Works Cited: Primary Sources: Botticelli, Sandro. The Adoration of the Magi. 1470-1475. Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy.

historylink101. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. < http://www.historylink101.com > This painting was created by Sandro Botticelli, one of the most renowned Renaissance painters. Commissioned by a banker associated with the House of Medici, it depicts a large group of people, including Lorenzo and many of his family, paying tribute to the Virgin. This showed us just how strong the connection was between Boticelli and Lorenzo de Medici was, and how much influence Lorenzo had on the art of the time. Botticelli, Sandro. The Banquet in the Pine Forest. Digital image. RealGallery. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. <http://realgallery.ru>. The painting is by Botticelli, and depicts a feast taking place in a forest. This fun and bright, fantastical image shows the stark contrast between the religious scenes that dominated art before the Renaissance. In addition to this, in the background of this painting, there is a Medici crest, yet another sign of how the famous artists of the time were influenced by the Medici. Botticelli, Sandro. The Birth of Venus. 1485-1486. Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy. Italian Renaissance. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. < http://www.italianrenaissance.org> This Botticelli work commissioned by Lorenzo depicts the goddess Venus emerging from the sea, naked and fully mature. Venus being the love goddess, the depiction of love was consistent with Platos philosophy, of which Lorenzo was a great follower. This again displayed the extent to which Lorenzos taste influenced Renaissance art. Botticelli, Sandro. The Cestello Annunciation. 1489. Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy. Artchive. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. <http://www.artchive.com> This work by Botticelli shows the moment when the angel Gabriel kneels before Virgin Mary to announce the coming of the Holy Ghost. This painting was significant because it exemplified the perspective that was incorporated into art. This helped us understand that Lorenzos school of art and the artists he sponsored revolutionized the world of art. Botticelli, Sandro. La Primavera. 1477-1478. Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy. Web. Hanover College. 10 Feb. 2013. < http://www.history.hanover.edu/ >

This painting by Botticelli depicts eight figures walking in an orange grove (a Medici symbol); their surroundings, dress, and characteristics suggest the theme of the growth that comes with the titular season, spring. This was an important work, because it displayed a straying from solely religious art, which had been the norm until the time of Lorenzos schools of art, showing how his ideas changed even the themes of artwork. Botticelli, Sandro. Pallas and the Centaur. Digital image. About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. <http://arthistory.about.com>. This Botticelli work, like many of his others, such as La Primavera and Venus and Mars, depicts a mythical scene, and a reference back to the Humanistic philosophy of studying Greek and Roman culture, a major theme of the Renaissance. Portrayed are a centaur and a goddess, a far cry from Church sanctioned art. This painting is yet another example of how the themes featured in European art shifted during Lorenzos time. It supported our understanding that Lorenzos benefaction allowed artists to explore controversial topics freely. Botticelli, Sandro. Venus and Mars. 1483. National Gallery, London. National Gallery. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. <http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk> Created for one of the most prominent scholars in Lorenzos court, this work depicts the relationship between love/beauty and courage. This work helped us gain an understanding of the characteristics of Renaissance art: mythological themes tied with themes of freedom and simplicity, possessing a deeper meaning relating to the lives of humans. Bronzino, Agnolo. Portrait of Lorenzo de Medici. C. 1500. Uffizi Gallery, Florence. WikiPaintings. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. <http://www.wikipaintings.org> This work is not by such an acclaimed artist as some of the other ones we viewed, but it gave us an image of how Lorenzo de Medici would have looked. In addition, what greater honor could there be for a patron of the arts to have artwork of himself, this work shows his interest in arts as well as his influence. Only important and wealthy people merited the attention of an artist to make their portrait. Da Vinci, Leonardo. The Battle of Anghiari. N.d. Recreation- Louvre, Paris. Leonardo da Vinci. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. < http://www.leonardodavinci.net > Although this work is currently lost, it has been reconstructed based on preliminary sketches by da Vinci. It depicts four men on horses during the 1440 Battle of Anghiari fighting over an emblem. Although this painting is highly mysterious, it is regarded as one of Da Vincis finest works and representative of Renaissance style, which we needed to truly understand.

