Chapter 9

914 An air-standard cycle with variable specific heats is executed in a closed system and is composed of the following four processes: 1-2 Isentropic compression from 100 kPa and 27C to 800 kPa 2-3 v = constant heat addition to 1800 K 3-4 Isentropic expansion to 100 kPa 4-1 P =constant heat rejection to initial state (a) Show the cycle on P-v and T-s diagrams. (b) Calculate the net work output per unit mass. (c) Determine the thermal efficiency. 9-14 The four processes of an air-standard cycle are described. The cycle is to be shown on P-v and T-s diagrams, and the net work output and the thermal efficiency are to be determined. Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats. Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17. Analysis (b) The properties of air at various states are P
T1 = 300K h1 = 300.19 kJ/kg Pr1 = 1.386
3

qin
2 1 4

u = 389.22 kJ/kg P 800 kPa Pr 2 = 2 Pr1 = 2 (1.386) = 11.088 T2 = 539.8 K P1 100 kPa T3 = 1800 K u 3 = 1487.2 kJ/kg Pr3 = 1310
T

qout

P3v 3 P2v 2 T 1800 K (800 kPa ) = 2668 kPa = P3 = 3 P2 = T3 T2 T2 539.8 K Pr 4 = P4 100 kPa Pr3 = (1310) = 49.10 h4 = 828.1 kJ/kg P3 2668 kPa

qin
2 4 1

From energy balances,

q in = u 3 u 2 = 1487.2 389.2 = 1098.0 kJ/kg q out = h4 h1 = 828.1 300.19 = 527.9 kJ/kg wnet,out = q in q out = 1098.0 527.9 = 570.1 kJ/kg

qout

(c) Then the thermal efficiency becomes

th =
wnet,out q in = 570.1kJ/kg = 51.9% 1098.0kJ/kg

922 Consider a Carnot cycle executed in a closed system with 0.003 kg of air. The temperature limits of the cycle are 300 and 900 K, and the minimum and maximum pressures that occur during the cycle are 20 and 2000 kPa. Assuming constant specific heats, determine the net work output per cycle. 9-22 A Carnot cycle with the specified temperature limits is considered. The net work output per cycle is to be determined. Assumptions Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats. Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K, cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K, and k = 1.4 (Table A-2). Analysis The minimum pressure in the cycle is P3 and the maximum pressure is P1. Then, or,
T2 P2 = T3 P3
(k 1) / k
T 900
1

qin
2

T2 P2 = P3 T 3

k / (k 1)

900 K = (20 kPa ) 300 K

0

1.4/0.4

= 935.3 kPa
300
4 3

The heat input is determined from

s 2 s1 = c p ln Qin = mT H (s 2 s1 ) = (0.003 kg )(900 K )(0.2181 kJ/kg K ) = 0.5889 kJ T2 T1 R ln P2 935.3 kPa = (0.287 kJ/kg K )ln = 0.2181 kJ/kg K 2000 kPa P1

qout

Then,
th = 1
W net,out = th Qin = (0.667 )(0.5889 kJ ) = 0.393 kJ TL 300 K = 1 = 66.7% 900 K TH

934 An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the compression process, air is at 95 kPa and 27C, and 750 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to air during the constant-volume heat-addition process. Taking into account the variation of specific heats with temperature, determine (a) the pressure and temperature at the end of the heataddition process, (b) the net work output, (c) the thermal efficiency, and (d) the mean effective pressure for the cycle. Answers: (a) 3898 kPa, 1539 K, (b) 392.4 kJ/kg, (c) 52.3 percent, (d ) 495 kPa 9-34 An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. The pressure and temperature at the end of the heat addition process, the net work output, the thermal efficiency, and the mean effective pressure for the cycle are to be determined. Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats. Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K. The properties of air are given in Table A-17. Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
T1 = 300K u1 = 214.07kJ/kg

v r1 = 621.2

P
3

v r2 =

T2 = 673.1 K v2 1 1 v r1 = v r1 = (621.2) = 77.65 u 2 = 491.2 kJ/kg r 8 v1

750 kJ/kg
2

4 1

673.1 K P2v 2 P1v 1 v T = P2 = 1 2 P1 = (8) 300 K (95 kPa ) = 1705 kPa T2 T1 v 2 T1

v
T3 = 1539 K

Process 2-3: v = constant heat addition.

u 3 = u 2 + q 23,in = 491.2 + 750 = 1241.2 kJ/kg q 23,in = u 3 u 2 1539 K P3v 3 P2v 2 T = P3 = 3 P2 = 673.1 K (1705 kPa ) = 3898 kPa T3 T2 T2

v r3 = 6.588

(b) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.

v r4 =
T4 = 774.5 K v1 v r = rv r3 = (8)(6.588) = 52.70 u 4 = 571.69 kJ/kg v2 3

Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.

