Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng., 2009, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp.

73-80
73
INTRODUCTION
The pollution of the aquatic environment
with heavy metals has become a worldwide
problem during recent years, because they are
indestructible and most of them have toxic effects
on organisms (MacFarlane and Burchett, 2000).
Among environmental pollutants, metals are of
particular concern, due to their potential toxic
effect and ability to bioaccumulate in aquatic
ecosystems (Censi et al., 2006).
Heavy metal concentrations in aquatic
ecosystems are usually monitored by measuring
their concentrations in water, sediments and biota
(Camusso et al., 1995), which generally exist
in low levels in water and attain considerable
concentration in sediments and biota (Namminga
and Wilhm, 1976). Heavy metals including
both essential and non-essential elements have
a particular significance in ecotoxicology,
since they are highly persistent and all have the
potential to be toxic to living organisms (Storelli
DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS IN FISH, WATER AND
SEDIMENTS OF AVSAR DAM LAKE IN TURKEY
1
M. ztrk,
2
G. zzen,
2
O. Minareci,
2
E. Minareci
1-Science Education Department, Faculty of Education, Celal Bayar University, Manisa,Turkey
2-Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
Received 26 November 2008; revised 25 March 2009; accepted 10 April 2009
ABSTRACT
In the present study, some heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Pb) were seasonally determined in water, sediment
and some tissues of Cyprinus carpio from Avsar Dam Lake, which is an important water source for irrigation and
drinking in Turkey. Heavy metal levels in water, sediment and fish samples were analyzed by inductively coupled
plasma spectroscopy (ICP/AES). The obtained results showed that the average values of Fe in water samples were
higher than the respective reference values for fresh water. Results for levels in water were compared with national
and international water quality guidelines, as well as literature data reported for the lakes. The analysis of heavy
metals in sediments indicated that among the six heavy metals tested, Fe was maximally accumulated, followed
by Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb and Cd. Heavy metal concentrations were found to decrease in sequence of the Cyprinus carpio
samples, in the muscle and stomach-intestine as Fe > Cu > Pb> Ni > Cr > Cd; in the gill, heart and liver as Fe > Cu
> Ni > Pb > Cr > Cd and in the air sac as Fe > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cd >Cr. In the fish samples, cadmium, chromium,
nickel and lead concentrations exceeded the tolerable values provided by international institutions.
Key words: Heavy metal, Cyprinus carpio, sediment, pollution, environment
*Corresponding author: ersin.minareci@bayar.edu.tr,
Tel: 0236 2412151-152, Fax: 0236 2412158
et al., 2005).
Studies on heavy metals in rivers, lakes, fish and
sediments (zmen et al., 2004; Begm et al.,
2005; Fernandes et al., 2008; ztrk et al., 2008;
Pote et al., 2008and Praveena et al., 2008) have
been a major environmental focus especially
during the last decade. Sediments are important
sinks for various pollutants like pesticides and
heavy metals and also play a significant role in
the remobilization of contaminants in aquatic
systems under favorable conditions and in
interactions between water and sediment. Fish
samples can be considered as one of the most
significant indicators in freshwater systems for
the estimation of metal pollution level (Rashed,
2001). The commercial and edible species have
been widely investigated in order to check for
those hazardous to human health (Begm et al.,
2005).
Heavy metals such as copper, iron, chromium
and nickel are essential metals since their play
an important role in biological systems, whereas
M. ztrk, et al., DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS...
74
cadmium and lead are non-essential metals, as
they are toxic, even in trace amounts (Fernandes
et al., 2008). For the normal metabolism of the
fish, the essential metals must be taken up from
water, food or sediment (Canl and Atl, 2003).
These essential metals can also produce toxic
effects when the metal intake is excessively
elevated (Tzen, 2003).
The Avsar Dam Lake is located on the West of
Turkey and it is included in the National Water
Reserves. The Lake was constructed to help
alleviate the water problems of the Gediz basin
and many inhabitants of the area also carry out
fisheries on the Lake. The quality of this ecosystem
has been degrading due to agriculture and human
activities. To the best of our knowledge, from
literature survey, no work has been carried out
on the environmental quality of water, sediments
and biota of the Lake.