Da Vinci, Leonardo. The Last Supper. C. 1495. Convent of Santa Maria Della Grazie, Milan. abcgallery.com. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. < http://www.abcgallery.com > This famous da Vinci work depicts the last supper of Jesus and his disciples, and the moment when he announces that one of them will be the one to betray him. It makes great use of perspective to make its significant points, such as plunging Judas into shadow and depicting Jesus as the focal point. This again showed us how Lorenzo gave him the recognition he needed to be successful, as this work was commissioned by the Duke of Milan, who heard about da Vinci from Lorenzo. Da Vinci, Leonardo. Madonna Litta. N.d. Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg. About. Web. <http://www.arthistory.about.com> This painting by da Vinci depicts the Madonna holding the baby Jesus in her arms, and was completed for the ruling family of Milan. It is rumored that some of the painting was completed by one of da Vincis students, which showed us how the style of art in Florence under Lorenzo was carried on for generations of later artists. Da Vinci, Leonardo. Mona Lisa. C. 1503-1506. Muse Du Louvre, Paris. PBS. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/> Arguably the best and most famous piece of art ever created, the Mona Lisa is often portrayed as the image of the Renaissance. Painted by Leonardo da Vinci, it incorporated impressionism and illusion along with naturalistic elements and perspective, which combine to create a true masterpiece. This helped us learn more about Renaissance art, and how the individual aspects of this style were influenced by those artists sponsored by Lorenzo. This image was also used as a link on our Renassiance page to the Renassiance at page. Da Vinci, Leonardo. " Self Portrait" C.1512. Biblioteca Reale, Turin. " Self Portrait" . theartwolf. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. <http://www.theartwolf.com >. Da Vincis self-portrait is a piece of art depicting one of the most famous artists and men in history. This artwork gives an image of the man to those who admire his works. Da Vinci, Leonardo. St. John the Baptist. 1513-1516. Muse Du Louvre, Paris. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. This oil painting of Saint John the Baptist by himself was what would be Leonardos last ever complete work. It embodied the Renaissance spirit in breaking from rigid religious

structure in depicting St. John as an almost feminine figure. It was typical of da Vincis style, and it was fascinating to learn how he incorporated as many biblical themes and references as he did while straying from tradition in the Renaissance artistic style. Machiavelli, Niccol, W. K. Marriott, Nelle Fuller, and Thomas Hobbes. The Prince,. Chicago: Encyclopdia Britannica, 1955. http://www.gutenberg.org. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. Machiavellis controversial work, The Prince, analyses the politics of Italy during the time Lorenzo controlled Florence and afterwards, and it gave us an idea of what an incredible leadership and intelligence it took for Lorenzo to be able to effectively control the city for such a long period. Medici, Lorenzo De', and Jon Thiem. Lorenzo De Medici: Selected Poems and Prose. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State UP, 1991. Print. This book provided us with some entire poetic works written by Lorenzo de' Medici. As we had learned that he was not only a patron of the arts but rather a poet and artist himself, reading his poems was valuable in understanding his way of thinking. The themes represented in the poems also gave us insight into the connections between the poetry of Lorenzo and the Renaissance. Michelangelo. Creation of Adam. N.d. Sistine Chapel, Vatican City. ABC News. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. <http://www.abc.net.au/> Creation of Adam is one of the foremost paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo, depicting the creation of the first man by God. The detailed yet simple artistic style is indicative of Renaissance art and the painting also demonstrates a theme of humanism associated with Lorenzos style. Once again, we learned the extent to which Michelangelos success was contributed to by Lorenzo. Michelangelo. David. 1501-1504. Accademia Gallery, Florence, Italy. Ohio State University. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. <https://www.economics.osu.edu/> This marble statue of the Biblical king David is arguably Michelangelos most famous work, even today. It became a symbol of the liberty that Lorenzo de Medici brought to Florence and was a masterwork even in his time. This demonstrated how much of an impact Renaissance art could have on a long-term basis; it is still a standard for artists all around the world. Michelangelo. Dawn and Dusk. 1526-1531. Tomb of Lorenzo De' Medici, Florence, Italy. howstuffworks. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. <http://www.entertainment.howstuffworks.com>

This work of Michelangelo was added to the tomb of Lorenzo de Medici, portraying two figures presided over by a princely figure, supposedly Lorenzo. Having already researched how much Michelangelos early years were affected by Lorenzo, this was a demonstration of how much Michelangelo felt he owed to the Medici leader. Michelangelo. The Last Judgment. N.d. Sistine Chapel, Vatican City. Wpclipart. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. <http://www.wpclipart.com> Along with the Creation of Adam, this was one of the most famous paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, depicting the final judgment of humankind by God. It became controversial during the Reformation and Counter-reformation, which helped us to realize the historical significance of the art Michelangelo created from the support of Lorenzo. Michelangelo. Piet. 1498-1499. Chapel of Santa Petronilla, St. Peter's Basilica. saintpetersbasilica. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. <http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org> This marble statue by Michelangelo was the first of many to depict the same theme, Mary holding the body of Jesus on her lap. It is created in the style of naturalism and realism that came to be a cornerstone of Renaissance style. This showed us how significant this art and this artist was to history; it defined the Renaissance style and influenced artists of the future to recreate this theme. Michelangelo. Sistine Chapel Ceiling. 1508-1512. Sistine Chapel, Vatican City. ABC News. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. <http://www.a.abcnews.go.com> Hired by Pope Julius II to paint the ceiling of the Chapel, Michelangelo spent years putting into effect the ideas he had conceived. Many of the individual works have become cornerstones of art, and the ceiling is renowned as one of the most masterful painting works ever. The fact that he was chosen by the Pope for this monumental task showed us how much of his success was due to the exposure and renown that he gained through Lorenzos support. Secondary Sources: Burckhardt, Jacob, and Ludwig Goldscheider. The Civilization of the Renaissance,. London: Allen & Unwin, 1944. Print. Burckhardt was a Swiss historian who was devoted to art history. This work outlined the entire Renaissance and showed the key role that Lorenzo played in guiding its course. As one of the most important political figures at the time, this work showed us how Lorenzo touched

