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    Calculus II MAT 146 Additional Methods of Integration: Sin Sinx Sin Sinx 1 Cos Sinx Sinx Cos Sinxdx Sinx Cos

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    masyuki1979
    1. The document discusses methods for integrating trigonometric and rational functions using trig identities and partial fraction decomposition. 2. For trig integrals of the form ∫sin^n(x) dx or ∫cos^n(x) dx with n>1, the strategy depends on whether n is odd or even. For odd n, trig identities are used to rewrite the integral and each term is integrated. For even n, a similar process uses half-angle identities. 3. Partial fraction decomposition rewrites rational integrals into forms involving integrals of the type ∫C/u du, making them easier to evaluate. This transforms integrals like ∫1/(x^2-5x-6)

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    Calculus II MAT 146 Additional Methods of Integration: Sin Sinx Sin Sinx 1 Cos Sinx Sinx Cos Sinxdx Sinx Cos

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    masyuki1979
    103 views7 pages
    1. The document discusses methods for integrating trigonometric and rational functions using trig identities and partial fraction decomposition. 2. For trig integrals of the form ∫sin^n(x) dx or ∫cos^n(x) dx with n>1, the strategy depends on whether n is odd or even. For odd n, trig identities are used to rewrite the integral and each term is integrated. For even n, a similar process uses half-angle identities. 3. Partial fraction decomposition rewrites rational integrals into forms involving integrals of the type ∫C/u du, making them easier to evaluate. This transforms integrals like ∫1/(x^2-5x-6)

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    1. The document discusses methods for integrating trigonometric and rational functions using trig identities and partial fraction decomposition. 2. For trig integrals of the form ∫sin^n(x) dx or ∫cos^n(x) dx with n>1, the strategy depends on whether n is odd or even. For odd n, trig identities are used to rewrite the integral and each term is integrated. For even n, a similar process uses half-angle identities. 3. Partial fraction decomposition rewrites rational integrals into forms involving integrals of the type ∫C/u du, making them easier to evaluate. This transforms integrals like ∫1/(x^2-5x-6)

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    103 views7 pages

    Calculus II MAT 146 Additional Methods of Integration: Sin Sinx Sin Sinx 1 Cos Sinx Sinx Cos Sinxdx Sinx Cos

    Uploaded by

    masyuki1979
    1. The document discusses methods for integrating trigonometric and rational functions using trig identities and partial fraction decomposition. 2. For trig integrals of the form ∫sin^n(x) dx or ∫cos^n(x) dx with n>1, the strategy depends on whether n is odd or even. For odd n, trig identities are used to rewrite the integral and each term is integrated. For even n, a similar process uses half-angle identities. 3. Partial fraction decomposition rewrites rational integrals into forms involving integrals of the type ∫C/u du, making them easier to evaluate. This transforms integrals like ∫1/(x^2-5x-6)

    Copyright:

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    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    Within these examples,

    notice the use of one or


    more of the following
    trig identities:
    Pythagorean Identities
    cos
    2
    x+sin
    2
    x 1
    1+tan
    2
    x sec
    2
    x
    Half -Angle Identities
    cos
    2
    x=
    1
    2
    1+cos 2x ( ) ( )
    sin
    2
    x =
    1
    2
    1cos 2x ( ) ( )
    Calculus II
    MAT 146
    Additional Methods of Integration
    The methods of substitution and integration by parts are widely used
    methods of integration. Each of these methods is associated with a derivative
    rule. Substitution relies on undoing the chain rule and integration by parts
    results from undoing the product rule. Additional methods of integration are
    associated with particular types of functions. Here, we explore how to
    integrate certain trigonometric functions as well as rational functions.
    Trigonometric Integrals: Using Trig Identities
    Shown below are four examples to illustrate integration of certain families of
    trigonometric integrals.
    Example 1: Evaluate sin
    3
    xdx