The aim of this study was to determine the
heavy metals concentrations (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe,
Ni, Pb) in water, sediments and in muscle, liver,
gill, stomach-intestine, air sac and heart of fish
species (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) from the
Avsar Dam lake, since this fish is an important
component of the human diet in this zone. The
results obtained from this study would provide
information for background levels of metals
in the water, sediment and fish species of the
lake, contributing to the effective monitoring of
both environmental quality and the health of the
organisms inhabiting the lake ecosystem.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Description of study area
Avsar Dam Lake is on the Gediz River in
west Anatolia, Turkey (38 13 N 28.33 E
- 38 13 N 28.37 E). The Maximum lake
capacity is 69.000.000 m
3
. Lake area is 5.25
km
2
(Anonymous, 1997). The lake is located
approximately 120 km from the city of Manisa. It
is used for irrigation and fisheries. In this study,
surface water and sediment samples were taken
from two different sampling sites at Avsar Dam
Lake(Fig. 1). Cyprinus carpio. samples were also
caught from the same localities. The two stations
were determined considering the geographical
structure of the dam, environmental conditions
and sediment structure.
Fig. 1: Avsar Dam Lake and research station.
Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng., 2009, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 73-80
75
Sampling and sample preparation
Water, sediment and fish samples were collected
4 times (from July to April) for every 3 months
from two sites in the lake. The sampling bottles
were pre-conditioned with 5% nitric acid and
later rinsed thoroughly with distilled de-ionized
water. At each sampling site, the polyethylene
sampling bottles were rinsed at least three
times before sampling was done. Pre-cleaned
polyethylene sampling bottles were immersed
about 10 cm below the water surface. About
0.5 L of the water samples were taken at each
sampling site. Samples were acidified with 10%
HNO
3
, placed in an ice bath and brought to the
laboratory. The samples were filtered through a
0.45 m micropore membrane filter and kept at
4 C until analysis. The samples were analyzed
directly.
Sediment samples were collected using grab
sampler from two sites. Samples were transported
to the laboratory and air-dried in the laboratory
at room temperature. Once air-dried, sediment
samples were powdered and passed through 160
m sieve. The samples packed in polyethylene
bags and stored below 20C prior to analysis.
Sediments samples were weighed placed into
the digestion bombs with 10 mL of HNO
3
/HCl
(1:3 v/v) and digested in a microwave digestion
system. Sediments analysis was carried out
according to the procedure described earlier
(Binning and Baird, 2001).
A total of 36 samples of mirror carp, Cyprinus.
carpio species were collected with nets by local
fishermen. Fish samples were transported to the
laboratory in a thermos flask with ice on the same
day. The mean length and weight of the fish were
303.612.4 mm and 526.632.15 g for Cyprinus.
carpio. All fish samples were kept at -30C until
analysis. Sample preparation and analysis were
conducted according to the procedure described
by Bernhard (1976). Before analysis, muscle,
liver, gill, stomach-intestine, air sac and heart
from Cyprinus. carpio were removed. Fish
samples were homogenized in a blender and one
gram of homogenate was digested. A microwave
digestion system (CEM Mars 5 ESP 1500 PLUS)
was used to prepare the samples for analysis.
In recent years, microwave digestion processes
have been used in numerous studies (Machado et
al., 1999; Kucuksezgin et al., 2001; Usero et al.,
2003) owing to the advantages of this technique,
which include speed of digestion and less
possibility of contamination during the process.
Samples (without skin) were mixed with 5 mL
HNO
3
(65%) and 5 mL H
2
SO
4
in polypropylene
vials. After 10 minutes of mixing, 1 mL H
2
O
2
was
added and samples were placed in a microwave
(1 hour at 105C). After digestion, the residues
were diluted to 25 mL with HNO
3
(0.3%) (Canl
and Atl, 2003).
Determination of the elements in all samples was
carried out by ICPAES (Varian-Terra Model
Liberty II). Detection limits are given in Table
1. The detection limit is defined as the lowest
analytical signal to be distinguished qualitatively
at a specified confidence level from the
background signal (Kackstaetter and Heinrichs,
1997). The accuracy of analytical procedure was
checked by analyzing the standard reference
materials (water: SRM-143d, National Institute
of Standards and Technology; sediment: CRM-
277, Community Bureau of Reference; fish:
DORM-2, National Research Council). Recovery
rates ranged from 79 to 96% for all elements the
investigated.
