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    Spin Based Quantum Computing: Quantum Dots and Molecular Magnets

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    Ружичић Душко
    1) Spin-based quantum computing uses electron spins in quantum dots or molecular magnets as qubits that can be controlled with electric or magnetic fields. 2) Electric fields are easier to generate locally than magnetic fields and can be used via spin-orbit coupling to control spins in quantum dots without magnetic fields. 3) Molecular magnets like Cu3 that lack inversion symmetry can have their spins directly coupled to external electric fields, allowing quantum operations on the molecular spins.

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    Spin Based Quantum Computing: Quantum Dots and Molecular Magnets

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    Ружичић Душко
    33 views23 pages
    1) Spin-based quantum computing uses electron spins in quantum dots or molecular magnets as qubits that can be controlled with electric or magnetic fields. 2) Electric fields are easier to generate locally than magnetic fields and can be used via spin-orbit coupling to control spins in quantum dots without magnetic fields. 3) Molecular magnets like Cu3 that lack inversion symmetry can have their spins directly coupled to external electric fields, allowing quantum operations on the molecular spins.

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    1) Spin-based quantum computing uses electron spins in quantum dots or molecular magnets as qubits that can be controlled with electric or magnetic fields. 2) Electric fields are easier to generate locally than magnetic fields and can be used via spin-orbit coupling to control spins in quantum dots without magnetic fields. 3) Molecular magnets like Cu3 that lack inversion symmetry can have their spins directly coupled to external electric fields, allowing quantum operations on the molecular spins.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views23 pages

    Spin Based Quantum Computing: Quantum Dots and Molecular Magnets

    Uploaded by

    Ружичић Душко
    1) Spin-based quantum computing uses electron spins in quantum dots or molecular magnets as qubits that can be controlled with electric or magnetic fields. 2) Electric fields are easier to generate locally than magnetic fields and can be used via spin-orbit coupling to control spins in quantum dots without magnetic fields. 3) Molecular magnets like Cu3 that lack inversion symmetry can have their spins directly coupled to external electric fields, allowing quantum operations on the molecular spins.

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    Spinbasedquantumcomputing: quantumdotsandmolecularmagnets

    DimitrijeStepanenko
    Departmentofphysics,UniversityofBasel

    SNF,ECMolSpinQIP,NCCR Nano,NSF

    Collaborators: MirceaTrif,DanielLoss(Basel), FilippoTroiani(Modena), NickBonesteel(Florida,USA), DavidDiVincenzo(IBMYorktown,USA)

    Quantumandclassicalcomputing
    Amanprovidedwithpaper,pencil,andrubber,andsubjecttostrictdiscipline isineffectauniversalTuringMachine.AlanTuring

    Logicgate implementedby transistors

    Opteronprocessor Turingmachine

    Howtomodelandimplementacomputerbasedon quantummechanics?

    Quantumandclassicalcomputing
    Thesimplestquantumsystem. PointontheBlochsphere

    Nbitregister

    dimensionalvectorinastatespace

    Quantumcomputationisaseriesofunitarytransformationsona setoftwolevelquantumsystemsqubits.

    Quantumandclassicalcomputing
    Quantumcomputingistheonlyknowncomputationalmodel thatmaybemorepowerfulthantheTuringmachine.
    Factoringintegers: Hardonclassicalcomputers Easyonquantumcomputers(Shor)

    Searchofanunstructureddatabase: OrderNonclassicalcomputers
    1/2 OrderNonquantumcomputers (Grover)

    Quantumandclassicalcomputing
    DiVincenzocriteria: Fivecriteriathatanyimplementationofa quantumcomputermustsatisfy. Howdospinsfare?

    1.Welldefinedqubits 2.Initializationtoapurestate 3.Universalsetofquantumgates 4.Qubitspecificmeasurement 5.Longcoherencetimes

    Spin1/2istheidealqubit Strongmagneticfields ESR,spinspininteractions Spintochargeconversion Dependsontheenvironment

    Spinasaqubit
    Quantumdots:puddles ofelectronsconfinedin allthreedirections. Spincontrolthroughgatevoltages (relativelyeasy)andESR(veryhard). Noisyenvironment,phonons,spinorbit interaction,nuclearspins.

    EnslinLab,ETHZurich

    Molecularmagnets:moleculeswithlowenergy propertiesdominatedbyasetofinteractingspins. Identicalqubits,interactingspinswithina molecule,quietenvironment,hardtocontrol.