history in many different areas from diplomacy to philosophy to poetry. This book was important to our research because it helped us to understand the scope of the impact that Lorenzo had on Renaissance Europe. Celenza, Christopher S., "Marsilio Ficino", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/ficino/>. This article gave an outline of the life of Ficino and his acomplishments. We were able to use it to link how Lorenzo and Ficino were involved in the Humanistic movement in Florence. It was particularly useful as a source of information about Ficino's ideas relating to Platonic philosophy. "Cosimo De' Medici (ruler of Florence [1389-1464])." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 04 Feb. 2013. We used the Encyclopedia Britannica a second time in order to learn about the period leading up to Lorenzos rule and the foundation of the Medicis power. This article aided us in learning the background behind Lorenzos patronage. Cosimo was also a supporter of Florentine artists, and Lorenzo probably developed some of his affinity for art from his grandfather. Using this information we were able to better understand how Lorenzo felt about art and what led him to make such important contributions to renowned artists. Hibbert, Christopher. The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall. New York: Morrow, 1975. Print. Christopher Hibbert was an Englishman, a historian who got his degree at Oxford. He wrote many historical works in addition to this one. This book gives a detailed and clear outline of the Medici family history and the accomplishments of the most powerful family members. This volume was invaluable not only in our research, but in leading us to choose Lorenzo de Medici out of his illustrious family as a turning point in European and world history. Horth, Susan. "The Magnificent Medici." Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance. PBS. Arlington, Virginia, n.d. Web. This documentary series was aired by PBS, a broadcasting station that receives funding from the United States government and makes it their aim to educate their viewers. This series focused on the early Medici family, including Cosimo de Medici, his son Piero, and of course Lorenzo. The reenactments in the show gave us a window into how Florence may have looked in the time when the Medici were gaining power in Florence. In addition the information about the

artists that were aided by the Medici family, especially Lorenzo, was useful in directing our research. "Kennedy Center: Virtual Tour - JFK Quotes." Kennedy Center: Virtual Tour - JFK Quotes. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. This website allowed us to find a quotation from President Kennedy which emphasized the role that Lorenzo played in shaping the history of art, even in the present day. Kristeller, Paul Oskar(1939). Florentine Platonism and its Relations with Humanism and Scholasticism. Church History, 8, pp 201-211. Web. 7 April. 2013. This article provide a consice bit of information about the relationship of Platonic scholars and Hummanist scholars, and how the two philosphies appeared in Florence during the Renaissance. "Lorenzo De' Medici (Italian Statesman)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 04 Feb. 2013. The Encyclopedia Britannica is a reliable source. It was helpful in finding out general facts about Lorenzo de Medicis life. These included his parentage, his birthdate and the date of his death, and confirmed facts from previous sources. "Medici." The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, IL: World Book, 1977. Print. This brief article from the World Book Encyclopedia gave a history of the Medici family and its most important figures. It discussed how Lorenzo increased the fame and power of Florence. It was useful at the beginning of our research in choosing how to show Lorenzos impact on history. Mee, Charles L. Lorenzo De' Medici and the Renaissance. New York: American Heritage Pub. ; Book Trade and Institutional Distribution by Harper & Row, 1969. Print. Charles Mees book explained the entire life of Lorenzo de Medici in detail. His book explains how Lorenzo contributed 3to the arts, built up the Medici power, and made Florence into the center of culture and power in Italy. The work was an extremely useful asset in analyzing how Lorenzo used his power and influence the direct the course of the Renaissance. In addition translated quotations from Lorenzo de Medicis memoires in the book allowed us to understand his personal view of his support for the arts.