RESULTS
Table 2 shows the water quality constituents of
Avsar Dam Lake water, reference freshwater
values and other global published values on
Lakes in different continents. In water samples,
according to analysis results, the following
findings were obtained for the concentration
ranges of the metals: Cd: 0.0001 0.0012 mg/L;
Cr: 0.001 0.012 mg/L; Cu: 0.01 0.02 mg/L;
Fe: 0.28 2.39 mg/L; Ni: 0.0004 0.012 mg/L
and Pb: 0.0003 0.019 mg/L were found. Heavy
metal concentrations in the lake water were
decreased in the sequence of Fe > Cu > Pb > Cr
> Ni > Cd.
Table 1: Spectral lines used in emission measurements
and the instrumental detection limit for the elements
measured by using ICPAES.
Element Wavelength (nm) Instrumental detection limit (g/L)
Cd 228.8 0.001
Cr 267.8 0.007
Cu 324.8 0.014
Fe 259.4 0.07
Ni 231.6 0.05
Pb 220.4 0.05
M. ztrk, et al., DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS...
76
Table 3 shows the total extractable metals from
Avsar Dam Lake water sediments and other
global published values for Lake sediments.
The concentrations in sediment samples were as
follows: Cd: 0.34 1.23 mg/L; Cr: 9.41 19.9
Guidelines/Locality Cd Cr Cu Fe Ni Pb ReIerences
TSE-266 0.005 0.05 2 0.2 0.02 0.01 TSE-266, 2005
WPCL 0.003 0.02 0.02 0.3 0.02 0.01 WPCL, 2004
CIW 0.01 0.1 0.2 5 0.2 5 Anonymous, 1997
WHO 0.01 0.05 2 - 0.02 0.05 WHO, 1993
EPA 0.01 0.05 1.3 0.3 - 0.05 EPA, 2002
EC 5 50 2 0.2 20 10 EC, 1998
Avsar Dam Lake St.1 0.0007+0.002 0.005+0.005 0.01+0.001 0.9+0.4 0.004+0.002 0.01+0.007 This study
Avsar Dam Lake t.2 0.001+0.012 0.006+0.004 0.01+0.003 0.9+0.95 0.006+0.006 0.005+0.007 This study
Demirkpr Dam Lake 0.001 0.006 0.02 0.26 0.016 0.02 ztrk , 2008
Gediz River 0.0036 0.099 0.034 0.121 0.062 0.218 Uzunoglu, 1999
Lapland Lakes 0.00002 0.0002 0.0003 0.087 0.0003 0.0003 Mannio ., 1995
Siberian Pond 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.29 0.002 0.002 Gladyshev , 2001
Atatrk Dam Lake 0.22 0.062 0.015 Karadede and nl, 2000
Hazar Lake 0.002 0.43 0.012 zmen ., 2004
Locality Cd Cr Cu Fe Ni Pb ReIerences
LEL
(Lowest EIIect Level)
0.60 26.0 16.0 2 16.0 31.0 NOOA, 2009
TEC
(Threshold EIIect Concentration)
0.99 43.4 31.6 - 22.7 35.8 NOOA, 2009
PEC
(Probable EIIect Concentration)
4.90 111.0 149.0 - 48.6 128.0 NOOA, 2009
SEL
(Severe EIIect Level)
10.00 110.0 110.0 4 75.0 250.0 NOOA, 2009
Avsar Dam Lake St.1 0.76+0.4 14.48+4.4 29.98+4.7 25268+920 29.99+8.4 2.44+2.2 This study
Avsar Dam Lake St.2 0.76+0.2 13.33+2.2 23.47+9.9 22734+4084 28.25+6.9 4.04+2.1 This study
Demirkpr Dam Lake 0.82 6.75 15.1 15681 14.3 6.5 ztrk , 2008
Gediz River 0.64 140 257 5066 60.5 18.9 Uzunoglu, 1999
Atatrk Dam Lake - - 22.70 19265 139.69 - Karadede and nl, 2000
Hazar Lake - - 6.4 30000 130 - zmen ., 2004
Lake Victoria 7.0 12.9 26.1 - - 54.6 Kishe and Machiwa, 2003
Lake Texoma 2 30 38 19393 17 10 An and Kampbell, 2003
Lake Geneva 18.4 337 727 40.6 87 620 Pote , 2008
Wielkie Lake 1.20 1.15 2.05 30.2 1.60 9.7 Szymanowska , 1999
Boszkowo Lake 1.80 1.85 2.95 98.9 2.95 13.4 Szymanowska , 1999
Dominickie Lake 1.25 1.30 2.65 44.1 2.05 12.9 Szymanowska , 1999
mg/L; Cu: 18.2 38.4 mg/L; Fe: 19680 28560
mg/L; Ni: 19.8 39.4 mg/L and Pb concentration
0.64 6.35 mg/L were found. Heavy metal
concentrations in the lake sediments decreased in
the sequence of Fe > Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd.
