Descriptive Geometry 1

by Pl Ledneczki Ph.D.
Table of contents 1 Multi-view representation 1. 2. Shadow constructions 3. Intersection problems 4. Metrical problems 5. Axonometry 6. Representation of circle 7. Perspective

Introduction
About the purposes of studying Descriptive Geometry: 1. Methods and means for solving 3D geometrical construction problems. In this sense Descriptive Geometry is a branch of Geometry. 2D representation of 3D technical object, i.e. basics of Technical Drawing, instrument in technical communication.

2.

What is Descriptive Geometry? One simply takes two planes at right angles to each other, one vertical and the other horizontal then projects the figure to be represented orthogonally on these planes, the projections of all edges and vertices being clearly indicated. The projection on the vertical plane is known as the t e e elevation, e at o , the t e other ot e projection p oject o is s ca called ed t the e plan. pa Finally, a y, the t e vertical e t ca plane p a e is s folded o ded about the line of intersection of the two planes until it also is horizontal. This puts on one flat sheet of paper what we ordinarily visualize in 3D. (A History of Mathematics by Carl B. Boyer, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991) Gaspard Monge (1746 1746 1818) was sworn not to divulge the above method and for 15 years, years it was a jealously guarded military secret. Only in 1794, he was allowed to teach it in public at the Ecole Normale, Paris where Lagrange was among the auditors. With his application of analysis to geometry, this devil of a man will make himself immortal, exclaimed Lagrange. R Parthasarathy R.Parthasarathy Descriptive Geometry 1 h http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Monge // iki di / iki/G d M Introduction

About Descriptive Geometry 1

Methodology
Multi-view Multi view representation, auxiliary projections Axonomety p Perspective

Types of problems
Incidence and intersection problems, problems shadow constructions Metrical constructions Representation of spatial elements, polyhedrons, circle, sphere, cylinder and cone

Descriptive Geometry 1

Introduction

In Descriptive Geometry 1
We shall study representation of spatial elements and analyze their mutual positions
determine their angles and distances

represent pyramids, prisms, regular polyhedrons,

construct the intersection of polyhedrons with line and plane, intersection of two polyhedrons

construct shadows
cast shadow, self-shadow, projected shadow

the p principles p of representation p and solution of 3D g geometrical problems in 2D

Descriptive Geometry 1

Introduction

Spatial elements, relations, notation

2 z,
parallel non parallel perpendicular lying on, passing through, coincident D Relations pair of points: point and line: p pair of lines: determine a distance lying y g on not lying on plane, distance coplanar intersecting angles parallel distance C non coplanar skew angle and distance A AB |AB| = l B=k1l A l k segment A,B line A,B intersection not lying l on Introduction pair of planes: line and plane: B point and plane: lying on not lying on distance parallel distance intersecting angle parallel distance intersecting angle

= [BCD] plane B,C,D

Descriptive Geometry 1

Representation of point
2nd quadrant P

2
P

2
d2 P P

1st quadrant x1,2

d1 d1 d2 x1,2 3rd quadrant

1
N2 N1 N2 X X X=X d1 d2 D E=E

4th quadrant

In which quadrant or image plane is the point located, why is it special? A B B B C D G F H=J K L L K K x1,2

A Descriptive Geometry 1

C N1

H F=G J

d1 = d2

Multi-view representation

Auxiliary projections
Side view, third image x2,3 d2 P Chain of transformations P P QV BV

x1,2 d2 P

A=B

C=D

AV CV PV

x1,2 B P Q d1 PIV A A

Q C

Fourth image, linked to the first image P x1,2 d1

DV x4,5 CIV DIV QIV D BIV PIV

x1,4

x1,4

AIV Multi-view representation

Descriptive Geometry 1

Representation of Straight Lines, Relative Positions

first principal line second principal line AB=AB B P h h h Q A A B B Q x1,2 P A A x1,2 v v profile line C first proj. line first coinciding points L p1 D D C skew e d c a b d d e g k=l first coinciding g lines 8 m n second coinciding g lines Multi-view representation g intersecting l k K M p1=K=L p2 N parallel m =n second proj. line second coinciding points p2=M=N

