Experiment no: 1

Compressive strength test of the concrete

Objective
To determine the compressive strength of concrete and to check whether the required strength based on design is obtained or not.

Material required
28 days cured concrete cube

Apparatus required
Compressive strength testing machine

Theory
Compressive strength of a concrete is designed as the resistance to withstand compressive load. The compressive strength of concrete is determined to control the quality of concrete and to specify the grade of concrete. Compressive strength = compressive load / cross-sectional area Details of cube testing: Grade of concrete = M20 Recommended proportion = 1:2:3 Size of the cube = 150*150*150 mm No of cubes = 3

Observations
a. Combined bending and shear Cube 1 2 3 Weight (kg) 7.894 8.005 7.932 Failure load (KN) 190 200 194 Avg. compressive load 194.67 KN

b. Flexure Cube Weight (kg) Failure load (KN) Avg. compressive

1 2 3

8.024 8.151 7.801

390 340 300

load 343.33 KN

Area of cube = 150*150 mm2 = 0.0225 m2

Calculation
a. For combined bending and shear Average compressive strength = average compressive load/area = 194.67/0.0225 = 8652 KN/m2 = 8.652 MPa b. For flexure Average compressive strength = 343.33/0.0225 = 15259.11 KN/m2 = 15.3 MPa

Result
Hence the avg. compressive strength of the cube was found to be 8.652 and 15.3 MPa respectively for combined bending and shear and flexure conditions.

Comments and conclusions:

The cubes were tested for M20 grade of concrete but the practical values of compressive strength of the cubes tested were found quite below the standards. This discrepancy may be due to the improper mixing, casting and curing of concrete. As such the cubes were found to of very low standards than required which show that the concrete mix is improper and cant be used for construction purpose.

Experiment no 2
Work for nominal mix of the concrete
Objectives
I. II. To determine the required portion for ingredient of concrete To achieve a concrete which is workable in plastic stage and will develop the required qualities when hardened.

Concrete mix
The proportion of the mix was 1:2:3

Principle
A nominal mix concrete is prescribed concrete. It means a proportional of the ingredients are specified by and engineer without testing the material. The w/c ratio may or may not be specified it is understood that sufficient water will be added to get the proper workability. There is no guarantee that a nominal mix gives the desired strength. Calculation of the quantities Inside length of the mold = 750 mm Inside breadth of mold = 150 mm Inside depth of mold = 150 mm Volume of beam = 750*150*150 mm3 = 0.016875 m3 Volume of cube = 150*150*150 mm3 = 3.375*10-3 m3 Volume of 3 cubes = 0.010.25 m3 Total volume required = 0.027 m3 The volume of concrete is increase by 20 % Hence, ultimate volume of concrete = 0.0324 m3 Density of concrete = 2500 kg/m3 Weight of concrete = 0.0324*2500 = 81 kg Total part of the mixture = 1+2+3 = 6 part Weight of cement = 1/6*81 = 13.5 kg

Weight of sand = 2/6*81 = 27 kg Weight of coarse aggregate = 3/6*81 = 40.5 kg

Result
Cement required = 13.5 kg Sand required = 27 kg Aggregate required = 40.5 kg Obtained proportion by weight = 1:2:3

Conclusions
Thus the proportions of each ingredients of concrete required for the following tests were determined for nominal mix of the M20 concrete: I. II. III. IV. Pure bending Pure shear Combined shear and bending Splicing

Experiment no 3
Pure bending RC response test
Objective
I. II. To observe the cracking load and yielding load, ultimate load as well as crack propagation and crushing of concrete at ultimate state. To understand the ductile response of reinforced concrete under monotonic loading.

Theory
As the beam is defined to resist the imposed bending moment when a reinforced concrete beam is subjected to monotonously increased loading, it will go through three distinct stages before it falls completely. I. II. III. Un-cracked stage Cracked stage Ultimate strength stage

Bending cause tension in the portion laying below neutral axis and compression above the neutral axis. Hence the beam is reinforced in the tension side with steel such that the tension force is taken up by the reinforcement during bending. Concrete and steel act simultaneously with increasing load. Tension steel undergoes large plastic deformation while tension force remains constant in steel. This result in increased strain in extreme compression fiber of constant and shifting the neutral upwards the flexural strength of section is reacted when the extreme compression force of concrete attains its ultimate strain. In limit state method of design, depth of NA is determined from the equation of internal compression and tension force as : C=T Or, 0.36ckbx = 0.87yAst Or, x = 0.87yAst/0.36ckb To find moment of resistance of section a) If x<xu section is under reinforced Or, MoR = (0.36 fck b Xu (d-0.416 Xu ) + Asc (fsc fcc ) (d- d )

b) If X >Xu, section is over reinforced MoR = 0.36 fck b Xu (d-0.416 Xu ) + Asc (fsc fcc ) (d- d )

Materials required:
I. II. III. IV. V. Cement Sand Aggregates Water Steel bars (1-8 mm )

Apparatus required:
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. Form water Testing machine Vibrator Shovels Weighing machine Hack-saw Tape

1000

Procedures
I. II. III. IV. Formwork was cleaned, prepared and greased. 1-8 mm bars was cut to length of 900 mm and edges were bent up to 100 mm The concrete mix was prepared from the calculated amount of cement, sand and aggregate and water in given proportion. The bottom of the formwork was filled by mix upto 25 mm and then steel bar was placed and then again concrete mix was poured , vibrated and allowed to settle for 24 hours. These cubes 150mm*150mm*150 were also casted simultaneously. After 24 hours, formwork was removed and beam and cube were cured for 28 days and testing was done in lab.