Table 2: The heavy metal concentrations in the Avar Dam Lakes water and comparison with guidelines and different
literature Mean (SD) (mg/L).
Table 3: The heavy metal concentrations in the Avar Dam Lakes sediment and comparision with Sediment Quality Guide-
line and different literature Mean (SD) (mg/kg dry weight).
Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng., 2009, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 73-80
77
The mean concentrations of heavy metals in the
muscle, liver, heart, stomach-intestine, air sac
and gills of Cyprinus carpio samples are given in
Table 4. Heavy metal concentrations in the fish
samples decreased in the sequence for the muscle
as Fe > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cd, for the gill as
Fe > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr > Cd, for the stomach-
intestine as Fe > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr >Cd, for the
air sac as Fe > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cd >Cr, for the
heart as Fe > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr >Cd and for the
liver as Fe > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr > Cd.
DISCUSSION
The Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb concentrations in lake
water in the two sampling sites were compared
with international standards. The obtained
results showed that, with the exception of Fe,
the heavy metal concentrations in water did
not exceed WHO (World Health Organization,
1993), EC (Europian Community, 1998), EPA
(Environment Protection Agency, 2002), WPCL
(Water Pollution Control Legislation, 2004),
CIW (Anonymous, Criterions of the Irrigation
Water, 1997) and TSE-266 (Turkish Standards,
2005) guidelines (Table 2).
In the criterions of the irrigation water report
(CIW) given as a result of Gediz River Basin
Study, maximum heavy metal concentrations
allowed in irrigation waters were stated
(Anonymous, 1997). These values and our results
were compared and it was found as low heavy
metal concentrations. In this case, the water taken
from Avsar Dam Lake is proper for irrigation.
The heavy metal levels of water in Avsar Dam
Lake were lower compared to the metal levels
in Gediz River (Uzunolu, 1999) and Atatrk
Dam Lake(Karadede and nl, 2000) with
the exception of Fe. Meanwhile Cu and Fe
concentrations were higher than the Hazar Lake
(zmen et al., 2004) and Fe concentration was
higher than the Demirkpr Dam Lake(ztrk et
al., 2008). Also, all heavy metal concentrations
of water in Avsar Dam Lake were higher than the
reported values for Lapland Lakes and Siberian
Pond (Mannio et al., 1995; Gladyshev et al.,
2001), (Table 2).
The metal concentrations obtained from the
sediment samples were compared with Sediment
Quality Guideline which showed that these
concentrations did not exceed the probable
Table 4: The heavy metal concentrations of Cyprinus carpio samples from the Avar Dam Lake
(MeanS.D, mg/kg wet weight).
Table 5: The tolerable values of some heavy metals in the fish (mg/kg)