Nesbitt, Mark R. Living in Renaissance Italy. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2005. Print. This book gave a general history of the Italian Renaissance and it showed how Lorenzo fit into that history. It was a good resource in developing an understanding of how Lorenzos money contributed to the rise of education and the arts in Florence. Osman, Karen. The Italian Renaissance. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 1996. Print. This book covered the Italian Renaissance, in which Lorenzo played a crucial part. One of the most important contributions to our project from this source was the information about Lorenzos patronage. The book outlined how he commissioned works of art and supported and influenced the artistic community in Florence. Using this information we were able to understand how Lorenzo impacted the arts. Parks, Tim. Medici Money. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2005. Print. Tim Park studied at both Cambridge and Harvard and resides in Italy. In addition he has translated Italian works from including Machiavelli. From this source we found information about how the Medici bank contributed to the arts, and how the Medici influenced philosophy and humanism that were growing during the Renaissance. Understanding the economic side of the Medici, and specifically Lorenzos, contributions to the arts allowed us to understand how much of a difference their patronage could make in an artists career. Procacci, Giuliano. History of the Italian People. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin, 1973. Print. Giuliano Procacci studied Italian history and specifically took an in depth look at Machiavelli in his career. Though this book did not extensively discuss the contributions and history of Lorenzo de Medici, it did briefly mention him as an important figure in Italian history. It discussed Lorenzos political relations and it helped us do develop a sense of the historical background that allowed Lorenzo to become such an important figure in the Italian Renaissance. Unger, Miles. Magnifico: The Brilliant Life and Violent times of Lorenzo De' Medici. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008. Print. This book was a very useful source. It comprehensively covered the life of Lorenzo and his political and social impact in Europe. It was particularly useful for us as a source of knowledge about Lorenzos influence in philosophy and poetry, and it helped lead us to further research materials.

Image Citations: Celestial Spheres. Digital image. Aboutthefacts. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. <http://aboutfacts.net>. This drawing of the planets is used on our site to show how science was changing during the Renaissance period, from this type of Ancient Greek astronomy to newer more accurate observations, such as the earth not being the center of the solar system. This image is used on our Impact and Change page. Cosimo de Medici. Digital image. Prefect Traveller. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. <http://www.perfectraveller.comg>. This image shows Cosimo de Medici, a figure who was key in establishing the Medici power in Florence, and influenced Lorenzos ideas about art and culture. It is on the Historical Context page. Da Vinci Helicopter Sketch. Digital image. Leonardo-da-vinci-biography. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. <http://www.leonardo-da-vinci-biography.com>. This image is used to show how ideas from the Renaissance have carried over and impacted our modern world. It is on our Impact and Change page along with a modern helicopter. Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici. Digital image. De Medici. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <https://www.de-medici.nl/>. This image depicts Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, another important Medici family member. He was the first of the important and politically influential Medici. This image is on our Historical Context page. Map of Renaissance Italy. Digital image. Oklahoma University Dept. of Physics and Astronomy. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. <http://www.nhn.ou.edu>. This image is of a map of Italy around 1494 and it show Florence as well as the other city states of Renaissance Italy. It is on our Historical Context page in order to show viewers how Italy was organized during this time period. We added red marking to this image in order to enhance its clarity for viewers.

Marcilio Ficino. Digital image. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://www.iep.utm.edu/>. This is a portrait of Marcilio Ficino, a highly influential humanistic and Platonic philosopher of the Renaissance time period. We used this image alongside a description of Lorenzo's support of Ficino's ideas. Martin Luther and his 95 Theses. Digital image. St. Stephan Lutheran Church. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. <http://ststephenclc.org>. This image shows the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, one the events that was part of, and inspired by, the Renaissance. It is on our Historical Significance page. Medici Family Crest. Digital image. Timeline. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. <http://www.xtimeline.com>. This image is of a stone craving of the Medici crest, and it shows what was once an extremely influential and important symbol was during Lorenzos time period. This image is on our Historical Context page. Red Cross Helicopter. Digital image. Aviationnews. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. <http://www.aviationnews.eu>. This image is used to show how ideas from the Renaissance have carried over and impacted our modern world. It is on our Impact and Change page along with a da Vinci sketch. Renaissance Poetry Manuscript. Digital image. Lib-art.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <www.lib-art.com>. This image is used on our Humanism & Poetry page as an example of a manuscript from the Renaissance period in Italy. The Thinker. Digital image. Holtz. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. <http://holtz.org>. This image was used to as a link to the humanism page on our website. It appears on the Renaissance page. The Vitruvian Man. Digital image. Casiopea. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. <http://wiki.ead.pucv.cl>.

This sketch of the Vitruvian Man is one of da Vincis most famous images, and it shows how he was not only an artist but applied his art to other fields as a true Renaissance man would. The image is located on our Historical Significance page.