    .
    sin
    3
    xdx

    sinx ( )sin
    2
    x
    ( )
    dx

    sinx ( )1cos
    2
    x
    ( )
    dx

    sinxsinxcos
    2
    x
    ( )
    dx

    sinxdx sinx ( )cos


    2
    x
    ( )
    dx

    The first integral in the last line can be solved by
    inspection and the second by using the
    substitution u = cosx. With this in mind, the final
    result is
    sin
    3
    xdx

    cosx +
    1
    3
    cos
    3
    x + C
    Example 2: Evaluate cos
    2
    xdx

    .
    cos
    2
    xdx

    1
    2

    1+cos 2x ( ) ( )dx

    1
    2
    1+cos 2x ( ) ( )dx

    1
    2
    dx +

    1
    2
    cos 2x ( )dx

    1
    2
    x +
    1
    2
    1
    2
    sin 2x ( )



    _
    ,
    +C

    1
    2
    x +
    1
    4
    sin 2x ( ) +C
    Example 3: Evaluate sin
    5
    xdx

    .
    sin
    5
    xdx

    sinx ( )sin
    2
    x
    ( )
    sin
    2
    x
    ( )
    dx

    sinx ( )1cos
    2
    x
    ( )
    1cos
    2
    x
    ( )
    dx

    sinx ( )12cos
    2
    x+cos
    4
    x
    ( )
    dx

    sinx2sinxcos
    2
    x+sinxcos
    4
    x
    ( )
    dx

    sinxdx2 sinxcos
    2
    xdx+ sinxcos
    4
    xdx

    The left integral in the last line can be solved by inspection, while each of
    the other two require a u-substitution of u = cosx. This gives us
    sin
    5
    xdx

    sinxdx2 sinxcos
    2
    xdx+ sinxcos
    4
    xdx

    cosx +
    2
    3
    cos
    3
    x
    1
    5
    cos
    5
    x +C
    Example 4: Evaluate sin
    4
    xdx

    .
    sin
    4
    xdx

    sin
    2
    xsin
    2
    xdx

    1
    2
    1cos 2x ( ) ( ) [ ]
    2
    dx

    1
    4

    12cos 2x ( )+cos
    2
    2x ( )
    ( )
    dx

    1
    4
    dx

    1
    2
    cos 2x ( )dx+
    1
    4
    cos
    2
    2x ( )dx

    1
    4
    dx

    1
    2
    cos 2x ( )dx+
    1
    4
    1
    2
    1+cos 4x ( ) ( )dx

    1
    4
    dx

    1
    2
    cos 2x ( )dx+
    1
    8
    1+cos 4x ( ) ( )dx

    1
    4
    dx

    1
    2
    cos 2x ( )dx+
    1
    8
    dx

    +
    1
    8
    cos 4x ( )dx

    Each of the four integrals in the last line can be solved by inspection or by a
    straightforward substitution. This gives us
    sin
    4
    xdx

    1
    4
    dx

    1
    2
    cos 2x ( )dx +
    1
    8
    dx

    +
    1
    8
    cos 4x ( )dx

    1
    4
    x
    1
    4
    sin 2x ( )+
    1
    8
    x +
    1
    32
    sin 4x ( )+C

    3
    8
    x
    1
    4
    sin 2x ( )+
    1
    32
    sin 4x ( )+C
    As we look back on these four examples of integrals involving powers of
    trigonometric functions, we can make some useful observations about
    strategies for evaluating such integrals. With integrals of the form sin
    n
    xdx


    or cos
    n
    xdx

    , where n is a positive integer greater than 1, we follow one of


    two strategies depending on whether the exponent is odd or even.
    Situation A: If n = 2k + 1 for k some positive integer (i.e., n is an odd
    exponent) [see Examples 1 and 3 above]:
    1. Factor the integrand from sin
    2k+1
    xdx

    to sin x ( )sin
    2k
    xdx

    .
    2. Using the trig identity
    sin
    2
    x + cos
    2
    x 1
    , rewrite sinx ( )sin
    2k
    xdx

    as
    sinx ( )1cos
    2
    x
    ( )
    k
    dx
    .
    3. Expand 1cos
    2
    x
    ( )
    k
    to get