Heavy metals Muscle Gill Stomach-intestine Air sac Heart Liver
Cd 0.17+0.07 0.15+0.14 0.15+0.20 0.72+0.24 0.49+0.34 0.79+0.33
Cr 1.18+0.73 1.61+0.73 1.77+1.16 0.42+0.49 1.27+0.38 0.83+0.53
Cu 3.85+2.18 3.94+0.87 5.80+3.86 8.88+3.26 12+5.92 9.73+4.03
Fe 16.55+6.99 203.7+106.9 396.9+128.2 71.3+30.9 118.05+34.19 94.27+54.85
Ni 1.27+1.18 3.52+3.33 3.23+3.04 1.05+1.20 3.99+3.82 7+1.94
Pb 2.14+2.09 3.11+2.50 3.61+0.37 1.00+1.03 1.62+1.03 3.42+3.23
Cd Cr Cu Fe Ni Pb ReIerences
UNEP 0.3 - - - - 0.3 UNEP, 1985
IAEA-407 0.18 0.73 3.28 146 0.60 0.12 Wyse et al., 2003
TFC 0.05 - 20 - - 0.2 TFC, 2002
Directive 2005/ 78/EC 0.05 - - - - 0.2 EC, 2005
M. ztrk, et al., DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS...
78
effect concentration (PEC) levels. The average
concentrations of Cd and Fe were higher than those
reported in Gediz River. Also, Cr, Cu, Fe and Ni
concentrations were higher than the Demirkpr
Dam Lakeand Cu concentration was higher than
the Hazar Lake. Ni concentration was lower than
the Atatrk Dam Lake (Table 3). Generally, the
average Cd and Pb concentrations in Avsar Dam
Lake were found to be lower than the other studies
but Ni and Fe were higher. Differences between
our data and the literature probably originate
from variations in geological mining history of
localities and urban and domestic activities.
When the values obtained in the Cyprinus carpio
samples were compared with the tolerable
values, it has been determined that the pollution
has reached to hazardous levels for the health of
human (Table 5). Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb values were
higher than tolerable values.
The results confirmed the differences of
accumulation of heavy metals in different tissues.
The highest concentrations of Cr, Fe, and Pb
were found in the stomach-intestine. Although,
the highest level of Cu was found in the heart.
Moreover, Cu accumulation in Cyprinus carpio
was found to be the highest level in liver
(Yaramaz, 1986).
Papagiannis et al., (2004) have determined the
level of Cu in various tissues of the Cyprinus
carpio species in Pomvatis Lake ,Greece they
reported the highest level of Cu in the liver and
the lowest level of Cu in the muscle. In this study,
the level of Cu in the liver was found to be higher
than the muscle.
Fe, Cu and Pb accumulation in the muscle of
Cyprinus carpio samples of Avsar Dam Lake
were higher than the carps of Atatrk Dam Lake
and Glck Lake (Uysal et al., 1986). According
to the analysis of the results, the heavy metal
levels in muscles showed that Fe had the highest
and Cd had the lowest concentrations(Table 4).
Similar results were reported from a number of
fish species which shows that muscle is not an
active tissue in accumulating heavy metals (Khan
et al., 1989; Karadede and nl, 2000).
ztrk et al., (1995) found the highest level of
Fe and the lowest level of Cd in the muscle, gill,
air sac, stomach-intestine and liver of Cyprinus
carpio samples in Altnkaya Dam, respectively.
Also, ztrk et al., (2008) determined the
highest level of Fe and the lowest level of Cd in
all studied tissues of Cyprinus. carpio samples in
Demirkpr Dam Lake. The result of our study
was similar to the above studies.
Alam et al. (2002) has reported the concentrations
of elements in the muscle, liver, intestine, kidney
and gonads of cultured and wild carps caught in
Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. They reported that the
metal concentrations were lowest in muscle, and
did not exceed the established quality standards
for fish. In this study, the heavy metal levels in
fish were found to be high. The high heavy metal
levels in Cyprinus carpio would pose health
hazards to the consumers.
Consequently, it can be concluded that the
concentrations of heavy metals in water from
Avsar Dam Lake are lower than the TSE-266,
WPCL, CIW, WHO, EPA and EC standards, with
the exception of Fe. The average concentration of
Fe in the lake water was higher than the TSE-266,
WPCL, EPA and EC standards. The concentrations
of Cr, Cu, Fe and Pb in sediments from Avsar
Dam Lake were lower than the sediment samples
obtained from Gediz River, which is known as
a polluted site. There were high levels of heavy
metals in fish. It was determined that the pollution
has reached hazardous levels for the health of
human. Also, a potential danger may exist in the
future, depending on the agricultural development
in this region. As the Avsar Dam Lake is also used
for agricultural irrigation purposes, performance
of pollution researches at certain periods is of
significance for both environment and public
health.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful for the support of the
Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences of
Celal Bayar University. The authors would like
to thank Dr. Murat Tutam for his constant help in
analysis of heavy metals by ICP/AES in different
samples.
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