qout = u4 u1 = 571.69 214.07 = 357.62 kJ / kg

wnet,out = q in q out = 750 357.62 = 392.4 kJ/kg

(c) (d )

th =

wnet,out q in

v1 =

RT1 0.287kPa m 3 /kg K (300K ) = = 0.906m 3 /kg = v max 95kPa P1

392.4 kJ/kg = 52.3% 750 kJ/kg

v min = v 2 =
MEP =

v max
r = wnet,out =

wnet,out

v1 v 2

v 1 (1 1 / r )

kPa m 3 0.906 m 3 /kg (1 1/8) kJ 392.4 kJ/kg

= 495.0 kPa

947 An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16 and a cutoff ratio of 2. At the beginning of the compression process, air is at 95 kPa and 27C. Accounting for the variation of specific heats with temperature, determine (a) the temperature after the heat-addition process, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the mean effective pressure. Answers: (a) 1724.8 K, (b) 56.3 percent, (c) 675.9 kPa 9-47 An air-standard Diesel cycle with a compression ratio of 16 and a cutoff ratio of 2 is considered. The temperature after the heat addition process, the thermal efficiency, and the mean effective pressure are to be determined. Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats. P Properties The gas constant of air is R = q 2 3 0.287 kJ/kg.K. The properties of air are given 4 in Table A-17. q 1 Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
in

out

T1 = 300K

u1 = 214.07kJ/kg

v r1 = 621.2

v r2 =

T = 862.4 K v2 1 1 v r = v r = (621.2 ) = 38.825 2 h2 = 890.9 kJ/kg v 1 1 r 1 16

Process 2-3: P = constant heat addition.

h3 = 1910.6 kJ/kg P3v 3 P2v 2 v = T3 = 3 T2 = 2T2 = (2 )(862.4 K ) = 1724.8 K v r3 = 4.546 T3 T2 v2 q in = h3 h2 = 1910.6 890.9 = 1019.7kJ/kg (b ) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.

v r4 =

v4 v r 16 v r3 = 4 v r3 = v r3 = (4.546 ) = 36.37 u 4 = 659.7kJ/kg 2v 2 2 2 v3

Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.

q out = u 4 u1 = 659.7 214.07 = 445.63 kJ/kg

th = 1

q out 445.63 kJ/kg = 1 = 56.3% 1019.7 kJ/kg q in

( c)

wnet,out = q in q out = 1019.7 445.63 = 574.07 kJ/kg

v1 =

RT1 0.287 kPa m 3 /kg K (300 K ) = = 0.906 m 3 /kg = v max P1 95 kPa

v min = v 2 =
MEP =

v max
r = wnet,out =

wnet,out

v1 v 2

v 1 (1 1 / r )

kPa m 3 0.906 m 3 /kg (1 1/16 ) kJ 574.07 kJ/kg

= 675.9 kPa

984 A gas-turbine power plant operates on the simple Brayton cycle between the pressure limits of 100 and 1200 kPa. The working fluid is air, which enters the compressor at 30C at a rate of 150 m3/min and leaves the turbine at 500C. Using variable specific heats for air and assuming a compressor isentropic efficiency of 82 percent and a turbine isentropic efficiency of 88 percent, determine (a) the net power output, (b) the back work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency. Answers: (a) 659 kW, (b) 0.625, (c) 0.319 9-84 A gas-turbine plant operates on the simple Brayton cycle. The net power output, the back work ratio, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined. Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats. Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kgK (Table A-1). Analysis (a) For this problem, we use Combustion the properties from EES software. chamber Remember that for an ideal gas, 3 2 1.2 enthalpy is a function of temperature only whereas entropy is functions of Compress. Turbin both temperature and pressure. 500C 1 100 kPa Process 1-2: Compression 30C
T1 = 30C h1 = 303.60 kJ/kg T1 = 30C s1 = 5.7159 kJ/kg K P1 = 100 kPa P2 = 1200 kPa h2 s = 617.37 kJ/kg s 2 = s1 = 5.7159 kJ/kg.K

C =

h2 s h1 617.37 303.60 0.82 = h2 = 686.24 kJ/kg h2 h1 h2 303.60

Process 3-4: Expansion

T4 = 500C h4 = 792.62 kJ/kg

T =

h3 h4 h 792.62 0.88 = 3 h3 h4 s h3 h4 s

We cannot find the enthalpy at state 3 directly. However, using the following lines in EES together with the isentropic efficiency relation, we find h3 = 1404.7 kJ/kg, T3 = 1034C, s3 = 6.5699 kJ/kg.K. The solution by hand would require a trial-error approach. h_3=enthalpy(Air, T=T_3) s_3=entropy(Air, T=T_3, P=P_2) h_4s=enthalpy(Air, P=P_1, s=s_3) The mass flow rate is determined from
&= m

P1V&1 (100 kPa)(150/60 m 3 / s) = = 2.875 kg/s RT1 0.287 kPa m 3 /kg K (30 + 273 K )

The net power output is

& & (h2 h1 ) = (2.875 kg/s)(686.24 303.60)kJ/kg = 1100 kW W C,in = m & & (h3 h4 ) = (2.875 kg/s)(1404.7 792.62)kJ/kg = 1759 kW W T,out = m & =W & & W net T, out WC,in = 1759 1100 = 659 kW

(b) The back work ratio is

rbw = & W 1100 kW C,in = = 0.625 & 1759 kW W T, out

(c) The rate of heat input and the thermal efficiency are
& =m & (h3 h2 ) = (2.875 kg/s)(1404.7 686.24)kJ/kg = 2065 kW Q in

th =

& W 659 kW net = = 0.319 & 2065 kW Qin