    1 kcos
    2
    x +L + 1 ( )
    k1
    k cos
    2k2
    x + 1 ( )
    k
    cos
    2k
    x.
    4. Multiply each term in the above expansion by sinx to get the integral

    sin x ksin x cos
    2
    x +L + 1 ( )
    k 1
    ksin xcos
    2k 2
    x + 1 ( )
    k
    sin x cos
    2k
    xdx

    5. Integrate this expression term by term:



    sinxdx ksinxcos
    2
    x

    dx +L + 1 ( )
    k1
    ksinx cos
    2k2
    x

    + 1 ( )
    k
    sinxcos
    2k
    xdx

    6. Evaluate the first term by inspection and make a substitution in all
    other terms, using u = cosx.
    7. Evaluate the remaining integral expressions.
    Situation B: If n = 2k for k some positive integer (i.e., n is an even exponent)
    [see Examples 2 and 4 above]:
    1. Using the trig identity cos
    2
    x
    1
    2
    1 + cos 2x ( ) ( ), rewrite cos
    2k
    xdx

    as
    1
    2
    1+cos 2x ( ) ( )



    1
    ]
    1
    k
    dx

    ,
    2. Expand
    1
    2
    1+ cos 2x ( ) ( )



    1
    ]
    1
    k
    to get

    1+ kcos 2x ( )+L + k cos
    k1
    2x ( ) +cos
    k
    2x ( ),
    3. Integrate the previous expression term by term to get

    1
    2



    _
    ,

    k
    dx

    +
    1
    2



    _
    ,

    k
    k cos 2x ( )dx

    +L
    +
    1
    2



    _
    ,

    k
    k cos
    k1
    2x ( )dx

    +
    1
    2



    _
    ,

    k
    cos
    k
    2x ( )dx

    4. For each term in the previous sum, either (a) evaluate by inspection,
    (b) return to step (1) here and use the same trig identity (even
    exponents), or (c) return to Situation (A) previously described and
    follow those steps (odd exponents). Continue this process until each
    integral created can be solved by inspection.
    Rational-Function Integrals: Using Partial Fraction Decomposition
    Which of the following integrals is easier to evaluate?
    (A)
    1
    x
    2
    5x 6
    dx or (B)
    1
    7
    1
    x 6
    dx
    1
    7
    1
    x +1
    dx

    For most of us, it is (B). Each of the two integrals in (B) is of the form
    C
    du
    u
    , where C is some constant and u is a function of x. The integral in
    (A) does not have a straightforward strategy for solution unless the
    denominator matches a special case.
    It turns out, however, that (A) and (B) are equivalent, because

    1
    x
    2
    5x 6

    1
    7 x 6 ( )

    1
    7 x +1 ( )
    You can verify this by adding the two fractions in the right-side expression.
    After simplifying the sum, it will be the left-side expression.
    In order to evaluate integrals such as those illustrated in (A) above, it is
    useful to be able to transform a rational expression into a sum of difference
    of simpler rational expressions. This transformation process, essentially
    reversing the process of determining a common denominator and then
    adding or subtracting, is called partial fraction decomposition. Here we
    describe how to carry out partial fraction decomposition and then use that
    process to transform integrals of rational expressions into integrals that are
    equivalent yet more easily evaluated.
    The format for a partial fraction decomposition depends on the
    characteristics of the denominator in a rational expression. In the expression
    1
    x
    2
    5x 6
    , we can factor the denominator into two linear terms:
    1
    x
    2
    5x 6

    1
    x 6 ( ) x + 1 ( )
    If a rational expression contains two linear terms in its denominatorlinear
    terms that are not multiples of one anotherthe expression can be
    transformed into an equivalent expression as follows:
    1
    x 6 ( ) x + 1 ( )

