typical VCO Power Dissipation @ fMIN vs R2

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Typical Performance Characteristics

VCOin vs fout VCC = 4.5V

(Continued) VCOin vs fout VCC = 4.5V

VCOout vs Temperature VCC = 4.5V

VCOout vs Temperature VCC = 6V

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Typical Performance Characteristics

HC4046 Typical Source Follower Power Dissipation vs RS

(Continued)

Typical fMAX/fMIN vs R2/R1 VCC = 4.5V & 6V fMAX/fMIN

Typical VCO Linaearity vs R1 & C1

Typical VCO Linearity vs R1 & C1

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Detailed Circuit Description

VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR/SOURCE FOLLOWER The VCO requires two or three external components to operate. These are R1, R2, C1. Resistor R1 and capacitor C1 are selected to determine the center frequency of the VCO. R1 controls the lock range. As R1s resistance decreases the range of fMIN to fMAX increases. Thus the VCOs gain increases. As C1 is changed the offset (if used) of R2, and the center frequency is changed. (See typical performance curves) R2 can be used to set the offset frequency with 0V at VCO input. If R2 is omitted the VCO range is from 0Hz. As R2 is decreased the offset frequency is increased. The effect of R2 is shown in the design information table and typical performance curves. By increasing the value of R2 the lock range of the PLL is offset above 0Hz and the gain (Hz/Volt) does not change. In general, when offset is desired, R2 and C1 should be chosen first, and then R1 should be chosen to obtain the proper center frequency. Internally the resistors set a current in a current mirror as shown in Figure 1. The mirrored current drives one side of the capacitor once the capacitor charges up to the threshold of the schmitt trigger the oscillator logic flips the capacitor over and causes the mirror to charge the opposite side of the capacitor. The output from the internal logic is then taken to pin 4.

VCO WITHOUT OFFSET R2 =

VCO WITH OFFSET

Comparator I R2= Given: f0 Use f0 with curve titled center frequency vs R1, C to determine R1 and C1 R2 Given: f0 and fL Calculate fMIN from the equation fMIN = fo fL Use fMIN with curve titled offset frequency vs R2, C to determine R2 and C1 Calculate fMAX/fMIN from the equation fMAX/fMIN = fo + fL/fo fL Use fMAX/fMIN with curve titled fMAX/fMIN vs R2/R1 to determine ratio R2/R1 to obtain R1 FIGURE 1. R2 = Given: fMAX

Comparator II & III R2 Given: fMIN and fMAX Use fMIN with curve titled offset frequency vs R2, C to determine R2 and C1 Calculate fMAX/fMIN Use fMAX/fMIN with curve titled fMAX/fMIN vs R2/R1 to determine ratio R2/R1 to obtain R1

Calculate f0 from the equation fo = fMAX/2 Use f0 with curve titled center frequency vs R1, C to determine R1 and C1

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Detailed Circuit Description

(Continued)

The input to the VCO is a very high impedance CMOS input and so it will not load down the loop filter, easing the filters design. In order to make signals at the VCO input accessible without degrading the loop performance a source follower transistor is provided. This transistor can be used by connecting a resistor to ground and its drain output will follow the VCO input signal. An inhibit signal is provided to allow disabling of the VCO and the source follower. This is useful if the internal VCO is PHASE COMPARATORS All three phase comparators share two inputs, Signal In and Comparator In. The Signal In has a special DC bias network that enables AC coupling of input signals. If the signals are not AC coupled then this input requires logic levels the same as standard 74HC. The Comparator input

FIGURE 2. Logic Diagram for VCO not being used. A logic high on inhibit disables the VCO and source follower. The output of the VCO is a standard high speed CMOS output with an equivalent LSTTL fanout of 10. The VCO output is approximately a square wave. This output can either directly feed the comparator input of the phase comparators or feed external prescalers (counters) to enable frequency synthesis.

is a standard digital input. Both input structures are shown in Figure 3. The outputs of these comparators are essentially standard 74HC voltage outputs. (Comparator II is 3-STATE.)

FIGURE 3. Logic Diagram for Phase Comparator I and the common input circuit for all three comparators

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Detailed Circuit Description

(Continued)