V. VI.

Observation and calculation:

Preliminary data Provided length of beam (l) = 750 mm Breadth of beam (b) = 150 mm Overall depth of the beam (D) = 150 mm Effective depth of beam (d) = 131 mm Dead load of the beam (W) = Area of the tensile steel (Ast) = 50.265 mm2 Grade of concrete (fck ) = 20 MPa Grade of steel (fy ) = 415 MPa Neutral axis (X) = 0.87fyAst /0.36 fck b = 16.80 mm Critical neutral axis (Xul) = 62.88 mm Since X<Xul ,section is under reinforced MoR= 0.87fyAst (d-0.416 Xul ) = 2.25 KNm Observation data: Observation data for failure (p) = 229 bar Load = 72 KN Moment at mid span = 7.2 KNm

Result and conclusions:

At the tension side of the beam, nearly vertical cracks were developed which is due to dominance of the bending stress compared to shear near the mid span of the beam resolving in flexural cracking perpendicular to the axis of the beam. Also the moment of resistance is different for theoretical and practical aspects. This may be due to the poor quality of aggregate, cement and sand. It may be due to poor workmanship, inadequate curing or may be due to improper mixing.

Experiment no 4
Combined bending and shear test
Objective
I. II. III. To analyze the modes of failure and evaluating loading criteria To compare the theoretical value and experimental value of shear taken by design section To compare the moment of inertia of resistance obtained theoretically and experimentally.

Theory
Shear failure occurs under the combined action of hearing force and bending moments and is characterized by very small deflection and lack of ductility. The failure is sudden and occurs without warning. For this reason, the shear failure is considered by undesirable and is usually avoided as far as possible. Hence it is very important to understand and to analyses the shear failure phenomenon. Change in bending moment along the span of beam causes the shear stresses and hence shear force. The load at which diagonal crack forms is taken as the strength of the beam in shear. An exact analysis of shear in reinforced beam is quite complex, extensive experimental studies have release that the load carrying diagonal crack is resisted by beam and consist of following components: I. II. III. Shear resisted by the dowel action of the flexural reinforcement known as dowel shear capacity (15-30 %) Shear carried by critical component of interface along the crack due to aggregate interlocking (35-50 %) Shear resisted by under locked concrete in compression (20-40% )

In simple concept, normal shear stress is given by uv = vu/bd

Materials required:
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Cement Sand Aggregate Water Steel rods a. 2-4.75 mm top bars

b. 2-8.5 mm bottom bars c. 7.75 mm vertical stirrups @

Apparatus required:
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. form work testing machine shovel tamping rods hack saw tape bending arrangement

Procedures:
I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Formwork was cleaned and assembled. The formwork was greased uniformly from inside. Steel bars and stirrups were cut and bend as per requirement. The bars were then fixed accordingly. The concrete mix was then prepared and mixed properly taking the calculated amounts and placed in formwork and tamped with tamping rod. The work was then allowed to set for 24 hours and then cutting was done for 20 days and testing was done.

Observations and calculations:

Dimension of the beam = Effective depth = 125 mm Dead load of the beam = Area of the tensile bar = 100.530 mm2 Area of the compressive bar = 35.44 mm2 Grade of the steel = 415MPa Grade of concrete = 20 MPa Percentage of tensile steel = 0.446 %

c = 0.48 N/mm2 Permissible shear force = 10.8 KN Due to vertical stirrups = 15.48 KN Total = 26.28 KN From experiment: Pressure at which crack started = 251 bar Experimental shear force = 82 KN

For bending: Xu = 0.87fyAst Asc (fsc fcc )/ 0.36 Fck b By trial and error ,lets proceed Xu,l = 0.48*116.25 = 55.8 Now trial ist, Adopt Xu= Xu,l = 55.8 Esc = 0.00148 d = 25+4.75+4.75/2 = 32.125 Fsc = 288.7 Fcc = 8.31 Xu = 0.87fyAst Asc (fsc fcc )/ 0.36 Fck b = 24.406 Ast= 100.53 Trial 2nd Adopt Xu = 40.103 Esc = 0.000696 Fsc = 335 N/ mm2 Xu = 22.782 By similar process Xu = 33 < 55.8 hence section is under reinforced MoR = (0.36 fck b Xu (d-0.416 Xu ) + Asc (fsc fcc ) (d- d ) = 4.57 KNm From experiment: Load developed at the crack = 82 KN Actual moment of resistance developed practically = 8.2 KNm Hence, actual moment developed practically > theoretical moment Asc = 35.441

Comments and conclusions:

Cracking pattern The crack was initiated from the lower part of the beam at the certain distance from support and extended from the length. Initially the crack extended vertically and then formed inclined flexural shear crack. From observed value of cracking it can be said that the failure was due to combination of both shear and flexure. As design value of shear strength and bending moment was very much below, the load applied in beam is safe in both shear and bending. Due to this reason, the experimental value deviated from the theoretical value. It may be due to poor quality of sand, cement, aggregate etc. it may be also due to improper mixing and poor workmanship inadequate curing etc.