PQ=PQ P Q =PQ

Intersecting a b

parallel c

Descriptive Geometry 1

Point and Line

P R P l l R l Q Q

N p M

S S P l l l

N p N K K

M x1,2 L N

Q Q

x1,2

L N

P P

1
M p N

M N L

L P

S S

K L N p

R l Q

K L

l L

N N* M* L P S S l K l Q K p p L

l P R R l

Q M

M p p

Descriptive Geometry 1

Multi-view representation

Tracing Points of a Line

l

N1 N2 x1,2 N2 N1

l l Q

N2 N1 N2 x1,2 N1 Problems: 1) 2)

find the tracing points of principal /profile lines determine lines by means of tracing points

Descriptive Geometry 1

10

Multi-view representation

Representation of Plane
Pair of intersecting lines a k x1,2 c a b A k=l 3 n2 d T Tracing i li lines n2 x1,2 12 2 C A spanned plane Descriptive Geometry 1 1 4 slanted plane 11 3 n1 spanned plane Multi-view representation m n Plane figures 2 2 4 c d b l m =n Pair of parallel lines

B B

n1 slanted plane

Line and Plane

2 lying on (incident) l [1234] 1 4 2 3 1 l 4 parallel ll l a a a a b 1 1 a a 4 b Descriptive Geometry 1 Multi-view representation l P 1 4 2 g 3 l 3 intersecting 2 P l=g 3

1 [1234]=P

2 [ab]

12

Intersection of Two Planes

A 3 2 A P1= |12| 1 [ABC] P1 P2 3 2

3 A A 2

4 4 1 P1 B B 1 B 1 1 1 A 2 4 4 3 C A 4 4 Multi-view representation P1 P2 1 3 C P2 P2= |AC| 1 [1234] B B 2 C

Descriptive Geometry 1

13

Transversal T l of f a Pair P i Of Skew Sk Lines Li Passing P i Through Th ha Given Point

Sketch and algorithm A a t B P a B b a P b x1,2 B = [Pa] 1 b t = |PB| or t = [Pa] 1 [Pb] A a2a , [Pa P ] = [aa] Descriptive Geometry 1 Multi-view representation a P B b b a b a P Solution in Monges A Your solution a P

14

Transversal of a Pair Of Skew Lines Parallel to a Given Direction

Sketch and algorithm A b X a t d B d Solution in Monges t X A A a B b d* x1,2 b d* d Your solution a

X d*

a X, d*2d

b B t a Multi-view representation d* A a d X b

B = b 1 [ad*] t B B, t 2d*

Descriptive Geometry 1

15

Auxiliary Projections on Special Purposes 1

True length of a segment A B C x1,2 B x1,2 C C A x1,4 14 x1,4 AIV CIV AIV DIV BIV A BIV x4,5 D B d AV=BV DV A B Distance of a pair of skew lines D

CV

Descriptive Geometry 1

16

Multi-view representation

Auxiliary Projections on Special Purposes 2

Edge view of a plane: transformation of a plane in projecting plane Application: find the distance d of the point P and the plane [ABC].

h,

4 1
B P h C x1,2 BIV

4 2
A h h AIV

x3,4 A h

B h C A P x1,4 CIV

d PIV

x1,2

A Descriptive Geometry 1

17

Multi-view representation

Auxiliary Projections on Special Purposes 3

Construction of the true shape of a figure lying in a general plane General plane

fourth projecting plane B

fifth principal plane

h C

4 2
A h h X1,4 AV x1,2 A h AIV x4,5 x1,2

BIV AIV B h C CIV CV x1,4

X4,5

BV

1
A

AV

A Descriptive Geometry 1 Multi-view representation

18

Cast Shadow, Self-shadow, Projected Shadow

Descriptive Geometry 1

19

Shadow constructions

Shadow in Traditional Descriptive Geometry

Riess, C.: Grundzge der darstellenden Geometrie (Stuttgart : Verl. J. B. Metzlerschen Buchhandlung, 1871) Application of Descriptive Geometry for Construction of Projected Shadow (plate X.)