    ElectricversusMagneticfields

    Strongelectricfields areeasytoobtain (gates,STMtips,etc) Fastswitchingof electricfields(~ps) Easytoapplyelectric fieldslocallyandon nanoscale


    Strongmagnetic (ac)fieldsarehardto obtain Slowswitchingof magneticfields(~ns) Veryhardtoapply localmagneticfields onthenanoscale

    Electriccontrolofspinsinquantumdots
    Electric control of Heisenberg exchange interaction between spins in quantum dots. SL
    Loss & DiVincenzo (1997)

    SR

    Exchangeissymmetricunderspinrotations.

    Correctionstoisotropy:Spinorbitinteraction
    Dominantspininteractioninquantum dots:isotropicHeisenbergexchange Spininelectricfield:anisotropic corrections Labframe:staticelectricfield Electronrestframe:magnetic component Zeemancouplingofspinto electricfield CausedbyCoulombrepulsionand antisymmetry Invariantunderspinrotations Commuteswithitselfatdifferenttimes

    Causedbyarelativisticeffect Brokeninvarianceunderspin rotations Doesnotcommutewithitselfat differenttimes

    Pulsesoftimedependentanisotropicexchange

    Electriccontrolofspinsandspinorbitinteraction

    Spinorbitinteraction: rotatedexchange brokensymmetry

    Itispossibletoproducenewgates.

    Encodedqubitsandanisotropy
    Logicalqubitencodedinthestatesof pairsofspins. Notanidealqubitanymore Leakageerrorsarepossible. Applyinggatesofvarious anisotropiesallowsforsingle qubitoperations.Thereisno needformagneticcontrol.

    DSandN.Bonesteel,PRL(2004)

    Whataremolecularnanomagnets?
    Molecularnanomagnetsarelargemoleculeswhichshowmagnetic propertiessimilartobulkmagneticmaterials

    Example:
    Mn12

    S=10

    Dissimilarities:

    stepsofmagnetization almostnointeractionbetweenmolecules quantumtunnelingofmagnetization longspinrelaxationtimes quantuminterference

    quantumtoclassical transitionregime!

    Molecularnanomagnetsinelectricfields:Cu3

    Cu3trianglewithspins=1/2oneachCusite

    EffectivespinHamiltonian(nofields):

    Heisenbergexchange+DzyaloshinskiMoryia
    Antiferromagneticallycoupledspins(Jii+1<0): chiralgroundstatewithS=1/2and1st excitedstatewithS=3/2

    Choietal.,PRL(2006).

    energysplittingbetweenS=1/2andS=3/2: ~8K (Jii+1~5K)and|Dii+1|~0.5K

    Cu3moleculeinelectricfields

    ElectricfieldEchangesbondstrengths exchangecouplingJJ+Jij And:brokeninversionsymmetry Efieldcouplestospintexture

    d:electricdipoleparameter

    onlyinplaneEfieldscoupletospins!

    ChiralityOperator

    ThechiralityoperatorChasthe3components

    andbehavesaspseudospinspinqubit:

    Trif,Troiani,DS,Loss,PRL(2008),PRB(2010)

    Cu3moleculeinmagneticandelectricfields

    Sz=1/2,Cz=1
    Efieldinduced transitions

    Sz=1/2,Cz=1

    Bfieldinduced transitions(ESR)

    Bfieldinduced transitions(ESR)

    Efieldinduced transitions

    Sz=1/2,Cz=1

    Sz=1/2,Cz=1

    InterplaybetweenmagneticandelectricfieldsinCu3
    Controlofspin

    NomixingoftotalspinforperpendicularmagneticfieldsBz!

    InterplaybetweenmagneticandelectricfieldsinCu3
    Allimportantd!

    standardESRmeasurementsinstaticelectricfieldsgivedirectaccesstothe electricdipoleparameterd(viaslopein(b))

    Cu3moleculecoupledtoamicrowavecavity
    NCu3moleculesplacedinsideaonedimensionalmicrowavecavity*):

    spinphotoncoupling spinspincouplingbetweendistant molecules(viavirtualphotonexchange) Conditionaldynamicsofdistantmolecule'sspinchiralitiesandtotalspins!


    *)Wallraffetal.,Nature431,162(2004)(superconductingqubits)

    Estimates

    Note:Electricfieldincavityincreaseswithdecreasingvolume

    Summary
    Atthenanoscale,itiseasiertocontrolstronglocalelectricfields thantocontrolstronglocalmagneticfields. Throughpulseshapingandspinorbitcouplingitispossibleto controlspinsinquantumdotsusingexclusivelytheelectricfields. Spinsinmoleculesthatlacktheinversionsymmetry(likeCu3) coupletoexternalelectricfields. Couplingofmolecularmagnetstoelectricfieldsallowsfor quantumoperationsonmolecularspins.

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