FIGURE 4. Typical Phase Comparator I. Waveforms Thus in normal operation VCC and ground voltage levels are fed to the loop filter. This differs from some phase detectors which supply a current output to the loop filter and this should be considered in the design. (The CD4046 also provides a voltage.) Figure 5 shows the state tables for all three comparators. PHASE COMPARATOR I This comparator is a simple XOR gate similar to the 74HC86, and its operation is similar to an overdriven balanced modulator. To maximize lock range the input frequencies must have a 50% duty cycle. Typical input and output waveforms are shown in Figure 4. The output of the phase detector feeds the loop filter which averages the output voltage. The frequency range upon which the PLL will lock onto if initially out of lock is defined as the capture range. The capture range for phase detector I is dependent on the loop filter employed. The capture range can be as large as the lock range which is equal to the VCO frequency range. To see how the detector operates refer to Figure 4. When two square wave inputs are applied to this comparator, an output waveform whose duty cycle is dependent on the phase difference between the two signals results. As the phase difference increases the output duty cycle increases and the voltage after the loop filter increases. Thus in order to achieve lock, when the PLL input frequency increases the VCO input voltage must increase and the phase difference between comparator in and signal in will increase. At an input frequency equal fMIN, the VCO input is at 0V and this requires the phase detector output to be ground hence the two input signals must be in phase. When the input frequency is fMAX then the VCO input must be VCC and the phase detector inputs must be 180 out of phase. The XOR is more susceptible to locking onto harmonics of the signal input than the digital phase detector II. This can be seen by noticing that a signal 2 times the VCO frequency results in the same output duty cycle as a signal equal the VCO frequency. The difference is that the output frequency of the 2f example is twice that of the other example. The loop filter and the VCO range should be designed to prevent locking on to harmonics. PHASE COMPARATOR II This detector is a digital memory network. It consists of four flip-flops and some gating logic, a three state output and a phase pulse output as shown in Figure 6. This comparator acts only on the positive edges of the input signals and is thus independent of signal duty cycle. Phase comparator II operates in such a way as to force the PLL into lock with 0 phase difference between the VCO output and the signal input positive waveform edges. Figure 7 shows some typical loop waveforms. First assume that the signal input phase is leading the comparator input. This means that the VCOs frequency must be increased to bring its leading edge into proper phase alignment. Thus the phase detector II output is set high. This will cause the loop filter to charge up the VCO input increasing the VCO frequency. Once the leading edge of the comparator input is detected the output goes 3-STATE holding the VCO input at the loop filter voltage. If the VCO still lags the signal then the phase detector will again charge up to VCO input for the time between the leading edges of both waveforms.

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Detailed Circuit Description

(Continued) Phase Comparator State Diagrams

FIGURE 5. PLL State Tables

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Detailed Circuit Description

(Continued)

FIGURE 6. Logic Diagram for Phase Comparator II

FIGURE 7. Typical Phase Comparator II Output Waveforms

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Detailed Circuit Description

(Continued) If the VCO leads the signal then when the leading edge of the VCO is seen the output of the phase comparator goes LOW. This discharges the loop filter until the leading edge of the signal is detected at which time the output 3-STATE itself again. This has the effect of slowing down the VCO to again make the rising edges of both waveform coincident. When the PLL is out of lock the VCO will be running either slower or faster than the signal input. If it is running slower the phase detector will see more signal rising edges and so the output of the phase comparator will be HIGH a majority of the time, raising the VCOs frequency. Conversely, if the VCO is running faster than the signal the output of the detector will be LOW most of the time and the VCOs output frequency will be decreased. As one can see when the PLL is locked the output of phase comparator II will be almost always 3-STATE except for minor corrections at the leading edge of the waveforms. When the detector is 3-STATE the phase pulse output is HIGH. This output can be used to determine when the PLL is in the locked condition. This detector has several interesting characteristics. Over the entire VCO frequency range there is no phase difference between the comparator input and the signal input. The lock range of the PLL is the same as the capture range. Minimal power is consumed in the loop filter since in lock the detector output is a high impedance. Also when no signal is present the detector will see only VCO leading edges, and so the comparator output will stay LOW forcing the VCO to fMIN operating frequency.

Phase comparator II is more susceptible to noise causing the phase lock loop to unlock. If a noise pulse is seen on the signal input, the comparator treats it as another positive edge of the signal and will cause the output to go HIGH until the VCO leading edge is seen, potentially for a whole signal input period. This would cause the VCO to speed up during that time. When using the phase comparator I the output of that phase detector would be disturbed for only the short duration of the noise spike and would cause less upset. PHASE COMPARATOR III This comparator is a simple S-R Flip-Flop which can function as a phase comparator Figure 8. It has some similar characteristics to the edge sensitive comparator. To see how this detector works assume input pulses are applied to the signal and comparator inputs as shown in Figure 9. When the signal input leads the comparator input the flop is set. This will charge up the loop filter and cause the VCO to speed up, bringing the comparator into phase with the signal input. When using short pulses as input this comparator behaves very similar to the second comparator. But one can see that if the signal input is a long pulse, the output of the comparator will be forced to a one no matter how many comparator input pulses are received. Also if the VCO input is a square wave (as it is) and the signal input is pulse then the VCO will force the comparator output LOW much of the time. Therefore it is ideal to condition the signal and comparator input to short pulses. This is most easily done by using a series capacitor.

FIGURE 8. Phase Comparator III Logic Diagram

FIGURE 9. Typical Waveforms for Phase Comparator III

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Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted

16-Lead Small Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC), JEDEC MS-012, 0.150" Narrow Package Number M16A

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Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted (Continued)

16-Lead Small Outline Package (SOP), EIAJ TYPE II, 5.3mm Wide Package Number M16D

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Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted (Continued)

16-Lead Thin Shrink Small Outline Package (TSSOP), JEDEC MO-153, 4.4mm Wide Package Number MTC16

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Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted (Continued)

16-Lead Plastic Dual-In-Line Package (PDIP), JEDEC MS-001, 0.300" Wide Package Number N16E

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