Romsauer Lajos: brzol geometria (Budapest : Franklin-Trsulat, 1929) htt // http://www.c3.hu/perspektiva/adatbazis/ 3h / kti / d tb i / Descriptive Geometry 1 Shadow constructions

20

Shadow in Visualisation

Descriptive Geometry 1

21

Shadow constructions

Shadows - Basics

A f A

B f B A* A N2 f A* B f B** B* A f x f A* f A B**

A A

f f

y N1 Descriptive Geometry 1

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Shadow constructions

Shadow Properties
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) Our constructions are restricted to parallel lighting. We do not represent transition between dark and light shade. We usually construct three types of shadow: cast shadow on the ground or on the image planes, self-shadow (shade) and projected shadow. Shadow of a point: piercing point of the ray of light passing through the point, in the surface (on ground plane, picture plane etc.) Shadow of a straight line: intersection of the plane passing through the line, parallel to the direction of lighting and the surface (screen). Shadow of a curve: the intersection of cylinder (whose generatrix is the curve, the generators are rays of light) with the surface (screen). (screen) Shadow-coinciding points: pair of distinct points, whose shadows coincide. Alongside cast shadow the surface is in self-shadow. In case of equal orientation of a triangle and its shadow, the face of triangle is illuminated. The cast shadow outline is the shadow of the self-shadow outline.

Descriptive Geometry 1

23

Shadow constructions

Cast Shadow, Projected Shadow

3 2 A A shadow coinciding points 3**

A C 4 1 4* 1* C*

Descriptive Geometry 1

24

Shadow constructions

Intersection of Pyramid and Line

auxiliary intersection parallel and similar to the base h Find the intersection of line and pyramid

auxiliary intersection passing through the apex

n1

Descriptive Geometry 1

25

Intersection problems

Intersection of Polyhedron and Projecting Plane

1 A D B C Find d the h intersection of f plane l and d polyhedron l h d

3 M 4 D 1 A 2 Descriptive Geometry 1 M C 3

B 26 Intersection problems

Intersection of Polyhedron and Plane (auxiliary projection)

5 1 1 2 C h C 4 A

M 1 D C 1

Hint: introduce 4 image plane perpendicular to 1 and the plane of parallelogram (4 Descriptive Geometry 1 27

h6 x1,4

h).

Intersection problems

Intersection of Pyramid and Plane (Collineation)

C P n2 M

a P A A D D D The relation between the base polygon and the polygon of intersection is central-axial collineation. The axis of collineation is the line of intersection of the base plane and the plane of intersection, the center is the h apex of f the h pyramid. id A pair of corresponding points is the pedal point of a lateral edge and the piercing point of the edge in the plane of intersection. The center is the vertex of the pyramid. Descriptive Geometry 1 28 A C B B C C

B n1

Hint: start with |MA| W [n1n2] Intersection problems

Intersection of Prism and Line

Find the intersection of line and prism

auxiliary intersection parallel and congruent to the base h

auxiliary intersection parallel to the generators l

n1

Descriptive Geometry 1

29

Intersection problems

Intersection of Prism and Plane (affinity)

A n2

P P

A F P a F

B E C D E D

The relation between the base polygon and the polygon of intersection is axial affinity. The axis of affinity is the line of intersection of the base plane and the plane of intersection. A pair of corresponding points is the pedal point of a lateral edge and the piercing point of the edge i th in the plane l of f intersection. i t ti Descriptive Geometry 1

A B

n1

Hint: start with |F F| W [n1n2] Intersection problems

30

Intersection of a Pair of Solids

M 3
VII I III V III IV IV II IX X VI II VI X VIII I V VII VIII

The intersection of two polyhedrons is a polygon (usually 3D polygon). The vertices of the polygon of intersection are the piercing points of the edges d of f a polyhedron l h d in i the h faces f of f the h other polyhedron. The edges of the polygon of intersection are segments of intersection of pairs of faces faces. M 2 III VII VIII 3 V 1 2
I IX II X IV VI