Experiment no 5
Bond and anchorage test
Objective
To observe the bond failure pattern in the RC beam

Theory
Laping is done to join two reinforcing bars to form a longer one to develop full strength by bond round the surface so that it doesnt slip under the design stress. The force may be transferred from one bar to another by a lapped or mechanical welded joint. The splicing should be as far as possible away from the section of high stress and where several parallel bars are to be joined, the joints should be staggered. It is recommended that splices in flexural members should not be provided at sections where the BM is more than 50 % of MoR and more than 50 % of total bars shouldnt be joined at one section.

Materials
I. II. III. RC beam of 750 mm M20 concrete Fe415 with shear reinforcement

Procedures:
I. II. III. IV. V. Formwork was cleaned, prepared and greased. 2-8 mm bars were cut to length of 525 mm and edges were bent up to 100 mm in each bend The overlapping of 150 mm is done so that the two bars combinely acts as a tension bars in bending. The concrete mix was prepared from the calculated amount of cement, sand,. Aggregates and water in given proportion. The bottom of formwork was filled by mix up to 25 mm and then steel bars was placed and then again concrete mix was poured, vibrated and allowed to settle for 24 hours. The cubes of size 150*150*150 mm were also casted simultaneously. After 24 hours formwork was removed and beam and cubes were cured in 28 days and testing was done in a lab.

VI. VII.

Observations and calculations:

Preliminary data: Provided length of the beam (l) = 750 mm Breadth of beam (b) = 150 mm Overall depth of beam (D) = 150 mm Effective depth of beam (d) = 150-25-8/2 = 121 mm Dead load of the beam (W) = 0.54 KN/m Here, Ld = 0.87 fy /4Tbd = 376.093 mm tbd = 1.92 N/mm2 Lapping provided = 150 mm <Ld Hence the failure at the bond is observed directly near the lapping.

Results and conclusions:

Due to insufficient lapping (lapping <Ld ), the failure of beam at the bond is observed during the test.

Comments
As the provided lap length (150mm)< theoretical development length (376.09 mm) for flexural tension side, failure of beam took place at the location of overlapping. Hencefor flexural tension provided lap length should be at least equal to Ld

Experiment no 6
Shear failure test
Objective
To know about the mode of shear failure in the RC beam

Materials required
I. II. III. RC beam of span 750 mm M20 concrete Fe415 with shear reinforcement

Equipments
Beam test machine

Theory
Shear force is present in beam where there is a change in bending moment along the s pan. It is equal to rate of change of bending moment. An exact analysis of shear in RC concrete beam is quite complex. Several experimental analysis have been conducted to understand the various mode of failure which could occur due to possible combinations of shear and bending moment acting at the given section. The modes are: I. II. III. Diagonal tension failure Flexural shear failure Diagonal compression failure

Study has shown that shear force is resisted by the un-cracked concrete in compression region. The aggregates interlocking and the shear acting across the longitudinal steel bars. Shear reinforcement if present will also resist shear failure.

Procedures:
I. II. III. IV. V. Formwork was cleaned, prepared and greased. 2-8 mm bars and 2-4.750mm bars was cut to length of 900 mm and edge were bend up to 100 mm in each end 2-8 mm bars were placed at the lower side and 2-4.75 mm bars were placed at the top. 3-4.75 mm bars were used for vertical stirrups The concrete mix was prepared from the calculated amount of cement, sand and aggregates and water in given proportion

VI. VII. VIII.

The steel framework was placed inside the formwork works and was filled by concrete mix by pouring and compacting and allowed to settle for 24 hours. The 3 cubes of size 150*150*150 mm were also casted simultaneously. After 24 hours, formwork was removed and beams and cubes were cured for 28 days and testing was performed on it.

Observations and calculations:

Dimensions of the beam = 750 mm *150mm *150mm Effective depth (d) = 150-4-4.75 = 116.25 mm Dead load of the beam (w) = 0.15*0.15*25 = 0.56 KN/m Area of reinforcement = 2*3.14*4*4+2*3.14*4.752 /4 = 135.97 mm2 Grade of steel = Fe415 Grade of concrete = M20 % of tensile steel = 0.604 Tuc = 0.52 N/mm2 Permissible shear force = Tuc * b* d = 9.087 KN Increment in shear resistance due to stirrups = Vvl = 0.87 fyAsv *d /Sv = 14.875 KN Total Vu theoretically = Vus + Vul 9.087+14.875 = 23.962 KN Practically observed shear resistance = 43 KN

Results and conclusions

The theoretical shear resistance of beam was found to be 23.962 KN whereas the experimental shear resistance was found to be 43 KN. The practical shear resistance is greater than theoretical shear resistance so the beam design is adequate.