    A
    x 6 ( )
    +
    B
    x +1 ( )
    If we multiply each side of this equation by (x-6)(x+1), we get:
    1 A x +1 ( ) +B x 6 ( )
    0x +1 Ax + A+ Bx 6B
    0x +1 A+B ( )x + A6B ( )
    Note that we have rewritten the left side expression as 0x+1. We do this in
    order to equate the linear and constant coefficients on the two sides of the
    equal sign:
    0x +1 A+ B ( )x + A 6B ( )
    A+ B 0
    A 6B1
    The last two equations for a system that we can solve using techniques
    learned in algebra:
    A 6B 1 A 1 + 6B
    A + B 0 (1 + 6B) + B 0 7B 1 B
    1
    7
    A +
    1
    7



    _
    ,
    0 A
    1
    7
    This shows us that
    1
    x 6 ( ) x + 1 ( )

    1
    7
    x 6 ( )
    +

    1
    7
    x + 1 ( )

    1
    7 x 6 ( )

    1
    7 x + 1 ( )
    Example 1: Use partial fraction decomposition to transform the integral
    5x 4
    2x
    2
    + x 1
    dx
    into a form more easily integrated and then carry out the
    integration.
    5x 4
    2x
    2
    + x 1

    5x 4
    x +1 ( ) 2x 1 ( )

    A
    x +1 ( )
    +
    B
    2x 1 ( )
    5x 4 A 2x 1 ( )+ B x +1 ( )
    5x 4 2Ax A+ Bx + B
    5x 4 2A+ B ( )x + B A ( )
    2A+ B 5 and B A 4
    The final two equations form a linear system whose solution is A = 3 and
    B = -1. Therefore,
    5x 4
    2x
    2
    + x 1
    dx

    3
    x +1


    1
    2x 1
    _
    ,
    dx
    .
    We can evaluate the new integral by inspection or by using a separate u-
    substitution for each fraction. In so doing, the final result is
    3
    x +1


    1
    2x 1
    _
    ,
    dx 3lnx +1
    1
    2
    ln2x 1 +C
    .
    Example 2: Evaluate
    10x+3
    x
    2
    +x
    dx
    .
    10x +3
    x
    2
    + x

    10x +3
    x x +1 ( )

    A
    x
    +
    B
    x +1
    10x +3 A x +1 ( )+B x ( )
    10x +3 Ax + A+Bx
    10x +3 A+B ( )x + A ( )
    A+ B10 and B3
    A7
    The linear system has solution A = 7 and B = 3. Therefore,
    10x + 3
    x
    2
    + x
    dx

    7
    x


    +

    3
    x +1
    _
    ,
    dx
    . We can evaluate the new integral by inspection.
    The final result is
    7
    x


    +

    3
    x +1
    _
    ,
    dx 7lnx +3ln x +1+C
    .
    Example 3: Evaluate
    x
    3
    x
    2
    +1
    dx
    0
    1

    .
    Because the numerator is a higher-power polynomial than the denominator,
    we first carry out long division on the rational expression. This gives us
    x
    3
    x
    2
    + 1
    x
    x
    x
    2
    +1
    . We now explore how to solve the new integrals:
    x
    x
    x
    2
    +1



    _
    ,
    dx
    0
    1

    xdx
    0
    1

    x
    x
    2
    +1
    dx
    0
    1
    .
    We can evaluate the first integral by inspection. In the second, letting
    u = x
    2
    +1 with du = 2xdx or
    1
    /
    2
    du = xdx leads to an integral we can solve by
    inspection.
    We get
    xdx
    0
    1

    x
    x
    2
    + 1
    dx
    0
    1

    x
    2
    2

    1
    2
    ln x
    2
    + 1
    0
    1

    1
    2

    1
    2
    ln 2



    _
    ,
    0
    1
    2
    ln1



    _
    ,

    1
    2
    1 ln 2 ( )
    Note 1: On pages 406-407 in our textbook, the author describes various formats and
    requirements for use of partial fraction decomposition that depend on the characteristics
    of the denominator in the initial rational expression.
    Note 2: The expand function on your TI-89 or TI-92 calculator will perform a partial
    fraction decomposition before your eyes! Type expand( and then type in the rational
    expression and close the parentheses. When you hit return, the decomposition will be
    shown on your screen. Among other locations, the expand( command can be found under
    the algebra menu. Touch the F2 key and then select choice 3.

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