2 1 1

A B

E C E

X1,2

IX

A
IX

X VI

M V
I VII III VIII IV

IX V I VII III II IV VIII VI

A B C D E A Sequence: I-VII-III-VIII-V-X-VI-IV-II-IX-I At the visibility, one can think of solids or surfaces. The visibility depends on, what we want to represent as a result of set operation: union, intersection or a kind of difference. Intersection problems

1 1 3 2
II

Descriptive Geometry 1

31

Intersection of a Pair of Solids (your solution)

Algorithm: Introduce auxiliary image plane perpendicular to the horizontal edges of the prism Construct the fourth image Find the piercing points of the edges of pyramid in the faces of the prism Find the piercing points of the edges of prism in the faces of the pyramid Find the right sequence of the vertices of polygon of intersection Draw the polygon of intersection in both images Show the visibility

Descriptive Geometry 1

32

Intersection problems

Basic Metrical Constructions 1

The true length of a segment is the hypotenuse of right triangle. One of the legs is the length of an image of the segment, the other leg is the difference of distances from the image plane.

A d1 B

x1,2

d1

A l d1 l

B d1 B B x1,2 B A AB

A A Descriptive Geometry 1

Reverse problem: the images of a line, a point of the line and a distance is given given. Find the images of points of the line whose true distance from the given point is equal to the given distance. (Hint: by using an auxiliary point of the line find the ratio of the true l length th and d th the l length th of f image.) i ) Metrical problems

33

Basic Metrical Constructions 2

Any plan geometrical construction can be carried out by rotating the plane parallel to an image plane. The relation between the image of a plane and the image of the rotated plane is orthogonal axial affinity. The axis is a principal line of the plane plane. One rotated point can be found by the true distance of the point and the axis. P h h x1,2 h

(P)

h x1,2 P

(P)

(P)

Reverse problem: construct the images of a figure, whose rotated image is given. Hint: use inverse affinity and lying on condition. Metrical problems

Descriptive Geometry 1

34

Basic Metrical Constructions 3

The first image of a normal of plane, n is perpendicular to the first image of the first principal line h of the plane. The second image of a normal of plane, n is perpendicular di l to t the th second d image i of f the th second d principal line v of the plane. n v h

x1,2

v v P h x1,2 P v h n h

Reverse problem: construct a plane perpendicular to a given line. Hint: the plane can be determined by means of principal lines.

Descriptive Geometry 1

35

Metrical problems

Modeling of 3D Polyhedrons

Construct a cube. One of the faces is given by its center and line of an edge. O Algorithm 1) Construct the square lying in plane [O,e], with the centre O and an edge on e. (Rotation - counter-rotation of plane, affinity, inverse affinity, (2).) Construct lines perpendicular to the plane [O,e], passing through the vertices of the square. (Perpendicularity of line and plane, (3).) Measure the length of an edge onto the perpendiculars, chose the proper direction from the two possibilities. (True length of a segment, (1).) C Complete l t th the figure fi by b showing h i the th visibility. i ibilit O x1,2 e e O

2)

3)

4)

Descriptive Geometry 1

36

Metrical problems

Step-by-step Construction
Construction of the square P B B e A O d1 h h Normal of the plane n v X d1 Ax A e O Measure of distance Visibility

x1,2 (P) (B) (e) O (A) A e B P h d1 n

x1,2

x1,2

x1,2

h v v

X d1

Ax

true length of edge A

O e

Descriptive Geometry 1

37

Metrical problems

Axonometry
One of the methods of Descriptive Geometry, used to produce pictorial sketches for visualization. Let three axes x, y, z through the origin O be given in the image plane. Measure the coordinates from O onto the three axes such that each coordinate will be multiplied by the ratios of foreshortenings qx, qy, qz respectively. The point determined by the coordinates is considered as the axonometric image of the point P(x, y, z). The axonometric system can be determined by the points {O, Ux, Uy, Uz}, the image of the origin and the units on the axes x, y and z. z Q

P 1

Uz

Ux y x P 1

Uy

R x

According to the Fundamental Theorem of Axonometry the axonometric image of an object is a parallel projection or similar to the parallel In a axonometry o o y the left-handed a d d Cartesian a a system y is used. u d projection of the object. Descriptive Geometry 1 Axonometry

38

Fundamental Theorem of Axonometry (Pohlke)

Ez Let the sytem {O, Ex, Ey, Ez} be given in the image plane. The figure {O, Ex, Ey, Ez} can be considered as the parallel projection of a spatial triplet {O, Ex, Ey, Ez} of three unit segments perpendicular by pairs. The spatial triplet can be one of two types of orientation apart from translation in the direction of projection. Ex

O Ez O Ey Ex

Ey

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PohlkesTheorem.html http://www.math-inf.uni-greifswald.de/mathematik+kunst/kuenstler_pohlke.html Descriptive Geometry 1 39 Axonometry

Orthogonal Axonomtry

z Z

O Y y O Y y O is the orthogonal projection of the origin, X, Y and Z are the piercing points of the axes in the image plane. O is the orthocenter of the triangle (tracing triangle) XYZ. In the axonometric sketch the prime ( ) is omitted. X x

Descriptive Geometry 1

40

Axonometry

Orthogonal Axonometry Multi-view

The orthogonal axonometric image can be considered as one of an ordered pair of images in multi-view representation. z
IV

x a,IV

z Z P Z
IV

IV

O O Y y P x X

IV

XIV =YIV x IV=y IV

Descriptive Geometry 1

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Axonometry

Oblique (klinogonal) Axonometry

Ez Ex

O Ez O Ey Ex

Ey

OO is not perpendicular to the picture plane.

{qx, qy, qz}

Axonometry

Descriptive Geometry 1

42

Izometry, Technical Axonometry

Izometry z

Technical axonometry z

120 120 120 y qx = qy = qz =1 x y 7

qx = qz =1, qy =

Descriptive Geometry 1

43

Axonometry

Cavalier, Birds-eye View, Worms-eye View

Frontal Axonometry Birds eye view (top view) Military axonometry

Worms eye view (bottom view)

z z x y x y
Image plane: [xz] if qy = 1 : cavalier axonometry Descriptive Geometry 1

y x
Image plane: [xy] qx = qy = 1 if qz = 1: military axonometry Image plane: [xy] qx = qy = 1 Axonometry

44

Frontal Axonometry, Shadow

(A)

Descriptive Geometry 1

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Axonometry

Military Axonometry

www.xanadu.cz d
Descriptive Geometry 1

http://www.fotosearch.com/NGF001/57478808/ 46 Axonometry

Cast Shadow in Orthogonal Axonometry

A* f K* A Dodecahedron, top view and heights f K

x12

(A)

(O)

Descriptive Geometry 1

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Axonometry

Projected Shadow
I* A*

K* H* I

J* J

X* C* B* C B A X

J K H Y* D* D Y

Descriptive Geometry 1

48

Axonometry

Representation of Circle (Multi-view)

3 6 v 10 8 h 1 O 2 7 9 5 5 4 7 2 4 5 O O 9 1 h 6 6 3 8 8 5. 10 v 4 4.
5

1. 2. 3.

The major axes lie on first and second principal lines h and v respectively. The length of major axes 12 and 56 is equal to the diameter of circle (true length). The length of a minor axis is constructible from the major axis and a point, as plane geometric construction. (See construction of 8)
6

x1,2 a
1 8

The left Th l f and d right i h extreme points i 9 and d 10 can be b found as points of ellipse with vertical tangents, by means of orthogonal axial affinity. The tangents at the points mentioned above are parallel to the proper diameters. diameters Representation of circle

Descriptive Geometry 1

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Representation of Circle (Orthogonal Axonometry)

z

1. 2. 3.

The major axes of ellipses are perpendicular to the coordinate axes. The minor axes are coinciding lines with the coordinate axes. axes The fundamental method of constructions is the orthogonal axial affinity. z Oo zo

O (y)

(x)

x (O)

Descriptive Geometry 1

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Representation of circle

Representation of Circle (Oblique Axonometry)

z

1.

The fundamental method of constructions is the oblique axial affinity. The axes e can n be constructed on t ted by b Rytz R t method. The ellipse is determined by a pair of conjugated diameters; find the major and minor axes. L

2 2.

Yo yo x Q -90 y Y O (Y) (y) Descriptive Geometry 1

Q* M P

51

Representation of circle

Axonometry vs. Perspective

Descriptive Geometry 1

52

Perspective

Vanishing Point, Vanishing Line

Vt Vt

vanishing line

Vl

vanishing line

horizon

Vr

vanishing line

Vl

vanishing line

horizon

Vr

A set of parallel lines in the scene is projected onto a set of lines in the image that meet in a common point. This point of intersection is called the vanishing point. A vanishing point can be a finite (real) point or an infinite (ideal) p ( )p point on the image g p plane. Vanishing gp points which lie on the same p plane in the scene define a line in the image, the so-called the vanishing line. Descriptive Geometry 1 53 Perspective

Basics of Perspective with Vertical Image Plane

plane of horizon Principal point C image plane P l A=(A) Ca ground plane F (P) P l P a F

plane of horizon

C F

V h

i image plane l rotated ground plane (C) rotated center ground d plane l a

a A=(A) (C) ( ) Descriptive Geometry 1 Perspective

54

Perspective Collineation, Perspective Mapping

V1 Q P R R S=S C Q P l l a V3 v V2 A perspective ti collineation lli ti i is d determined t i d by the center C, axis a and the vanishing line v. To the square P P, Q Q, R R, S S=S =S, we can find the quadrilateral PQRS at the mapping

Y .

When the ground plane is rotated into V1 ( Q) Q P a S=S (l) (P ) l V3 h V2 the picture plane, the two systems of points and lines are related by centralaxial collineation. This perspective collineation is determined by the rotated center (C), axis a and the horizon h (vanishing line). To the square (P), (Q), (R), (S)=S, we can find the quadrilateral PQRS at the (C) Descriptive Geometry 1 mapping () 55

(R)

Y .
Perspective

Heights in Perspective

vanishi ing line

True height can be measured in the image plane

vanishing line

true height

Descriptive Geometry 1

56

Perspective

Representation of Circle (Perspective)

In the ground plane (B) F (O) (K) a K A=(A) B O d b P M Q=(Q) [M] [P] (M) (b) V In vertical plane (P) h

dist((Q),(P)) = dist((A),(B)) M: midpoint of PQ K: midpoint of AB AB, center of the ellipse (C) O: image of center of circle d = dist( (v), a) = dist( (C), h) ( ) vanishing (v) i hi line li of f ground d plane l

Descriptive Geometry 1

57

Perspective

Cylinder and Cone in Perspective

Axonometric sketch

h C h C

a Ca r a r

Descriptive Geometry 1

58

Perspective

Shadow in Perspective

horizon

If shadow vanishing point

http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/courses/m309-03a/m309-projects/endersby/Antisolarpoint.html

If light vanishing point

Descriptive Geometry 1

59

Perspective

Shadow Types in Perspective

f If h f

If

If

If

Descriptive Geometry 1

60

Perspective

Perspective with Slanting Picture Plane

H C F F

h [C]

Vz

Vz

Descriptive Geometry 1

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Perspective

Constructions with Slanting Picture Plane

Rotation of the ground plane

Rotation of a vertical line

(l) (P) V P N l F H h [C] a (C) (p) F

h [C] a

Vz

Descriptive Geometry 1

62

Perspective

Perspective with Slanting Picture Plane

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Perspective